LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 


ARTIFICIAL  KEY 

TO  DISTINGUISH  THE 

LAND  BIRDS  AND  WATER  BIRDS. 


All  birds  having  toes  more  or  less  webbed  and  no  feathers 
on  the  tarsus  (all  intergradations  between  figures  A  and  B), 
except  the  Vultures,*  and  also  all  birds  having  the  bill  more 
than  three  inches  long,  whether  the  toes  are  webbed  or  not,  are 
Water  Birds.  There  are  also  a  few  Water  Birds  which  do  not 
agree  with  the  above  description,  which  may  be  described  as 
follows:  — 


.  Rails. 


Least  Bitterns  and  Small  Herons. 


Gallinules. 

SHORE  BIRDS.  —  The  majority  of  the  Shore  Birds  either  have  the  toes  with  small  web,  or 
the  bill  over  three  inches  long.  Those  which  do  not  may  be  recognized  by  the  following 
characters:  hind  toe,  when  present,  elevated  above  level  of  front  toes:  bill,  rather  soft;  nos- 
tril, a  slit;  lower  portion  of  tibia  (upper  part  of  leg),  not  feathered;  first  primary,  about 
equal  to  second. 

GALLINULES.  —  Rail-like  birds,  inhabiting  marshy  places;  forehead,  covered  by  a  horny 
plate  or  shield. 

RAILS. —  Wing,  rather  short  and  rounded;  toes,  long;  hind -toe,  on  level  with  front  toes 
(true  Rails) ;  first  primary,  much  shorter  than  second. 

LEAST  BITTERNS  AND  SMALL  HERONS.  — Toes,  four;  lores,  bare;  inner  side  of  middle 
toe  nail,  with  comb-like  edge. 

All  other  birds  are  called  Land  Birds. 

*  Several  Land  Birds  have  the  toes  partly  webbed,  such  as  the  Goatsuckers,  Caprimulgidw,  the  Vultures, 
Cathartidfe,  and  a  few  others;  but  all  have  the  tarsus  more  or  less  feathered,  except  the  Vultures,  the  only  Land 
Birds  which  have  webbed  toes,  and  no  feathers  on  the  tarsus. 


TRE  BIRDS 


OF 


EASTERN  NORTH  AMERICA 

KNOWN  TO  OCCUR  EAST  OF  THE  NINETIETH  MERIDIAN 


WATER  BIRDS 


PART     I 


KEY  TO.  THE   FAMILIES  AND  SPECIES 


BY 

CHARLES   B.  CORY 

Curator  of  the  Department  of  Ornithology  in  the  Field  Columbian  Museum,  Chicago  ;    Vice- President  of 

the  American  Ornithologists'  Union  ;  Fello:v  of  the  Linmcan  and  Zoological  Societies  of  London  ; 

Member  of  the  British   Ornithologies'    Union  ;    Honorary  Member  of  the   California 

Academy  of  Sciences  ;   Cor.  Member  New  York  Academy  of  Sciences^  etc  ,  etc. 


AUTHOR  OF  "THK  BEAUTIFUL  AND  CURIOUS  BIRDS  OF  THE  WORLD,"  "THE  BIRDS  OF  THE  BAHAMA 

ISLANDS,"  "THE  BIRDS  OF  HAITI  AND  SAN  DOMINGO,"  "  THE  BIRDS  OF  THE  WEST  INDIES," 

"  A    NATURALIST    IN    THE     MAGDALEN     ISLANDS,"    "  HUNTING    AND    FISHING 

IN  FLORIDA,"  *;KEY  TO  THE  WATER  BIRDS  OF  FLORIDA,"  "How  TO 

KNOW  THE  SHORE  BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,"  "  How  TO 

KNOW  THE   DUCKS,    GEESE,  AND    SWANS,"   ETC.,   ETC. 


SPECIAL   EDITION   PRINTED   FOR  THE 

FIELD    COLUMBIAN    MUSEUM,    CHICAGO,  ILL. 

.    1899 


COPYRIGHTED, 

CHARLES    B.    CORY, 

BOSTON, 


ALFRKD  MUDGE  &  SON,   PRINTERS, 
24  FRANKLIN  STREET. 


PREFACE 


ORNITHOLOGY  is  the  science  of  birds  (Gr.,  opwflos,  ornitlios,  of  a  bird ;  Aoyos,  logos, 
a  discourse),  and  to  become  an  expert  ornithologist  requires  years  of  hard  work,  com- 
bined with  a  love  for  the  study  itself ;  but  there  are  many  students  of  nature  who 
would  like  to  know  the  birds  about  them,  but  do  not  have  the  time  nor  desire  to  go 
deeply  into  the  subject.  To  meet  such  a  want,  the  present  "keys"  have  been  pre- 
pared, in  which  the  species  are  grouped  according  to  size,  and  it  is  believed  they  will 
enable  the  novice  to  accurately  identify  any  of  our  birds. 

Careful  comparison  of  large  series  of  birds  has  shown  that  while  adult  birds  of 
the  same  species  differ  considerably  in  length,  the  wing  measure  is  very  constant,  the 
variation  in  a  large  number  of  specimens  being  so  small  that,  allowing  for  possible 
extremes,  we  may  safely  arrange  our  birds  in  groups  according  to  length  of  wing. 
A  Song  Sparrow  may  vary  slightly  in  size,  but  the  largest  Song  Sparrow  is  never  as 
large  as  the  smallest  adult  Robin,  and  vice  versa.  By  grouping  the  various  birds  from 
the  Humming  Bird  to  the  Eagle  and  Albatross,  according  to  the  length  of  wing  (allow- 
ing, of  course,  for  unusual  extremes),  the  identification  of  any  species  then  becomes  a 
comparatively  simple  matter,  as  usually  the  birds  contained  in  each  group  are  so  few 
in  number  that  characteristic  differences  in  each  species  are  easily  indicated. 

Let  us,  for  example,  assume  we  have  a  bird  before  us  which  we  wish  to  identify; 
we  first  should  find  out  to  which  family  it  belongs.  Turning  to  the  Key  to  Families, 
page  10,  we  find  this  an  easy  matter  (as  the  families  are  few  and  the  illustrated  differ- 
ences in  the  bills  and  feet  very  characteristic) ,  we  discover  our  bird  to  be  a  duck. 
Having  ascertained  the  family  to  which  our  bird  belongs,  we  turn  to  the  Key  to 
Species.  We  have,  of  course,  measured  the  wing  and  found  it  to  be  5.90  inches  long, 
measured  from  the  carpus  (bend  of  wing)  to  tip.  (See  illustration,  "  How  to  Measure 
a  Bird,"  on  page  8.) 

We  now  turn  to  the  Ducks,  and  discover  they  are  divided  into  subfamilies,  the 
Bay  and  Sea  Ducks  having  a  flap  or  lobe  on  the  hind  toe,  and  the  fresh- water  ducks, 
or  River  and  Pond  Ducks,  have  no  large  flap  on  the  hind  toe.  Our  bird  has  a  flap  on 
its  hind  toe,  and  is  evidently  a  salt-water  duck,  belonging  to  the  subfamily  Fuligulinw. 
This  subfamily,  we  find,  contains  two  sections.  Section  1  having  the  tail  feathers. 

(iii) 


IV  BIKDS    OF   EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 

not  stiff  and  pointed,  and  Section  2,  tail  feathers  stiff  and  pointed.  Our  duck  has 
stiff,  pointed  tail  feathers,  and  therefore  belongs  in  Section  2.  Section  2  contains  two 
species ;  one  having  whole  front  of  head  and  cheeks  black,  the  other,  with  sides  of 
head  more  or  less  white.  As  our  duck  has  a  patch  of  white  on  the  side  of  the  head, 
it  must,  therefore,  be  the  Ruddy  Duck,  Ensmatura  jamaicensis. 

All  measurements  of  birds  are  given  in  inches  and  fractions  of  an  inch.  The 
diagrams  on  page  8  will  illustrate  how  a  bird  should  be  measured,  and  the  chart  (pages 
viii  and  ix)  will  be  useful  to  the  young  student  of  ornithology  who  may  not  be  familiar 
with  the  technical  terms  used  in  describing  birds.  Such  terms  as  primaries  and  axillars 
should  be  learned  at  once.  It  is  customary  to  indicate  the  sexes  by  the  signs  of 
Mars  and  Venus;  the  male,  of  course,  being  given  that  of  Mars,  £,  and  the  female, 
Venus,  9. 

In  preparing  the  Key,  a  very  large  number  of  birds  were  examined  and  measured. 
In  addition  to  the  large  collection  of  North  American  birds  contained  in  the  Field 
Columbian  Museum,  by  courtesy  of  my  friends,  Dr.  J.  A.  Allen  and  Prof.  Robert 
Ridgway,  the  collections  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  and  the  American  Museum 
of  Natural  History  were  always  open  to  me,  as  well  as  the  splendid  private  collection 
of  Mr.  William  Brewster,  at  Cambridge,  Mass. 

A  few  species  which  occur  in  Greenland,  but  which  have  not  been  observed  else- 
where in  North  America,  and  rare  exotic  stragglers  have  been  excluded  from  the  Key, 
but  are  given  in  their  proper  place  in  the  body  of  the  work. 

The  larger  portion  of  the  illustrations  are  original  and  are  the  work  of  Mr.  Edward 
Knobel,  of  Boston.  Numerous  cuts  are  also  included  by  arrangement  with  Messrs. 
Little,  Brown  &  Co.,  of  Boston,  which  are  taken  from  Baird,  Brewer  &  Ridgway's 
NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS.  A  few  others  were  obtained  from  Messrs.  Estes  &  Lauriat, 
used  in  Dr.  Elliott  Coues'  KEY  TO  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

C.  B.  CORY. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

TlTLEPAGE i 

PREFACE      .....  iii 

CONTENTS     .......  v 

GLOSSARY     ...........                   .  vii 

TOPOGRAPHY  OF  A  BIRD        ..........  viii 

INTRODUCTION .         ...         .         .  1 

How  TO  MEASURE  A  BIRD 8 

INDEX  TO  KEY  TO  FAMILIES.     WATER  BIRDS           ......  10 

GROUP  1.     Toes,  four,  with  lobate  webs,  or  webs  on  sides  of  toes  .          .          .  11 
GROUP  2.     Toes,  four;    front  toes  palmate  (full  webbed)  ;    hind  toe  not  con- 
nected with  front  ones  by  web            .          .          .          .          .          .  12 

GROUP  3.     Toes,  four,  full  webbed ;    hind  toe  connected  with  front  ones  by 

web 15 

GROUP  4.     Toes,  four,  not  full  webbed;    small  webs  between  toes  at  base,  or 

toes  entirely  without  web           .          .          .          .          .          .          .  17 

Sectionl.     Hind  toe,  raised  above  level  of  front  toes    .         .         .17 

Section  2.     Hind  toe,  on  level  with  front  toes        .          .          .          .  19 

GROUP  5.     Toes,  three,  full  webbed  ;  no  hind  toe 21 

GROUP  6.     Toes,  three  ;   a  small  web  between  toes,  or  entirely  without  wob      .  23 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  WATER  BIRDS  OF  EASTERN  NORTH  AMERICA    .          .  25 

FAMILY  PODICIPID.E.     GREBES       .          .          .          .          .  •                  .          .          .  25 

FAMILY  GAVIID^E.     LOONS    .....          .          .          .          .          .  27 

FAMILY  ALCID^E.     AUKS,  PUFFINS,  AND  MURRES 29 

FAMILY  STERCORARIID^E.     SKUAS  AND  JJKRERS 33 

FAMILY  LARIDTK.     GULLS  AND  TERNS   .          . 35 

SUBFAMILY  LARIN^E.     GULLS 36 

SUBFAMILY  STERNIN^E.     TERNS      .........  41 

FAMILY  RIIYNCIIOPIDJE.     SKIMMERS 45 

FAMILY  DIOMEDEID^K.     ALBATROSSES      ........  46 

(v) 


VI 


BIRDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 


PAGE 

FAMILY  PROCELLARIID^E.     SHEARWATERS,  PETRELS,  AND  FULMARS           .         .  46 

FAMILY  PHAETHONTID^E.     TROPIC  BIRDS        .......  50 

FAMILY  SULID^E.     GANNETS 51 

FAMILY  ANHINGID^E.     DARTERS,  SNAKE  BIRDS 53 

FAMILY  PHALACROCORACID^E.     CORMORANTS  .......  54 

FAMILY  PELECANID^E.     PELICANS 56 

FAMILY  FREGATID.E.     MAN-OF-WAR  BIRDS .  58 

FAMILY  ANATID^E.     DUCKS,  GEESE,  AND  SWANS   ......  59 

SUBFAMILY  MERGING.     MERGANSERS,  SHELDRAKES         .         .         .         .          .  61 

SUBFAMILY  ANATIN^E.     FRESH-WATER  DUCKS.     RIVER  AND  POND  DUCKS         .  63 

SUBFAMILY  FULIGULIN^E.     SALT-WATER  DUCKS.     BAY  AND  SEA  DUCKS  .         .  71 

SUBFAMILY  ANSERINE.     GEESE .  81 

SUBFAMILY  CYGNIN^E.     SWANS .84 

FAMILY  PHCENICOPTERID^:.     FLAMINGOES        .         .         .         .         .         .         .  85 

FAMILY  PLATALEID.E.     SPOONBILLS .86 

FAMILY  IBIDID^E.     IBISES      ..........  87 

FAMILY  CICONIID^E.     STORKS  AND  WOOD  IBISES    ......  88 

FAMILY  ARDEID^E.     HERONS,  EGRETS,  AND  BITTERNS     ....  89 

FAMILY  GRUID^E.     CRANES  .........  95 

FAMILY  ARAMID^E.     COURLANS,  LIMPKINS 96 

FAMILY  RALLIDJE.     RAILS,  GALLINULES,  AND  COOTS      .          .         .         .         .  97 

SUBFAMILY  RALLIN^E.     RAILS        .         .         .         .         .         .         .                   .  97 

SUBFAMILY  GALLINULIN^E.     GALLINULES .101 

SUBFAMILY  FULICINJE.     COOTS 100 

• 

ORDER  LIMICOL^E.     SHORE  BIRDS  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .10*2 

FAMILY  PHALAROPODID^E.     PHALAROPES         .         .          ...          .         .  104 

FAMILY  RECURVIROSTRID.E.     AVOCETS  AND  STILTS           ...          .          .  106 

FAMILY  SCOLOPACID^E.     SNIPES,  SANDPIPERS,  CURLEWS,  ETC.         .          .         .  107 

FAMILY  CIIARADRIID^:.     PLOVERS          .         . 124 

FAMILY  APHRIZID^E.     TURNSTONES 129 

FAMILY  H/EMATOPODID.E.     OYSTER-CATCHERS 130 


GLOSSARY. 


Nearly  all  the  terms  used  in  describing  a  bird  may  be  more  easily  and  clearly 
understood  by  examining  the  illustrations  of  "bird  topography,"  on  pages  viii  and  ix, 
than  from  a  written  description;  a  few,  however,  may  require  a  word  of  explanation. 

Cere.  —  A   hard    skin-like  covering  on  the  base  of   the   upper    mandible   (Parrots, 

Hawks,  etc.). 
Mandibles.  —  Some  authors  use  the  word  maxilla  for  the  upper  half  of  the  bill,  and 

mandible  for  the  lower.     I  prefer,  however,  to  describe  the  two  halves  of  the  bill 

as  upper  and  lower  mandible. 
Culmen.  —  The  ridge  of  the  upper  mandible. 
Gonys.  —  Lower  outline  (middle)  of  under  mandible. 
Unguis.  —  The  nail  on  the  end  of  the  upper  mandible ;   very  pronounced  in  several 

families  of  water  birds  (Ducks,  Pelicans,  and  Petrels). 
Axillars  or  Axillary  Plumes. — Several  elongated   feathers  at  the  junction  of  the 

wing  and  body.      (Lat.  axilla,  the  arm-pit.) 
Carpus  or  Carpal  Joint.  —  Bend  of   the  wing.     The  third   segment   of   the   wing 

corresponding  to  the  wrist  (see  illustration). 
Speculum.  —  A  wing  band  or  patch  (usually  of  a  different  color  from  the  rest  of 

the  wing),  formed  by  the  terminal  portion  of  the  secondaries;  very  noticeable  in 

the  Ducks. 
Tarsus.  —  Extends  from  the  root  of  the  toes  to  the  end  of  the  tibia  (what  appears  to 

be  the  bend  of  the  leg  or  knee ;  but  which  is,  in  reality,  the  heel  joint).     See  illus- 
tration. 

Toes  Syndactyle.  —  Outer  and  middle   toes  more  or  less   joined  together   (King- 
fisher, etc.). 

Toes  Zygodactyle.  — Arranged  in  pairs,  two  in  front,  two  behind  (Cuckoos,  etc.). 
Tarsus  Reticulate.  —  Covered  with  numerous  small,  uneven  scales  (Plovers,  etc.). 
Tarsus  Scutellate.  —  Comparatively  large,  somewhat  square-cut  scales,  one  above 

the  other,  covering  the  front  of  the  tarsus. 
Booted  Tarsus.  —  Scales  fused  together  on  greater  portion  of  tarsus  so  as  to  be 

indistinct  or  invisible  except  on  lower  part  (Robins,  etc.). 
Superciliary  Stripe.  —  Stripe  over  the  eye. 


Vlll 


BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


TOPOGRAPHY    OF    A    PLOVER. 


IX 


Under  Primary ,  Coverts 


Primaries 


Tail  Coverts  or  Crissum 


!   \        Superciliary  Stripe 
Upper  Mandible  ^Lores     \Crawn 
\       !  Forehead  y^ 


Auricular s  or  kiar  Coverts 

-Nape  Wing  of  Duck  showing  speculum. 


Lower  Mandible  xV 


-Malar  Region  or  Cheek 
Side  of  Neck          Back 


Carpal  Joint  ~~~ 
Lesser  Wing  Coverts'' 
Middle  Wing  Coverts  -"' 

Or  eater  Coverts* 'NC  " 


Under  Tail  Coverts 


Upper  Tail  Coverts 
Tail,  Feather 


Bill  of  Fulmar  Petrel*    Outer^Toe    \ 

Middle  Toe  - 

Inner  Toe 


Black -breast  Plover. 


-Bind  Toe 


TOPOGRAPHY  OF  A   PLOVER. 


INTRODUCTION. 


A   BIRD 

Is  a  feathered  vertebrate  animal ;  or,  to  describe  it  more  fully,  it  is  an  air-breathing, 
warm-blooded,  feathered,  oviparous  (egg-laying) ,  vertebrate  animal,  having  a  four- 
chambered  heart,  and  a  complete  double  circulation.  Birds  occupy  a  place  in  nature 
intermediate  between  the  mammals  and  the  reptiles,  and  many  naturalists  consider  a 
bird  to  be  merely  a  modified  reptile.  Be  that  as  it  may ;  we  are  morally  certain  that 
thousands  of  years  ago  there  existed  on  the  earth  huge,  lizard-like  birds,  of  many  of 
which  we  know  nothing.  The  oldest  known  form  of  which  we  have  any  actual 
knowledge  is  the  celebrated  Archceopteryx,  a  fossil  found  by  Andreas  Wagner,  in  the 
Oolitic  slate  of  Solenhofer,  Bavaria,  in  1861.  This  reptile  bird  had  a  lizard-like 
tail  bordered  with  feathers,  and  jaws  armed  with  teeth. 

Of  late  years,  many  important  osteological  discoveries  have  been  made,  and  from 


Ostrich. 

the  reconstructed  skeletons  we  are  able  to  form  some  idea  of  the  size  and  shape  of  a 
few  of  the  many  huge  and  strange  birds  which  lived  and  died  in  the  forgotten  past. 
The  Harpagornis,  an  immense  raptorial  bird,  or  some  similar  monster,  may  have  orig- 
inated the  stories  of  the  Roc  of  nursery  lore.  Still  later,  we  have  the  Dodo  of  Mauri- 
tius, and  the  Moa  of  New  Zealand,  the  latter  a  giant  bird,  much  larger  than  the 


2  BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 

largest  Ostrich,  which,  it  is  claimed,  was  still  in  existence  at  the  beginning  of  the 
present  century,  and  a  few  of  the  older  natives  claim  to  have  heard  their  fathers  talk 
of  seeing  it  alive.  We  know  of  several  species  which  have  become  extinct  during  the 
past  fifty  years,  notably  the  Great  Auk  and  the  Labrador  Duck,  Camptolcemus  labra- 
dorius. 

In  the  West  Indies  we  have  numerous  instances  of  the  recent  disappearance  of 
insular  forms.  The  Jamaica  Petrel,  Aestrelata  cariboea,  is  now  supposed  to  have  been 
exterminated  by  the  Mongoose  (Herpestes),  which  animal  was  introduced  into  the 
island  some  years  ago  for  the  purpose  of  killing  the  rats.  Wallace,  in  his  "Distri- 
bution of  Animals,"  states  that  no  less  than  six  species  of  Parrots  were  said  to  have 
been  formerly  found  in  Guadaloupe  and  Martinique,  but  at  the  present  time  no  Parrots 
are  known  to  exist  on  either  of  those  islands. 

Ledru,  in  his  "  Voyage  aux  iles  Teneriffe,"  published  in  Paris,  in  1810,  men- 
tions several  birds  which  are  now  unknown,  among  them  a  green  pigeon  from  St. 
Thomas. 

While  many  species  have  become  extinct,  others  have  extended  their  range,  and, 
accommodating  themselves  to  changed  conditions  and  environment,  have  in  the  course 
of  time  developed  new  forms.  Birds  showing  decided  and  constant  differences  are 
recognized  as  species,  whereas  if  the  differences  in  color  or  size  are  not  very  great  and 
intermediate  forms  occur  showing  an  intergradation  from  one  to  the  other,  they  are 
called  races  or  subspecies.  Races  are  really  species  in  process  of  development  and 
are  caused  by  difference  in  climate,  food,  etc.  Insular  forms  which  are  sufficiently 
removed  from  the  parent  stock  to  warrant  the  belief  that  their  isolation  is  complete, 
are  generally  recognized  as  species  even  though  the  differences  would  hardly  be  worthy 
of  specific  recognition  if  the  two  forms  occurred  in  close  proximity  on  the  main  land. 
It  should  be  borne  in  mind,  however,  that  the  line  of  demarkatiou  between  a  species 
and  a  subspecies  is  a  purely  arbitrary  one  and  is  largely  a  matter  of  individual  opinion. 
Subspecies  are  distinguished  by  a  third  name ;  for  example,  Dendroica  palmarum 
hypochrysea  is  a  race  or  subspecies  of  Dendroica  palmarum. 

Having  learned  something  as  to  what  a  bird  is,  let  us  take  up  in  order  the  more 
important  external  parts,  such  as  the  wing,  tail,  bill,  and  feet. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Carpus 


THE  WING. 

As  an  aid  to  identification,  the  wing  characters  are  most  important.     The  terms 
primaries,    secondaries,    axillars,    wing   coverts,    etc.,    are   constantly   used  in 
describing  birds,  and  the  student  should  learn  to  recognize  them  at  a  glance. 
The  Remiges  are  the  flight 

feathers   of    the  wing, 

and   the    Tectrices    are  ^          -    ^_ 

the  small  feathers  cov-         V^^^^^^^^^ 

ering  the  upper  part  of          ^^^Kf^g^m 

the  wing    or    shoulder 

(see  illustration),  and 

are  usually  called  cov- 
erts.       The    Remiges 

are   divided  into    pri= 

maries,  secondaries, 

and   tertials,    accord- 
ing to  the  location  in 

the  wing. 
The     Primaries  are   the 

feathers  growing  from 

the  outer  section  of  the 

wing  ;  that  is  to  say,  from  the  outer  bend  of  the  wing  (carpus)  to  tip,  C  to  D,  the 

number  ranging  from  9  to  10  (and  rarely  11)  in  various  families.     At  first,  it  is 
(7    ^  not  always  easy  to  distinguish  the  last 

primary  from  the  first  secondary ;  but 
experience  is  the  best  teacher,  and  the 

/ — \\  )     *  ///-./  \\\\  ^  point  can  always  be  settled  by  exam- 

ining the  roots  of  the  feathers. 
The  Secondaries  are  the  remiges  at- 
tached to  the  ulna  or  forearm,  B  to  C 
(see  illustration)  ;  they  number  from 
6  to  40  in  the  various  families ;  the 
Humming-bird  having  the  smallest 
number,  and  the  Albatross  more 
than  40. 

The  Tertials  are  the  few  remaining  remiges  which  grow  from  the  humerus,  A  to  B. 
The  Tectrices,  or   Wing   Coverts,    are   small   feathers   covering   the   larger  wing 

feathers ;  the  feathers  lining  the  edge  of  the  under  surface  of  the  wiug  are  called 

under  wing  coverts.     The  outer  wing  coverts  are  divided  and  described,  as 

greater   wing  coverts,  middle  wing   coverts,    and   lesser   wing   coverts, 

respectively.      (See  illustration.) 


BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


The  Speculum.  A  term  used  to  indicate  a  patch  or  band  on  the  wing  (usually  of 
different  color  from  the  rest  of  the  feathers),  formed  by  the  terminal  portion 
of  the  secondaries,  very  noticeable  in  the  Ducks.  (See  illustration,  Topography 
of  a  Duck,  page  f .)  9TTT 

(Tnder  Primary  j  Coverts 
Under   Wing  Coverta 


Primaries 


"  -Axillars  or  Axillary  Plvmee 


Under  Surface  of  Wing. 

The  Axillary  Plumes,  or  Axillars,  are  an  important  aid  in  the  identification  of 
many  species  ;  these  are  several  rather  elongated  feathers  growing  from  the  arm- 
pit (axilla) ,  at  the  junction  of  the  wing  and  body. 

THE  TAIL. 

The  Rectices,  or  Tail  Feathers,  proper,  number  from  8  to  24,  and  in  some  very  few 
cases  even  more.  By  far  the  greater  number  of  birds,  however,  have  12  rectices. 


Truncate  or  square  tail 


Pointed  or  cuneale  tail 


Forked  tail 
Graduated  tail 

The  small  feathers  overlapping  the  rectices  are  called  upper  tail  coverts,  while 
those  below  are  the  under  tail  coverts  or  crissum.  (For  illustration  of  tail 
coverts  and  crissum^  see  Topography  of  a  Bird.) 


INTRODUCTION.  5 

THE   LEG  AND   FOOT. 

A  bird's  leg  may  be  briefly  described  as  having  only  the  knee  downward  exposed ; 
the  true  thigh  is  concealed,  but  may  be  felt  under  the  skin  on  the  side  of  the  body. 
The  true  knee  is  close  to  the  body  just  under  the  skin.  The  first  exposed  joint  which  is 
apparently  the  knee,  but  which  bends  back- 
ward,  is  really  the  heel.  (See  illustration.) 
The  bird  does  not  walk  on  the  foot  (from 

the  heel  downward),  but  merely  walks  on  y  ^^ '  ^^  B 

his  toes. 


Reticulate  Tarsus 


Booted  Tarsus        Scutellate  Tarsus 

The  Tarsus,  which  is  measured  from  the  bend  of  the  leg  (end  of  tibia)  to  the  roots 
of  the  toes  (C  to  D  in  illustration) ,  is  an  important  factor  in  the  identification  of 
many  species.  The  feet  are  very  variable  in  shape  and  arrangement  of  the  toes. 
These  variations  are  of  the  greatest  importance,  representing  generic  and,  often, 
family  differences. 


Types  of  Feet.— Water  Birds. 


b  BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 

The  Toes  are  sometimes  three  or  four  (the  Ostrich  has  but  two),  sometimes  two  in 
front  and  two  behind  ;  two  in  front  and  one  behind  ;  or,  in  one  family  (not  North 
America),  all  four  turned  forward.  Some  families  have  the  toes  joined  or  fused 
together  for  part  of  their  length,  as  in  the  Kingfisher.  Some  species  have  webbed 
feet,  others  have  the  toes  armed  with  curved  talons,  and  so  on  ;  but  the  various 
differences  with  which  we  wish  to  become  familiar  can  better  be  illustrated  than 
described. 


Foot  of  Sparrow 


Foot  of  three-toed  Woodpecker 


Types  of  Feet.  — Land  Birds. 


THE  BILL. 

The  Bill  consists  of  an  upper  and  a  lower  mandible,  both  of  which  are 
movable.  The  shape  is  of  great  assistance  in  determining  the  family  to  which  the 
species  belong.  Four  principal  types  are  recognized  :  — 

1.      Epignathous.     Upper  mandible  longer  than  lower ;  the  tip  bent  or  hooked  over 
the  end  of  lower  mandible.      (Examples  :  Hawks,  Gulls,  Petrels,  Parrots.) 

Hypognathous.     Lower   mandible,  longer  than   upper   mandible.      (Examples : 
Black  Skimmers,  Wiyncliops.) 

Paragnathous.     Both  mandibles  of  about  equal  length. 
4.     Hetagnathous.     Mandibles  crossed.     (Example :  Crossbill.     Loxia.) 


2. 


3. 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  shape  and  size  of  the  bill  vary  greatly,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  following 
illustrations  representing  fifteen  of  the  principal  types  among  our  birds  :  — 


Kill  of  Whivpoorinll 


Bill  of  Shrike 


Bill  of  £ong  Sparrow 


Bill  of  Least  Bittern 


of  Duck 


Bill  of  Heron 


Cere.     A   membrane  (usually  hard),  which  covers  the  base  of  the  upper  mandible. 

(Hawks,  Parrots,  Jaegers.) 

Nasal  Fossa,  or  Nasal  Groove.     Groove  in  which  the  nostrils  open. 
Gonys.     Lower  outline  (middle)  of  the  under  mandible,  A  to  B. 
Culmen,     The  ridge  of  the  upper  mandible. 
Unguis.     The  nail  on  the  end  of  the  uppe.r  mandible.     Very  pronounced  in  some 

families  of  Water  Birds,  —  Ducks,  Pelicans,  and  Petrels. 
riandibles.  —  Some  authors  use  the  word  maxilla  for  the  upper  half  of  the  bill,  and 

mandible,  for  the  lower.     I  prefer,  however,  to  describe  the  two  halves  of  the  bill 

as  upper  and  lower  mandible. 


8 


BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA, 

HOW   TO   MEASURE   A   BIRD. 

Length 


For  description  see  page  9. 


HOW    TO    MEASURE    A    BIRD. 


HOW   TO   MEASURE   A    BIRD. 

See  Illustration,  page  8. 


Wing.  —  Distance  from  carpal  joint  C  (bend  of  wing)  to  the  tip  of  the  longest 
primary  D.  See  cut  on  page  8. 

Length.  —  Distance  in  a  straight  line  from  the  end  of  the  bill  to  the  tip  of  the 
longest  tail  feather.  (Occasionally  the  middle  feathers  are  much  elong- 
ated, as  in  the  Old  Squaw  and  Pintail  Duck,  and  in  other  families  of 
birds,  such  as  Phaethon  and  Stercorarius.  In  such  cases  it  is  well  to 
give  the  length  from  bill  to  longest  tail  feather}  and  also  to  end  of 
outer  tail  feather.) 

Tail.  —  Distance  from  the  tip  of  the  longest  tail  feather  to  its  base  (the  point  where 
it  enters  the  body). 

Bill. — The  distance  in  a  straight  line  from  where  the  bill  (upper  mandible)  joins 
the  skin  of  the  forehead  (A)  to  the  tip  (B).  (There  are  a  few  excep-. 
tions  to  this  rule,  in  other  families,  such  as  birds  with  frontal  plate,  etc. 
Some  curved  bills  are  measured  along  the  curve  of  the  culmen,  and  at 
times  it  is  advisable  to  measure  from  the  nostril  to  the  tip  of  the  bill, 
but  in  such  cases  it  should  always  be  so  stated.) 

Tarsus.  — Distance  in  front  of  the  leg  from  what  appears  to  be  the  knee  joint  (end 
of  tibia)  to  the  root  of  the  middle  toe.  All  measurements  are  given 
in  inches  and  fractions  of  an  inch. 


INDEX  TO   KEY  TO   FAMILIES. 


WATER   BIRDS. 

Group  1.     Toes,  four,  with  lobate  web  or  web  on  sides  of  toes.      See  page  11, 


Group  2.     Toes,  four;    front  toes,  palmate  (full  webbed)  ;  hind  toe,  not  connected 
with  front  ones  by  web.     See  page  12. 


Group  3.     Toes,  four;    toto-palmate   (all  toes  full  webbed);    hind  toe,  connected 

with  front  ones  by  web.  •  See  page  15. 


Group  4.     Toes,  four,  not  full  webbed ;    small  web  between  toes  at  base,  or  toes 
entirely  without  web  ;  hind  toe,  sometimes  very  small.     See  page  17. 


Section  1 .     Hind  toe,  raised  above  level  of  front  toes.     See  page  17. 
Section  2.     Hind  toe,  on  same  level  with  front  toes.     See  page  19. 
Group  5.     Toes,  three,  full  webbed;   no  hind  toe.     See  pagr  21. 
Group  6.     Toes,  three,  not  full  webbed  ;  a  small  web  between  toes  at  base,  or  toes 
entirely  without  web.     See  page  23. 

(10) 


KEY    TO    FAMILIES 


WATER    BIRDS. 

GROUP   1. 
Toes,  four,  with  lobate  webs,  or  webs  on  sides  of  toes. 


=.-• 


Bill,  pointed;  feet,  placed  far  back,  near  tail;  underparts,  silvery  white;  tail,  very  ^hort. 

Family   PODICIPID/E.     Grebes 

See  page  26. 


Forehead,   with  bare  shield;  bill,  rather  sbort;   general  color,  slaty  gray;    toes,    with 
lobate  webs.  Family   RALLID/C.     Subfamily  FULICIN/E.     Coots. 

See  page  100. 


THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Hind  toe,  elevated  above  the  level  of  the  others;  bill,  slender;  nostrils,  opening  through 
slits;  sides  of  toes,  webbed.  Family   PHALAROPODID/E.    Phalaropes. 

See  page  104. 


GROUP  2. 

Toes,  four;  front  toes,  palmate  (full  webbed);  hind  toe, 
not  connected  with  front  ones  by  web. 


Bill,  straight  and  pointed;  tarsus,  flat- 
tened; hind  toe,  with  flap  or  lobe;  feet, 
placed  far  back  near  the  tail;  tail,  very 
short. 

Family  GAVIID>£.     Loons. 
See  page  28. 


Very  large  wing,  over  19  inches  long ;  upper  mandible, 
curved  near  tip,  forming  a  hook,  the  end  (unguis)  enlarged ; 
nostrils,  separate  and  tubular ;  hind  toe,  rudimentary,  often 
apparently  wanting. 

Family  DIOMEDEID/E.     Albatrosses. 
See  page  46. 


Nostrils,  tubular,  united  in  one  double-barrelled  tube ;  front  toes,  palmate  (full  webbed)  ; 
hind  toe,  very  small,  and  in  some  cases  entirely  absent;  upper  mandible,  curved  near  tip? 
wing,  less  than  19  inches  long. 

Family  PROCELLARIID/E.     Shearwaters,  Petrels,  and  Fulmars. 

See  page  46. 


KEY    TO    FAMILIES.  WATER    BIRDS. 


13 


Nostrils,  separate  not  tubular;  bill,  with  cere  (a  horny  or  skin-like  covering  on  base  of 
upper  inaudible) ;  hind  toe,  sometimes  very  small;  end  of  upper  mandible  (unguis),  swollen 
and  somewhat  rounded;  back  and  wings,  always  dark,  sometimes  sooty,  sometimes  barred 
with  brown;  tail,  never  white  or  gray,  usually  very  dark;  middle  tail  feathers,  longest, 


---::_      ___  1 


but  only  very  long  in  adult  birds,  sometimes  only  slightly  longer  than  rest  of  tail  feathers  in 
immature  birds;  in  brown  plumages,  the  axillars  (feathers  extending  from  armpit)  are 
heavily  barred,  brown  and  white;  in  other  plumages,  the  axillars  and  under  wing  coverts  are 
sooty  brown  or  dark  slaty  brown.  Family  STERCORARIID/E.  Skuas  and  Jaegers. 

See  page  34. 


Nostrils,  separate  not  tubular;  bill,  without  cere  ;  hind  toe,  sometimes  very  small;  upper 
mandible,  curved;  uuguis  (end  of  bill),  not  swollen;  middle  tail  feathers,  about  equal  in 
length  to  the  others;  tail,  rarely  dark,  although  sometimes  tipped  with  black  or  brown; 
axillars  and  under  wing  coverts,  white  or  gray,  sometimes  with  narrow  gray  lines  or  faint 
wavy  bars. 

Family  LARID/E.    Subfamily  LARIN/C.    Gulls. 

See  page  36. 


Nostrils,  separate  not  tubular ;  hind  toe,  sometimes  very  small ;  upper  mandible,  nearly 
straight,  not  hooked  or  decidedly  rounded  near  tip;  outer  tail  feathers,  usually  longer  than 
middle  feathers.  Family  LARID>£.  Subfamily  STERNIN/E.  Terns. 

See  page  41. 


Bill,  like  blade  of  a  knife,  the  under  mandible  the  longer ;  plumage,  black  above,  white 
below.  Family  RHYNCHOPID^E.     Skimmers, 

See  page  45. 


14 


THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Bill,  very  much  bent,  with  tooth-like  serrations  on  edge.     Large,  tall  birds  with  long  necks 
and  legs,  usually  red  or  pink.  Family  PHGEN1COPTERID/C.     Flamingoes. 

See  page  85. 


Bill,  long  and  narrow,  having  tooth-like  serrations  on  edges ;  toes,  four,  the  front  ones, 
full  webbed;  hind  toe,  with  flap. 

Family  ANATID^E.    Subfamily  MERQIN/C.    Mergansers. 

See  page  61. 


Top  of  bill  of  Merganser. 


Side  of  bill. 


Bill,  not  narrow;  tarsus,  scutellate  in  front  (transverse  scales)  ;  toes,  four, 
the  front  ones,  full  webbed;  hind  toes,  icithout  decided, Uap  or  lobe. 

Family  ANATID/E.    Subfamily  ANATIN/C.     River  and  Pond  Ducks. 

See  page  63. 


Ducks. 


Bill  of  Duck. 


Bill,  not  narrow ;  tarsus,  scutellate  in  front  (transverse  scales)  ;  toes,  four, 
the  front  ones,  full  webbed;  hind  toe,  with  flap  or  lobe. 

Family  ANATID/E.    Subfamily  FULIQULIN/C.    Sea  Ducks. 

See  page  71. 


KEY    TO    FAMILIES.  -«—  WATER    BIRDS. 


15 


Lores,  feathered;  tarsus,  reticulate  (scales  rounded)  ;  wing,  more  than  thirteen  inches  long ; 
toes,  four,  the  front  ones  full  webbed. 

Family  ANATID/C.     Subfamily  ANSERIN/C.     Geese  and  Brant. 

See  page  81. 


• 


Geese  and  Swan. 


Lores,  partly  bare;  tarsus,  reticulate  (scales  rounded)  ;  size,  large;  neck,  long;  wing,  over 
eighteen  inches  long;  plumage,  white  or  gray.  Subfamily  CYGNIN/4E.     Swans. 

See  page  84. 


GROUP  3. 

Toes,   four,   toto=palmate ;    (front   toes,  full   webbed;) 
hind  toe,  connected  with  front  ones  by  web. 


Bill,  sharp  pointed ;  chin,  feathered;  toes,  four,  all  connected  oy  webs. 

Family  PHAETHONTID/E.    Tropic  Birds. 
See  page  60. 


Bill,  stout,  but  not  hooked;  chin,  bare;  neck,  thick;  toes,  four,  all  connected  by  webs. 

Family  SULID/E.    Gannets. 
See  page  51. 


16 


THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Bill,  sharp-pointed  and  slender;  chin,  bare;  neck,  long  and  slender; 
toes,  four,  all  connected  by  webs ;  middle  tail  feathers,  corrugated  or 
fluted. 

Family  ANHINQID/E.     Darters,  Snake  Birds. 

See  page  53. 


Bill,  hooked  at  tip,  over  twelve  inches  long  and  having  ; 
large  pouch ;  lores,  bare ;  toes,  four,  all  connected  by  webs. 

Family  PELECANID/E.    Pelicans- 
See  page  56. 


Bill,  hooked  at  tip,  and  less  than  twelve  inches  long;  bare  skin  at  base  of  bill  and  chin; 
lores,  bare  ;  toes,  four,  all  connected  by  webs. 

Family  PHALACROCORACID/C.     Cormorants. 

See  page  54. 


Bill,  hooked  at  tip;  lores,  feathered;  upper  plumage,  entirely 
black;  toes,  four,  all  connected  by  webs;  tail,  forked;  wings,  very 
long. 

Family  FREQATID/E.    Man=of=war  Birds,  Frigate  Birds. 

See  page  58. 


KEY    TO    FAMILIES.  WATEK    BIRDS. 


17 


GROUP  4. 

Toes,  four;  toes,  not  full  webbed;  small  webs  between 
toes  at  base,  or  toes  entirely  without  webs;  hind  toe, 
sometimes  small. 

Section   1.     Hind  toe,  raised  above  level  of  front  toes. 


Avocet.  Avocet. 

Tarsus,  over  3.50  inches  long;  bill,  curved  upward  or  straight. 

Family  RECURVIROSTRID/E.     Avocets. 

See  page  106. 


Hind  toer  higher  than  front  toes;  tarsus,  less  than  3.50  inches  long;  middle  toe  and  claw 
together  shorter  than  bill,  except  a  few  of  the  small  species,  which  have  middle  toe  and  claw 
equal  to  or  longer  than  bill ;  but  all  such  have  the  belly  and  under  tail  coverts  pure  white  in 
most  plumages.  Family  SCOLOPACID/E.  Snipe,  Curlews,  Sandpipers,  etc. 

See  pMge  107. 


Hind  toe,  higher  than  front  ones ;  lower 

back  and  rump,  white,  with  black  band. 

Family  APHRIZID/E.    Turnstones. 

See  page  129. 


18 


THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Hind  toe,  higher  thaii  front  ones;  hind  toe,  very  small,  hardly  noticeable;  bill,  black, 
rather  short  and  stout ;  all  other  species  belonging  to  this  family  have  but  three  toes. 

Family  CHARADRIID/C  (Charadnus  squaterola).     Black-bellied  Plover. 

See  page  124. 


Hind  toe,  above  level  of  front  toes ;  bill,  less  than  3  inches  long ;  toes, 
four,  no  comb-like  edge  on  inner  side  of  middle  toe  nail;  middle  toe  and 
claw  together  not  shorter  than  bill,  usually  decidedly  longer;  under  tail 
coverts,  not  white.  Family  RALLID/E.  Rails,  etc. 

See  page  97. 


SoraKail. 


King  Rail. 


Virginia  Rail. 


Rails. 


Hind  toe,  above  level  of  front  toes;  bill,  over  3  inches  long;          x 
wing,  over   16   inches;   tarsus,  over  7  inches;  toes,  four,   no      f- 
comb  =  like  edge  on  inner  side  of  middle  toe  nail ;  lores,  with     K 
hair-like  bristles.  Family  GRUID/E.    Cranes,    m 

See  page  95. 


- 


Hind  toe,  above  level  of  front  toes;  bill,  over  3  inches  long;  tarsus, 
under  7 ;  wing,  under  16 ;  toes,  four,  no  comb-like  edge  on  inner  side  of 
middle  toe  nail;  under  mandible,  often  slightly  twisted  near  tip;  plumage, 
dark  brown  with  white  streaks.  Family  ARAMID/C.  Courlans. 

See  page  96. 


KEY    TO    FAMILIES.  WATER    BIRDS. 


19 


Section  2.     Hind  toe,  on  level  with  front  toes. 


Toes,  long  and  slender;  bill,  short  and  pointed;  a  bare  shield  or  plate  on  forehead;  wing, 
about  7  inches  long,  carpus  (bend  of  wing)  to  tip;  under  tail  coverts,  white. 

Family  RALLID/C.     Subfamily  GALLINULIN/E. 
Purple  (iallinule,  or  Florida  Gallinule. 

See  page  TOO. 


Wv 


Bill,  nearly  straight  and  sharply  pointed;  inner  side  of  middle  toe  nail,  with  distinct  comb- 
like  edge;  toes,  four,  all  on  same  level.  Bitterns,  tail  with  ten  feathers.  Herons,  tail  with 
twelve  feathers.  Family  ARDEID/C.  Herons,  Egrets,  and  Bitterns. 

See  page  89. 


20 


THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Greater  part  of  plumage,  white ;  bill,  rounded  and  somewhat  curved, 
very  thick  and  strong;  tarsus^  always  over  jice  inches  long ;  toes,  four,  all 
on  same  level ;  no  comb-like  edge  on  inner  side  of  middle  toe  nail. 

Family  CICONIID/E.    Storks  and  Wood  Ibises. 

See  page  88. 


Bill,  long,  rather  slender,  and  decidedly  curved 
downward;  tarsus,  always  less  than  five  inches  long; 
toes,  four,  all  on  the  same  level ;  no  comb-like  edge  on 
side  of  middle  toe  nail.  Family  IBIDID/E.  Ibises. 

See  page  87. 


Bill,  wide  and  flat  at  the  end ;  toes,  four,  all  on  same  level ;  wing 
(carpus  to  tip),  over  twelve  inches  long. 

Family  PLATALEID/E.     Spoonbills. 

See  page  86. 


KKV    TO    FAMILIES. WATER    BIRDS. 


21 


-r -11 


GROUP    5. 

Toes,  three,  full  webbed  ;  no  hind  toe. 

Nostrils,  separate,  not  opening  into  one  double-barrelled  tube;   upper  mandible,  curved 
near  tip;  bill,  yellowish,  or  greenish  yellow;  an  indication  of  a  hind  toe,  in  the  form  of  a 
.,-- v  .,  small  knob  without  nail ;  tail,  entirely  white,   or 

white  with  black  band  near  tip.  This  is  the  only 
North  American  gull  lacking  a  hind  toe. 

Family  LARID/E  (Larus  tridactijla} . 
Kittiwake  Gull. 
See  page  36. 

Bill,  reddish  (in  life  showing  also  yellow  and  blue), 
"peculiar  in  form,  suggesting  that  of  parrot. 
Family  ALCID/C. 
Subfamily   FRATERCULIN/E.     Puffins. 

See  page  30. 


Bill,  black,  with  narrow  white  band. 
Family  ALCID/C. 
Subfamily  ALCIN/E.     Auks. 

See  page  30, 


Bill,  black  or  brownish;  wing, 
over  7.25  inches  long,  carpus  (bend 
of  wing)  to  tip. 

Family  ALC1D/E. 
Subfamily  ALCIN^E. 
Murres. 
See  page  30. 


Bill,  black,  or  blackish;  wing,  less  than  7.25,  but  more  than  5.50,  measured,  carpus  to  tip. 
Family  ALCID/C.     Subfamily  PHALARIN/E.    Guillemots, 

See  page  30. 


THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Bill,  black,  or  blackish ;  wing,  less  than  5  inches 
long  (carpus  to  tip). 

Family  ALCID/C.     Subfamily  ALLIN/E. 

Dovekies. 
Little  Auks. 
See  page  30. 


Very  large  wing,  over  19  inches  long;  upper  mandible, 
curved  near  tip,  forming  a  hook,  the  end  (uuguis)  en- 
larged; nostrils,  separate  and  tubular;  hind  toe,  rudimen- 
tary, often  apparently  wanting. 

Family  DIOMEDEID/3E.     Albatrosses. 
See  page  40. 


Shearwater. 


Petrel. 


Fulmar. 


Nostrils,  tubular,  united  in  one  double-barrelled 
tube ;  front  toes,  palmate  (full  webbed;  ;  hind  toe,  very 
small,  and  in  some  cases  entirely  absent;  upper  mandi- 
ble, curved  near  tip ;  wing,  less  than  19  inches  long. 

Family  PROCELLARIID/€. 
Shearwaters,  Petrels,  and  Fulmars. 
See  page  46. 


KEY    TO    FAMILIES.    —  WATER    BIRDS. 


23 


GROUP  6. 

Toes,   three;    a  small   web   between   toes,   or,   entirely 
without  web* 


Bill,  slender ;    wing,    about   5    inches ;  bill,  about  one  inch ;  this  is    the  only  represen- 
tative of  this  family  with  three  toes,  all  others  have  four;   tarsus,  less  than  1.50  inches  long. 
Family  SCOLOPACID/E.     (Calidris  arenaria.)    Sanderling.    Sandpiper. 

See  page  107. 


Toes,   three,    partly  webbed;   tarsus,  over  3  inches  long;    general  plumage,  black  and 
White;  legs,  pink  red  in  life.  Family  RECURVIROSTRID/C.    Stilts. 

See  page  106. 


THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    SOUTH    AMEUICA. 


Plovers. 


Bill,  short ;  some  species  have  bill  less  than  three  quarters  inch  long ;  none  have  bill  over 
two  inches  long.  Family  CHARADRIID/E.    Plovers. 

See  page  124. 


- 

; 


Bill,  over  2.50  inches  long;  head  and  neck,  black  or  blackish;  bill,  red. 

Family  H^EflATOPODID^E.    Oyster-catchers. 

See  page  130. 


FAMILY    PODICIPIIXK.  GKEBE8.  25 


WATER   BIRDS. 

KEY    TO    THE    SPECIES. 


FAMILY   PODICIPID^E. 

• 

Grebes. 

Toes,  four ;   three   in    front,   one    behind,  with   lobate  webs, 

*  Group  1.     Wing,  less  than  6.50  inches  long. 

Depth  of  bill  at  base  of  culmen,  over  .40.     In  summer:  Bill,  with  black  baud;  throat, 
black. 

In  winter :  Bill,  without  black  baud ;  throat,  white. 

Poclilymbus  podiceps.    Pied-billed  Grebe.     Hell  Diver. 

See  No.  4. 

Depth  of  bill  at   base   of  culmen,  less  than  .40.    In  summer:   Two  small  tufts  of 
brownish  gray  or  buff-colored  feathers  behind  the  eye;   crown,  nape,  and  throat,  black. 

In  winter :  Plain  colored,  without  black  or  buff  oil  head;  upper  plumage,  grayish  black; 
uuderparts,  silvery  white,  often  tinged  with  ash  gray  on  throat  and  sides. 

Colymbus  auritus     Horned  Grebe. 
See  No.  2. 

*  Group  2.     Wing,  over  6.50  inches  long. 

In  summer :  Crown,  black ;  upper  throat,  gray ;   lower  throat  and  breast,  chestnut  rufous ; 
rest  of  underparts,  silvery  grayish  white. 

In  winter :  No  rufous  brown  on  throat  or  breast.       Colymbus  hoJba>lli.     Holboell's  Grebe. 

See  No.  1. 


*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA, 


Grebes. 


Horned  Grebe, 


Pied-billed  Grebe. 


FAMILY    GAVIIDJE. LOONS.  27 

FAMILY   QAVHD^E. 
Loons. 

Toes,  four;  front  toes,  palmate  (full  webbed)  ;  bill,  pointed; 
tarsus,  flattened ;    hind  toe,  with  flap  or  small  lobe. 

'*  Group  1.     Wing,  9.50  to  11  inches  long. 

Back,  with  white  spots  ;   throat,  white  or  whitish  (immature  or  winter). 

Gavia  lumme.     Red  throated  Loon. 

See  No.  7. 

Back,  without  distinct  white  spots;   the  feathers,   edged  with  ashy;   throat,  white  or 
dusky  (immature  or  winter).  Gavia  a rcticus.     Black=throated  Loon. 

See  No.  6. 

Head,  ashy  gray ;  throat,  black  (adult).  Gavia  arcticus.     Black=throated  Loon. 

See  No.  6. 
Throat,  gray ;  front  of  neck,  chestnut  brown  (adult) . 

Gavia  lumme.     Red-throated  Loon. 

See  No.  7. 

*  Group  2.     Wing,   1 1  to  15  inches  long. 
Section   1.     Depth  of  bill  at  base,  more  than  .85. 

Head,  black  (adult).  Gavia  imber.     Loon. 

See  No.  5. 

Top  of  head,  grayish;  throat,  white  (immature  or  winter  plumage). 

Gavia  imber.     Loon. 
See  No.  5. 

Section  2,     Depth  of  bill  at  base,  less  than  .85. 

Head,  ash  gray ;  throat,  black  (adult).  Gavia  arcticus.     Black-throated  Loon. 

See  No.  6. 

Throat,  gray;  front  of  neck,  chestnut  brown  (adult). 

Gavia  lumme.    Red=throated  Loon. 

See  No.  7. 


*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


28 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Summer. 


Loous. 


Winter. 


Loon. 


Black-throated  Loon. 


FAMILY    ALCOVE. AUKS,    PUFFINS,    AND    MURRES.  29 

Back,  with  white  spots  ;  throat,  white  or  whitish  (immature  or  winter). 

Gavia  lumme.    Red-throated  Loon. 

See  No.  7. 

Back,  without  distinct  white  spots ;   the  feathers,  edged  with  ashy;  throat,  white  or 
dusky  (immature  or  winter).  Gavia  arcticus.     Black=throated  Loon. 

See  No.  6. 

*  Group  3.     Wing,  over  15  inches  long. 

Feet,  webbed ;  head,  black,  in  adult ;  head,  gray ;  throat,  whitish,  in  immature. 

Urinator  imber.     Loon. 
See  No.  5. 

FAMILY    ALCID^G. 
Auks,  Puffins,  and  Murres. 

Toes,  three ;     no    hind   toe   (hallux)  ;    toes,    palmate   (full 
webbed)  ;   nostrils,  separate,  and  not  tubular. 

*  Group  I.     Wing,  less  than  5  inches  long.  ; 

Winter  plumage  :  Upper  parts,  black ;  underparts,  white.     In  summer :  The 
breast,  throat,  and  sides  of  the  head  and  neck,  sooty  brown. 

Alle  alle.     Dovekie.     Little  Auk. 

See  No.  17.  .^' 

*  Group  2.     Wing,  5.50  to  6.50  inches  long. 

Bill,  parrot  like;  underparts,  white;  back,  black;  usually  a  black 
collar.  Fratercula  arctica.     Puffin.     Sea  Parrot. 

See  No.  9. 

Adult  in  summer :  General  plumage,  black,  a  white  patch  on 
the  shoulder;  basal  half  of  the  greater  wing  coverts  (feathers 
forming  the  white  patch  on  the  wing),  black.  Winter  birds  have 
the  underparts  white,  and  the  upper  parts,  black  and  white. 

Cepphus  grylle.    Black  Guillemot.    Sea  Pigeon. 

See  No.  11. 

Similar  to  Black  Guillemot,  but  has  the  wing  coverts  (feathers  forming  the  white  wing 
patch)  entirely  white  and  not  with  basal  half  black. 

Immature  and  winter  birds  (except  wing  coverts),  resembling  the  Black  Guillemot. 

Cepphus  mandtii.     Mandt's  Guillemot. 

See  No.  12. 

*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Murres. 


• 


Puffin. 


Guillemots. 


FAMILY    ALCID^E.  AUKS,    PUFFINS,    AND    MURRES. 


31 


Group  3.     Wing,  6.50  to  7.50  inches  long. 


Bill,  parrot  like;  underparts,  white ;  back,  black,  usually  a  black 
collar.  Fratercula  arctica,  and  races.     Puffin.     Sea  Parrot. 

See  No.  9. 


Adult  in  xnmiiH'r:  General  plumage,  black;  a  white  patch  on 
the  shoulder;  basal  half  of  the  greater  wing  coverts  (feathers 
forming  the  white  patch  ou  the  shoulder),  blade.  YVinter  birds 
have  the  underparts  white,  and  the  upper  plumage,  mixed  black, 
gray,  and  white.  Cepphus  grylle.  Black  Guillemot. 

See  No.  11. 

Similar  to  the  Black  Guillemot,  but  has  the  wing  coverts  entirely  white  and  not  with 
basal  half  black.  Cepphus  mandtii.  Mandt's  Guillemot. 

See  No.  12. 

Summer  plumage :  Head,  back,  wings,  and  tail,  sooty  brown ;  underparts  and  tips  of  secon- 
daries, white.  Winter  plumage:  Underparts,  white,  more  or  less  marked  with  sooty  brown, 
or  blackish  about  the  throat,  belly,  and  flanks.  Uria  lomvia.  Brunnich's  Murre. 

See  No.  14. 


Summer  plumage :  Head  and  neck,  back,  wings,  and  tail,  black ;  tips  of 
secondaries  and  rest  of  underparts,  white.  Winter  plumage :  Similar,  but 
has  the  throat  white.  Alca  torda.  Razor=billed  Auk. 

See  No.  15. 


*  Group  4.     Wing,  7.50  to  8.50  inches  long. 

Summer  plumage :  Head  and  neck,  back,  wings,  and  tail,  black.  Tips  of  secondaries  and 
rest  of  underparts,  white.  Alca  torda.  Razor=billed  Auk. 

See  No.  15. 

Summer  plumage:  Head,  back,  wings,  and  tail,  dark  sooty  brown;  underparts  and  tips  of 
secondaries,  white.  Winter  plumage:  Underparts,  white,  more  or  less  marked  with  sooty 
brown  or  blackish  about  the  throat,  belly,  and  flanks;  bill,  usually  over  1.60. 

Uria  troile.     Murre. 
See  No.  13. 

Similar  to  Uria  troile,  but  has  the  head  darker  than  the  throat;  bill,  usually  under  1.60. 

Uria  lomvia.    Brunnich's  Murre. 

See  No.  14. 


*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


32 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Qroup  5.    Wing,  over  8.50  inches  long, 


Head  and  neck,  black,    easily   distinguished 
by  the  shape  of  the  bill;    a  white  line  on  bill. 
Alca  torda.     Razor- billed  Auk. 
See  No.  15. 


Murre. 


Head  and  neck,  sooty  brown ;  bill  pointed,  no  white  line  on  bill.         Una  troile.    Murre. 

See  No.  13. 


*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


FAMILY    STERCORAKIID^E.  SKUAS    AND    JAEGERS.  33 

FAHILY  STERCORARIID^E. 

Skuas  and  Jaegers. 

Nostrils,  separate,  and  not  tubular ;  bill,  with  cere ;  front  toes,  palmate 
(full  webbed);  hind  toe,  small,  but  always  present;  end  of  upper  mandible 
(unguis),  swollen,  and  somewhat  rounded;  back  and  wings, 
always  dark,  sometimes  sooty,  sometimes  barred  with  brown ; 
tail,  never  white  or  gray,  usually  very  dark ;  middle  tail  feath- 
ers, longest.  The  cere  (hard  skin-like  covering  on  base  of  upper 
mandible)  will  distinguish  these  birds  from  Gulls. 

*  Group  1.    Wing,  11  to  15  inches  long. 

Underparts,  not  entirely  pure  white;  bill,  over  1.35;  tarsus,  over  1.80;  middle  tail 
feathers,  not  pointed  ;  plumage,  sometimes  dark  brown;  sometimes  mixed  gray,  brown,  and 
white.  Stercorarius  pomarinus.  Pomarine  Jaeger. 

See  No.  19. 

Bill,  under  1.35;  tarsus,  under  1.80;  middle  tail  feathers,  pointed;  base  of  unguis 
to  frontal  feathers  less  than  length  of  unguis ;  shafts  of  primaries,  yellow  white. 

Stercorarius  longicaudus.    Long-tailed  Jaeger. 

See  No.  21. 

Bill,  under  1.35;  tarsus,  under  1.80;  middle  tail  feathers,  pointed;  base  of  unguis  to 
frontal  feathers,  greater  than  length  of  unguis ;  shafts  of  primaries,  yellowish  white. 

Stercorarius  parasiticus.     Parasitic  Jaeger. 

See  No.  20. 

*  Group  2.    Wing,  over  15  inches  long. 

Bill,  with  cere ;  general  color,  dark  brown,  more  or  less  streaked  with  light  brown ;  a 
patch  of  white  at  base  of  primaries.  Megalestris  skua.  Skua. 

See  No.  18. 


*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


KEY    TO    THE    BIKDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Skua. 


FAMILY   LARIDJE. GULLS    AND    TERNS. 


35 


FAMILY    LARID^B. 

GULLS    AND    TERNS. 
SUBFAMILY   LARINJE.      GULLS. 

TAIL,  USUALLY  NEARLY  SQUARE. 

GROUP  1.     Wing,  9.50  to  11  inches  long.     See  page  36. 
GROUP  2.     Wing,  11  to  13  inches  long.     See  page  36. 
GROUP  3.     Wing,  13  to  15  inches  long.     See  page  38. 
GROUP  4.     Wing,  15  to  17  inches  long.     See  page  38. 

Section  1.     Length,  over  21 ;  bill,  over  2;  underparts,  white.     See  page  38. 

Section  2.     Length,  over  21 ;  bill,  over  2 ;  underparts,  not  white.     See  pjjge  39. 

Section  3.     Length,  over  21 ;  bill,  under  2;  underparts,  white.     See  page  39. 

Section  4.     Length,  over  21 ;  bill,  under  2  ;  underparts,  not  white.     See  page  40. 

Section  5.     Length,  under  21.     See  page  40. 
GROUP  5.     Wing,  over  17  inches  long.     See  page  40. 


SUBFAMILY    STERNIN^E.       TERNS. 


TAIL,    USUALLY    FORKED. 


GROUP  5. 
GROUP  6. 
GROUP  7, 


GROUP  1. 

GROUP  2. 

GROUP  3. 

GROUP  4. 

Wing,  11  to  13  inches  long. 
Wing,  13  to  17  inches  long. 
Wing,  over  17  inches  long. 


Wing,  5.50  to  7.50  inches  long.  See  page  41. 
Wing,  7.50  to  8.50  inches  long.  See  page  41. 
Wing,  8.50  to  9.50  inches  long.  See  page  41. 
Wing,  9.50  to  11  inches  long.  See  page  41. 

See  page  43. 

See  page  43. 

See  page  43. 


36  KEY   TO   THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


FAMILY   LARID/E. 
Gulls  and  Terns. 

SUB-FAMILY    LARIN/E. 
(lulls. 

Upper  mandible,  curved ;  unguis  (end  of  bill),  not  swollen;  middle  tail 

feathers,  about  equal  in  length  to  the  others ; 
tail,  rarely  dark,  although  sometimes  tipped 
with  black  or  brown ;  hind  toe,  small,  but 
always  present  except  in  one  genus ;  bill,  with- 
out cere. 

*  Group  1.     Wing,  9.50  to  11  inches  long. 

Underparts,  white;  inuer  web  of  first  primary,  white,  with  black  spot  near  the  end;  the 
tip,  white;  shaft  of  feather,  white;  adult  birds  have  the  bill  dark  red ;  in  immature  birds 
it  is  brownish.  Larus  franklinii.  Franklin's  Gull. 

See  No.  34. 

Underparts,  white ;  inner  web  of  first  primary,  white ;  the  tip,  black  ;  bill,  black ;  shaft 
of  feather,  white.  Larus  Philadelphia.  Bonaparte's  Gull. 

See  No.  35. 

Underparts,  white;  inner  web  of  first  primary,  about  half  white;  shaft  of  feather, 
dark  brown  on  upper  surface.  In  the  adult  the  bill  is  black,  tipped  with  yellow. 

Xema  sabinii.     Sabine's  Gull. 

•     See  No.  38. 

*  Group  2.     Wing,  1 1  to  13  inches  long. 

Shafts  of  primaries,  black  or  dark  brown;  underparts,  not  pure  white  (immature). 

fLarus  atricilla.     Laughing  Gull. 
See  No.  33. 

Underparts,  pure  white;  inner  web  of  first  primary,  white,  with  black  spot  near  the 
end,  the  tip,  white ;  shaft  of  feathers,  white.  Adult  birds  have  bill  dark  red ;  in  immature 
birds  it  is  brownish.  Larus  franklinii.  Franklin's  Gull. 

See  No.  34. 


*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


FAMILY  LARID^E. GULLS  AND  TERNS. 


37 


Summer. 


Laughing  Gull. 


Winter. 


Bonaparte's  Gull.    Summer. 
Bonaparte's  Gull  loses  the  black  head  in  winter. 


Sabine's  Gull. 


38  KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 

Underparts,  white;  first  primary,  entirely  black  or  dark  brown  (adult). 

Larus  atricilla.     Laughing  Gull. 

See  No.  33. 

General  plumage,  white;  back,  white;  first  primary  entirely  white,  or  with  a  blackish 
spot  at  tip;  hind  toe,  with  nail;  bill,  yellow.  Pagophila  alba.     Ivory  Gull. 

See  No.  22. 

Back,  pearl  gray ;  inner  web  of  primary,  white,  broadly  tipped  with  black ;  a  small  rudi- 
mentary hind  toe  without  nail.  Rissa  tridactyle.    Kittiwake  Gull. 

See  No.  23. 


*  Group  3.    Wing,   13  to  15  Inches  long. 

Uuderparts,  white;  first  primary  entirely  black,  or  dark  brown. 

Larus  atricilla.     Laughing  Gull. 

See  No.  33. 

General  plumage,  white ;  first  primary,  entirely  white,  or  with  a  dusky  spot  near  tip ;  hind 
toe,  with  nail;  bill,  less  than  1.50;  wing,  less  than  14  ;  bill,  yellow. 

Pagophila  alba.     Ivory  Gull. 
See  No.  22. 

Underparts,  white ;  inner  web  of  primary,  white,  broadly  tipped  with  black ;  a  small 
rudimentary  hind  toe,  without  nail.  Larus  tridactyla.    Kittiwake  Gull. 

See  No.  23. 

Underparts,  white ;  terminal  portion  of  first  primary,  black,  with  white  spot  near  tip. 

Larus  delawarensis.     Ring-billed  Gull. 

See  No.  31. 

Primaries,  pale  pearl  gray,  becoming  white  at  tip;  bill,  over  1.50;  wing,  over  14. 

Larus  leucopterus.     Iceland  Gull. 

See  No.  25. 

*  Group  4.     Wing,  15  to  17  inches  long. 
Section  1.     Length,  over  21 ;  bill,  over  2 ;  underparts,  white. 

No  black  on  primaries  (adult") .  Larus  glaucus.    Glaucous  Gull. 

See  No.  24. 

Back,  slaty  black;  primaries,  black  with  more  or  less  white  (adult). 

Larus  marinus.     Great  Black=backed  Gull. 
See  No.  27. 

Back,  pale  bluish,  gray,  or  pearl  gray;  primaries,  dull  black  or  brownish  black,  more 
or  less  marked  with  white. 

Larus  argentatus  smithsonianus.     American  Herring  Gull. 

See  No.  30. 


*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


FAMILY  LAltlT^E. GULLS  AND  TEKNS. 


39 


Section  2.     Length,  over  21;  bill,  over  2;  underparts, 

not  white. 


Outer  webs  of  primaries,  ash  color  (immature). 


Larus  glaucus.     Glaucous  Gull, 

See  No.  24. 


Outer  webs  of  primaries,  dark  brown;  wing,  over  17.50;  depth  of  bill  at  angle,  over  .90 
(immature).  Larus  marinus.     Great  Black-backed  Gull. 

See  No.  27. 

Outer  webs  of  primaries,  dark  brown;  depth  of  bill  at  angle,  under  .90;  wing,  under  17.50 
(immature).  Larus  argentatus  smithsonianus.     American  Herring  Gull. 

See  No.  30. 

Section  3.    Length,  over  21 ;  bill,  under  2 ;  underparts,  white. 

Back,  grayish  blue,  more  or  less  black  on  primaries. 

Larus  argentatus  smithsonianus.     American  Herring  Gull. 

See  No.  30. 


Back,  pale  pearl  color ;  pri- 
maries, whitish  or  pearl  color, 
shading  to  white  at  tips. 

Larus  leucopterus. 
Iceland  Gull. 
See  No.  25. 


Great  Black  backed  Gull. 


Ring-billed  Gull. 


Back,   pale   pearl    color;    primaries 
marked  with  slaty  gray. 

Larus  kumlieni.     Kumlien's  Gull. 
See  No.  26. 


Herring  Gull. 


40 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Section  4.     Length,  over  21 ;  bill,  under  2;  underparts, 

not  white. 

Outer  webs  of  primaries,  dark  brown;  bill,  over  1.90  (immature). 

Larus  argentatus  smithsonianus.     American  Herring  Gull. 

See  No.  30. 

Outer  webs  of  primaries,  brownish;  bill,  under  1.90  (immature). 

Larus  kumlieni.     Kumlien's  Gull, 
See  No.  26. 


Outer  webs  of  primaries,  ash  color  (immature), 


Larus  leucopterus.     Iceland  Gull, 

See  No.  25. 


Section  5.     Length,  under  21. 

A  baud  of  black  on  the  bill  (adult).     Bill,  dull  yellow,  tipped  with  black  (immature). 

Larus  delawarensis.    Ring°billed  Gull. 
See  No.  31. 


Terns.  Gulls. 

*  Group  5.     Wing,  over  17  inches  long. 

Primaries,  marked  with  more  or  less  black.       Larus  marinus.     Great  Black=backed  Gull. 

See  No.  27. 

Larus  glaucus.     Glaucous  Gull. 

See  No.  24. 


No  black  on  primaries. 


*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


FAMILY    LARID^E.  GULLS    AND    TERNS.  41 

SUBFAMILY  STERNIN/E. 
Terns. 

Upper  mandible,  nearly  straight,  not  hooked  or  decid- 
edly rounded  near  tip ;  outer  tail  feathers,  usually  longer 
than  middle  feathers;  toes,  four;  front  toes,  webbed; 
hind  toe,  small,  but  well  developed. 

*  Group  1.     Wing,  5.50  to  7.50  inches  long. 

Forehead,  white;  bill,  black;  underparts,  white;  back, 
pearl  gray;  crown,  black  (adult  iu  summer) ;  back  and  crow-n, 
mottled  (immature).  Sterna  antillarum.  Least  Tern. 

See  No.  48. 

*  Group  2.     Wing,  7.50  to  8.50  inches  long. 

Head  and  underparts,  black  (adult) .     A  patch  of  black  behind  the  eye ;  back  of  head, 
dusky;  rest  of  head,  white  (immature).  Hijdrochelidon  nigra  surinamensis.     Black  Tern. 

See  No.  51. 

*  Group  3.     Wing,  8.50  to  9.50  inches  long. 

Outer  tail  feathers,  pure  white.  Sterna  dougalli.    Roseate  Tern. 

See  No.  47. 

Inner  web  of  outer  tail  feather,  gray.  Sterna  forsteri.     Forster's  Tern. 

See  No.  44. 

*  Group  4.     Wing,  9.50  to  1 1  inches  long. 

Outer  web  of  outer  tail  feather,  darker  than  inner  web;  back,  pearl  gray;  breast, 
washed  with  pearl  gray;  bill  in  adults,  red,  tipped  with  black;  tarsus,  usually  over  .70. 

Sterna  hirundo.    Common  Tern.    Wilson's  Tern. 

See  No.  45. 

Inner  web  of  outer  tail  feather,  darker  than  outer  web;   back,  pearl  gray;  breast, 
white;  bill  in  adults,  black,  slightly  yellowish  at  tip.  Sterna  forsteri.     Forster's  Tern. 

See  No.  44. 

Outer  tail  feather,  entirely  pure  white ;  back,  pearl  gray ;  breast,  white,  often  tinged 
with  faint  rose  color;  bill,  in  adults,  black  with  basal  portion,  red. 

Sterna  dougalli.    Roseate  Tern. 
See  No.  47. 

*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


42 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTEIJX    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Forster's  Tern.    Winter. 


Roseate  Tern. 


Common  Tern. 


Least  Tern.  Gull-billed  Tern. 

-^ 

Adult  Terns  (except  the  Noddy)  have  the  top  of  the  head  entirely  black,  part  of  the  year,  varying  with  age 
and  season. 


FAMILY    LARIDJE.  —  GULLS    AND    TERNS.  43 

Outer  web  of   outer  tail  feather,  darker  than   inner  web;  back,  pearl  gray;  breast 
and  underparts,  pearl  gray;  bill,  in  adults,  entirely  red;  tarsus,  usually  less  than  .70. 

Sterna  paradiscea.     Arctic  Tern. 

See  No.  46. 

Back,  black ;  a  white  stripe  from  forehead,  extending  over  the  eye  ;  breast,  white  ;  bill, 
in  adults,  black.  Sterna  fuliginosa.     Sooty  Tern. 

See  No.  49. 

Back,  sooty  or  grayish  brown ;  a  white  stripe  from  forehead,  not  reaching  above  the 
eye;  bill,  black.  Sterna  ancethettts.    Bridled  Tern. 

See  No.  50. 

Back,  sooty  brown;  underparts,  sooty  brown.  Anous  stolidus.     Noddy  Tern. 

See  No.  53. 

*  Group  5.     Wing,   11  to  13  inches  long. 

Bill,  black,  not  tipped  with  yellow;  feet,  blackish;  back,  pearl  gray  ;  bill,  comparatively 
short  and  stout.  Gelochelidon  nilotica.    Gull-billed  Tern. 

See  No.  39. 

Bill,  black,  not  tipped  with  yellow ;  feet,  black ;  back,  black  or  sooty. 

Sterna  fuliginosa.     Sooty  Tern. 
See  No.  49. 

Bill,  red,  tipped  with  black;  feet,  orange  red;  back,  pearl  gray  or  gray  and  buff. 

Sterna  hirundo.    Common  Tern.    Wilson's  Tern. 

See  No.  45. 

Bill,  black,  tipped  with  pale  yellow;  feet,  dark;  bill,  comparatively  long  and  slender. 

Sterna  sandvicensis  aciiflavida.    Cabot's  Tern. 
See  No.  39. 

*  Group  6.     Wing,   13  to  17  inches  long. 

Bill,  orange  or  yellowish;  tarsus,  less  than  1.50;  inner  web  of  outer  primary,  usually 
with  more  or  less  white.  Sterna  maxima.     Royal  Tern. 

See  No.  41. 
• 
Bill,  red  or  reddish;  tarsus,  over  1.50;   inner  web  of  outer  primary,  usually  without 

white.  Sterna  caspia.  Caspian  Tern. 

See  No.  40. 

Bill,  black,  tipped  with  yellow.  Sterna  sandvicensis  acuflavida.     Cabot's  Tern. 

See  No.  39. 

*  Group  7.     Wing,  over  17  inches  long. 

Bill,  red  or  reddish.  Sterna  caspia.    Caspian  Tern. 

See  No  40. 

*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


44 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF   EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 


Caspian  Tern. 


Royal  Tern. 
Top  of  head  is  at  times  entirely  black. 


Bridled  Tern. 


Sooty  Tern. 


Noddy  Tern. 


FAMILY    RHYNCHOPI1XE.  SKIMMERS. 


45 


FAfilLY   RHYNCHOPID/E. 

Skimmers. 

Bill,   like  blade  of  a  knife,  the  under   mandible  the   longer;    plumage, 
black  above,  white  below. 

*  Group  1.     Wing,   13  to  15  inches  long. 


Bill,  thin,  knife-like;  lower  mandible,  the  longer;  basal  half  of  bill,  vermilion  red,  black- 
ish at  tip;  upper  plumage,  black ;  uuderparts,  white.          Rhynchops  nigra.     Black  Skimmer. 

See  No.  54. 


*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


46 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


FAMILY    DIOMEDEID^E. 

Albatrosses. 

Very  large  wing,  over  19  inches  long;  upper  mandible,  curved  near 
tip,  forming  a  hook,  the  end  (unguis)  enlarged ;  nostrils,  separate  and 
tubular;  hind  toe,  rudimentary,  often  apparently  wanting. 

*  Group  1.     Wing,   17  to  21  inches  long 


Bill,  dark;  the  top  (culmen),  yellow.     A  very  large 
sea  bird. 

Thalassoyeron  ciihninatits.     Yellow = nosed  Albatross. 

See  No.  56. 


FAMILY    PROCELLARIID^E. 
Shearwaters,   Petrels,   and    Fulmars. 

Nostrils,  tubular,  united  in  one  double=barrelled  tube;  front  toes,  pal-= 
mate  (full  webbed)  ;  hind  toe,  very  small,  and  in  some  cases  entirely 
absent;  upper  mandible,  curved  near  tip;  wing,  less  than  19  inches  long. 

*  Group  1.     Wing,  less  than  5.50  inches  long. 


General  plumage,  sooty  black,  the  underparts  with  faint 
brownish  tinge ;  upper  tail  coverts,  white,  some  of  them  tipped 
with  black.  Procellaria  pelagica.  Stormy  Petrel. 

See  Xo.  67. 


67 


*  Group  2.     Wing,  5.50  to  6.50  inches  long. 


Tail,  nearly  square;  upper  tail  coverts,  white,  not  tipped  with  black;    underparts,  dull 
black;  tarsus,  over  1.05.  Oceanites  oceanicus.    Wilson's  Petrel. 

See  No.  69. 

Tail,  decidedly  forked;    upper  tail  coverts,  white,  not  tipped  with  black;  underparts, 
brownish  black  or  sooty  brown;  tarsus,  less  than  1.05. 

Oceanodroma  leucorhoa.     Leach's  Petrel. 

See  No.  68. 

Underparts,  white.  Pelagodroma  marina.     White=faced  Petrel. 

See  No.  71. 


*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


FAMILY    PROCELLARIID^E.  SHEARWATERS,    PETRELS,    AND    FULMARS.         47 


Stormy  Petrel. 


Wilson's  Petrel. 


White-faced  Petrel, 


48  KEY   TO    THE   BIRDS    OF   EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 

*  Group  3,     Wing,  6.50  to  9.50  inches  long. 

Upper  parts,  dark  sooty  brown  or  grayish  black ;  un- 
derparts,  white ;  sides  of  breast,  tinged  with  gray ;  middle 
toe  and  claw,  less  than  2  inches  long. 

Puffinus  auduboni.    Audubon's  Shearwater. 

See  No.  62. 

The  Manx  Shearwater,   Puffinus  puffinus,  a  European 
species,  somewhat  resembles  Audubon's  Shearwater,  but  it 
is  larger,  the  back  darker,  the  wing  rarely,  if  ever,  measur- 
ing less  than  8.40  inches,  and  the  middle  toe  and  claw  2  inches  or  more.    It  is  of  accidental 
occurrence  on  our  coast. 

*  Group  4.     Wing,  11  to  13  inches  "long. 

Upper  and  under  tail  coverts,  gray  or  brownish  gray ;  breast,  white. 

Puffinus  major.    Greater  Shearwater. 

See  No.  60. 
Under  tail  coverts,  gray;  upper  tail  coverts,  sooty;  breast,  gray. 

PuffimisfuWjinosus.    Sooty  Shearwater. 

See  No.  63. 
Upper  and  under  tail  coverts,  white.  ^Estrelata  hasitata.    BIack=capped  Petrel. 

See  No.  64. 

Upper  tail  coverts,  pearl  gray;  under  tail  coverts,  white,  or  entire  plumage,  dark  slate 
color  (dark  phase).  Fulmarus  glacialis,  and  races.     Fulmar  Petrel, 

See  Nos.  57  and  58. 

*  Group  5.     Wing,  13  to  15  inches  long. 

Upper  surface  of  tail  feathers,  dark  slaty  brown ;  under  tail  coverts,  ash  gray  or  brownish 
gray.  Puffinus  major.    Greater  Shearwater. 

See  No.  60. 

Upper  surface  of  tail  feathers,  dark  slaty  brown ;   under  tail  coverts,  white,  sometimes 
slightly  mottled  with  grayish.  Puffinus  borealis.    Cory's  Shearwater. 

See  No.  59. 

Upper  surface  of  tail  feathers,  pale  pearl  gray;  upper  tail  coverts,  pearl  gray;  under  tail 
coverts,  white ;  or  entire  plumage,  dark  slate  color  (dark  phase). 

Fulmarus  glacialis,  and  races.     Fulmar  Petrel. 
See  Nos.  57  and  58. 

*  Group  6.     Wing,   15  to  17  inches  long. 

Upper  surface  of  tail  feathers,  dark  slaty  brown;  under  tail  coverts,  ash  gray,  or 
brownish  gray.  Puffinus  major.    Greater  Shearwater. 

See  No.  60. 

Tipper  surface  of  tail  feathers,  dark  slaty  brown ;  under  tail  coverts,  white ;  sometimes 
slightly  mottled  with  grayish.  Puffinus  borealis.    Cory's  Shearwater. 

See  No.  59. 

*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


FAMILY    PROCELLARIID.K.  —  SHEARWATERS,    PETRELS,    AND    FULMARS.         49 


FuJmar. 


Cory's  Shearwater. 


/ 

Audubon's  Shearwater. 


Puffinus  major. 


Black-capped  Petrel, 


50 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA, 


ORDER  STEGANOPODES. 
Gannets,  Pelicans,  Cormorants,  etc. 

Toes,  four,  all  connected  by  webs. 


FAMILY   PHAETHONTID^E. 
Tropic  Birds. 

Bill,    sharp   pointed ;     chin,    feathered ;    toes,    four,    all 
connected  by  webs. 

*  Group  1.     Wing,  9.50  to  13  inches  long. 


Bill,  yellowish ;  general  plumage,  white ;  outer  webs  of  primaries  and  lesser  wing  coverts, 
black;  middle  tail  feathers,  very  long;  bill,  yellow  or  pale  orange;  shafts  of  tail  feathers, 
black.  Phaethon  americana.  Yellow=billed  Tropic  Bird. 

See  No.  72. 

Bill,  red ;  back,  finely  barred  with  black.  Rare  straggler,  recorded  from  Newfoundland 
banks.  Phaethon  cethereus.  Red=billed  Tropic  Bird. 

See  No.  73. 

*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


FAMILY    SULIDyE. GANNETS.  51 

FAMILY  SULID^E. 
Qannets. 

Bill,  stout,  but  not    hooked;  chin,  bare;  neck,  thick; 
toes,  four,  all  connected  by  webs. 

*  Group  1.     Wing,   13  to  15  inches  long. 

Head,  sooty  brown;  belly,  white;  feet,  yellowish  or  greenish,  but  never  red  (adult). 

Sula  sula.    Booby  Can  net. 

See  No.  75. 
Head,  sooty  brown;  belly,  brownish;  feet,  not  red  (immature). 

Sula  sula.    Booby  Qannet. 

See  No.  75. 
Head,  white,  tinged  with  buff;  belly,  white;  feet,  red  (adult). 

Sula  piscator.     Red=footed  Booby. 

See  No.  76. 

*  Group  2.     Wing,  15  to  17  inches  long. 

Section  1.     Side  of  chin,  feathered;  a  narrow  strip  of  bare 
skin  down  the  middle  of  the  throat. 

Adult,  white  head,  tinged  with  buff;  primaries,  dark ;  immature  birds  are  mottled,  gray- 
ish brown  and  white.  Sula  bassana.  Qannet. 

See  No.  77. 

Section  2.     Whole  of  chin  and    upper  part  of  throat,  bare 

skin  without  feathers-. 

General  plumage,  sooty  brown  (rarely  whitish) ;  underparts,  white ;  feet,  greenish 
yellow,  or  pale  yellow.  Sula  sula.  Booby  Gannet. 

See  No.  75. 

General  plumage,  white ;  feet,  red ;  gular  sack,  blackish ;  bare  skin  in  front  of  eye 
and  angle  of  jaw,  pink  red;  tail,  white;  immature  birds  are  grayish  brown. 

Sula  piscator.    Red=footed  Booby. 

See  No.  76. 

General  plumage,  white;  feet,  leaden  blue;  gular  sack,  blackish;  bare  skin  in  front  of 
eye,  bluish ;  tail,  sooty  brown ;  the  middle  feathers  tinged  with  hoary ;  young  birds  are 
sooty  gray.  Sula  cyanops.  Blue-faced  Booby. 

See  No.  74. 

*  Group  3.     Wing,  17  to  21  inches  long. 

Sides  of  chin,  feathered ;  a  narrow  strip  of  bare  skin  down  -'idle  of  throat ;  adults,  white ; 
head  tinged  with  buff;  immature  birds,  mottled  grayish  brown  a  d  hite.  Sulabassana.  Qannet. 

See  No.  77. 

Whole  chin  and  upper  throat,  bare ;  feet,  leaden  blue ;  wing,  always  less  than  18.  Acci- 
dental straggler,  on  Florida  coast,  not  recorded  elsewhere  in  Eastern  North  America. 

Sula  cyanops.    Blue-faced  Booby  Gannet. 
See  No.  74. 

*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


KEY   TO   THE   BIRDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA, 


Adult. 


Gannet. 


Immature. 


Booby  Gannet. 


Gannet. 


FAMILY    ANHINGID^E. SNAKE    BIRDS. 


53 


FAMILY  ANHINGIO4E. 

Darters.    Snake  Birds. 

Bill,  sharp-pointed  and  slender ;    chin,  bare ;    neck,  long  and 
slender ;  toes,  four,  all  connected  by  webs. 


Group  1.     Wing,   12.50  to  15.50  inches  long. 


Neck,  long,  snake-like ;  head  and  neck,  black  in  male ;  brown  in  female ;  outer  webs  of 
two  middle  tail  feathers,  "  fluted."  Anhinga  anhinga.    Snake  Bird.    Water  Turkey. 

See  No.  78. 


*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


54 


KEY    TO   THE    BIRDS    OF   EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


FAMILY  PHALACROCORACIOC. 

Cormorants. 


Bill,  hooked  at  tip,  and  less  than  twelve  inches  long ; 
bare  skin  at  base  of  bill  and  chin  ;  lores,  bare ;  toes,  four, 
all  connected  by  webs. 


*  Group  1.     Wing,  11  to  15  inches  long. 

Tail  composed  of  fourteen  feathers. 

Phalacrocorax  carbo.    Common  Cormorant.     Shag. 

See  No.  79. 

Tail  composed  of  twelve  feathers. 

Phalacrocorax  dilophus,  and  races.    Double=crested  Cormorant  and  Florida  Cormorant. 

See  Nos.  80  and  81 

The  Mexican  Cormorant,  a  smaller  species,  occasionally  occurs  in  the  Mississippi  Valley. 


*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


FAMILY   PHALACROCORACID^E.  CORMORANTS. 


55 


Common  Cormorant. 


Double-crested  Cormorant. 


Mexican  Cormorant. 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 

FAHILY  PELECANID^E. 

Pelicans. 

Bill,  hooked    at    tip,   over    twelve    inches    long    and    having   a    large 
pouch  ;  lores,  bare ;  toes,  four,  all  connected  by  webs. 


White  Pelican. 

*  Group  1.    Wing,  over  17  inches  long. 

General  plumage,  white. 


Pelecanus  erythrorhynchos.    White  Pelican. 
See  No.  83. 


General  plumage,  not  white  (coloration  very  variable  according  to  age  and  season,  but 


never  white). 


Pelecanus  fuscus.    Brown  Pelican. 

No.  84. 


*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


FAMILY    PELECANID^:.  —  PELICANS. 


57 


Brown  Pelican. 


General  plumage,  variable,  according  to  age  and  season,  but  never  white. 

Pelicanus  fuscus.    Brown  Pelican. 

See  No.  84. 


58 


KEY    TO   THE    BIRDS    OF   EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


FAMILY    FREQATID^E. 

Man-of-war  Birds.     Frigate  Birds. 

Bill,  hooked  at  tip;   lores,  feathered;    upper   plumage,  entirely  black; 
toes,  four,  all  connected  by  webs ;  tail,  forked ;  wings,  very  long. 

*  Group  1.     Wing,  over  21  inches  long. 


\ 


Entire  plumage,  black  (adult,  male)  ;  general  plumage,  black ;  belly,  white  (female)  ;  head 
and  neck,  whitish;  belly,  white;  rest  of  plumage,  black  (immature). 

Fregata  aquila.    Man-of-war  Bird. 
See  No.  85. 

*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


FAMILY  ANATIDJE. DUCKS,  GEESE,  AND  SWANS.  59 

FAMILY    AtfATID^E. 

DUCKS,    GEESE,   AND    SWANS. 
SUBFAMILY   MERGING.     MERGANSERS. 

FISH-EATING   DUCKS    HAVING   NARROW   BILLS    WITH    TOOTH-LIKE    SERRATIONS    ON 
EDGES;  TARSUS,  SCUTELLATE  IN  FRONT   (TRANSVERSE  SCALES). 

GROUP  1.    Wing,  6.50  to  8.50  inches  long.     See  page  61. 
GROUP  2.     Wing.  8.50  to  12  inches  long.     See  page  63. 

SUBFAMILY   ANATIN^E.     RIVER   AND    POND    DUCKS. 

DUCKS    HAVING    HIND    TOE   WITHOUT   WELL    DEVELOPED,  MEMBRANEOUS    LOBE    OR 
FLAP;  TARSUS,  SCUTELLATE  (TRANSVERSE  SCALES)   IN  FRONT. 

GROUP  1.     Wing,  5  to  7.50  inches  long.     See  page  63. 
GROUP  2.    Wing,  8  to  10  inches  long.     See  page  64. 

Section  1.     Belly,  white.     See  page  64. 

Section  2.     Belly,  not  white.     See  page  64.. 
GROUP  3.    Wing,  10  to  14  inches  long.     See  page  65. 

Section  1.    Belly,  white,  or  tinged  with  dusky  or  gray  on  lower  part.     See  page  65. 

Section  2.     Belly,  not  white.     See  page  66. 

SUBFAMILY   FULIGULIN^E.     BAY   AND    SEA   DUCKS. 

DUCKS  HAVING  A  FLAP  OR  MEMBRANEOUS  LOBE  ON  HIND  TOE  J  TARSUS,  SCUTELLATE 

(TRANSVERSE  SCALES)  IN  FRONT. 

GROUP  1.     Wing,  5  to  6.50  inches  long.    See  page  71. 

Section  1.     Tail  feathers,  not  stiff  and  pointed.     See  page  71. 
Section  2.    Tail  feathers,  stiff  and  pointed.     See  page  71. 
GROUP  2.     Wing,  6.50  to  7.50  inches  long.     See  page  71. 
Section  1.     Belly,  white.    See  page  71. 
Section  2.     Belly,  not  white.     See  page  72. 
GROUP  3.    Wing,  7.50  to  8.50  inches  long.     See  page  72. 

Section  1.     Head,  with  more  or  less  white  or  brownish  white ;  belly,  white,  sometimes 

tinged  with  dusky  or  gray  on  lower  part.     See  page  72. 
Section  2.     No  white  or  grayish  white  on  head ;  belly,  white ;  sometimes  tinged  with 

grayish  white  on  head.     See  page  73. 
Section  3.    Belly,  not  white.     See  page  73. 
GROUP  4.     Wing,  8.50  to  10  inches  long.     See  page  74. 

Section  1.  Hind  toe,  with  flap  or  lobe;  belly,  white,  sometimes  tinged  on  lower  part 
with  dusky  or  gray ;  head,  marked  with  more  or  less  white,  or  brownish  white.  See 
page  74. 


60  KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 

Section  2.     Belly,  white,  sometimes  tinged  on  lower  part  with  gray  or  dusky;  no 

white  or  grayish  White  on  head.     See  page  74. 
Section  3.     Belly,  not  white;   head,  marked  with  more  or  less  white,   or  grayish 

white.    See  page  76. 

Section  4.     Belly,  not  white ;  no  white  on  head.     See  page  77. 
GROUP  5.     Wing,  10  to  14  inches  long.     See  page  77. 

Section  1.     Head,   with  more  or    less  white,   or  grayish  white;  belly,   black.     See 

page  77. 

Section  2.     T^o  white  on  head;  belly,  black.     See  page  79. 
Section  3.    Head,  with  more  or  less  white,  or  grayish  white ;  belly,  mottled  brown, 

or  grayish  brown,  or  slaty.     See  page  79. 
Section  4.     No  white  on  head;  belly,  mottled  brown,  or  grayish  brown.     Seepage  80. 

SUBFAMILY   ANSERINE.     GEESE. 

LORES,    FEATHERED  ;    TARSUS,    RETICULATE. 

GROUP  1.    Wing,  12  to  14  inches  long.     See  page  81. 
GROUP  2.     Wing,  14  to  20  inches  long.     See  page  81. 

Section  1.     Head  and  neck,  black  or  blackish,  marked  with  more  or  less  white ;  bill 

and  feet,  black      See  page  81. 
Section  2.     Head,  white,  sometimes  tinged  with  brownish  orange ;  bill  and  feet,  pink 

or  flesh  color  in  life;  yellowish  or  pale  brownish  in  dried  skin.     See  page  83. 
Section  3.     Head,  brownish  or  grayish,  sometimes  marked  with  white ;  bill,  pinkish ; 
feet,  yellow  or  pink.     See  page  83. 

SUBFAMILY   CYGNIN^.     SWANS. 

BARE    SKIN    BETWEEN   THE   BILL    AND    EYE  ;    TARSUS,    RETICULATE  ;    NECK,   VERY 
LONG;  WING,  OVER  19  INCHES  LONG.     See  page  84. 


FAMILY   ANATID.E.  —DUCKS,    GEESE,    AND    SWANS.  61 

ORDER  ANSERES. 

Lamellirostral  Swimmers. 

FAMILY  ANATID^E. 
Ducks,   Geese,   and   Swans. 

SUBFAMILY   MERGING. 
Mergansers. 

Fish-eating   Ducks    having   narrow  bills   with  tooth-like  serrations  on 
edges,  and   the   tarsus,    scutellate   in   front. 

*  Group  1.     Wing,  from  6.50  to  8.50  inches  long. 
Section  1.     Bill,  narrow,  with  tooth=like  serrations. 


Lophodytes  cucullatus  (male).  Lophodytes  cucullatus. 

Head,  brownish  or  grayish  ;  tarsus,  less  than  1.50;  crest,  small  (female  and  immature). 

Lophodytes  cucullatus.    Hooded  Merganser. 

See  No.  88. 

Head,  with  black  and  white  crest ;   tarsus,  less  than  1.50  (male). 

Lophodytes  cucullatus.     Hooded  flerganser. 

See  No.  88. 

*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


62 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA 


Red-breasted  Merganser. 


Male. 


American  Merganser. 


Female. 


Male. 


Hooded  Merganser. 


Female. 


FAMILY    ANATIDyE.  DUCKS,    GEESE,    AND    SWANS.  63 

*  Group  2.     Wing,  from  8.50  to  12  inches  long. 
Section  1.     Bill,  narrow,  with  tooth=like  serrations. 

Distance  from  nostril  to  tip  of  bill,  less  than  1.50  ;  head 
and  neck,  greenish  black ;  underparts,  creamy  white,  tinged 
with  salmon  color;  feet,  red  (male). 

Merganser  americana.    American  Merganser.    Sheldrake. 

See  No.  86. 

Distance  from  nostril  to  tip  of  bill,  less  than  1 .50  ;  head, 
rufous  brown  ;  upper  throat,  white ;  feet,  orange  red  (female). 
Merganser  americana.    American  flerganser.    Sheldrake. 

See  No.  86. 

Top  of  bill. 
Merganser  americana. 

Distance  from  nostril  to  tip  of  bill,  more  than  1.50  ;  head, 
black,  tinged  with  green;  breast,  rufous,  streaked  with  black 
(male).  Merganser  serrator.  Red-breasted  flerganser. 

See  No.  87. 

Merganser  serrator. 

Distance  from  nostril  to  tip  of  bill,  more  than  1.50  ;  head,  brownish,  palest  on  the 
throat;  speculum,  white  (female).  Merganser  serrator.     Red-breasted  flerganser. 

See  No.  87. 

SUBFAMILY  ANATIN^E. 
River  and  Pond  Ducks. 

Ducks    having    hind   toe    without    membraneous 
lobe  or  flap ;  tarsus,  scutellate  in  front. 

Group  1.     Wing,  5  to  7.50  inches  long. 
Section   1.     Hind  toe,  without  flap  or  lobe. 

Large  patch  pale  blue  on  wing  (coverts) ; 
white  crescent  on  face  (male) ;  no  white 
crescent,  face  speckled;  chin  whitish  (fe- 
male). Common  in  Eastern  United  States. 

Anas  discors.    Blue-winged  Teal. 

AmiB  disoors.  See  No.  97. 

Large  patch  of  pale  blue  on  wing  (coverts) ;  head  and  breast,  rufous  brown ;  crown, 


*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


64 


KEY    TO    THK    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


blackish  (male) ;  sides  of  head,  speckled  (dull  white,  dotted  with  black) ;  chin  and  throat, 
dusky,  tinted  with  rufous  (female).     Western  species  rare  east  of  the  Mississippi  River. 

Anas  cyanoptera.    Cinnamon  Teal. 

See  Xo.  98. 

No  blue  patch  on  wing;  head,  rufous  brown  with  large  patch  of  green  through  eye 
to  nape;  speculum,  black  and  green  (male)  ;  head,  speckled.     Xo  blue  patch  on  wing  (female). 

Anas  carolinensis.    Green=winged  Teal. 
See  Xo.  96. 

*  Group  2.    Wing,  from  8  to  10  inches  long. 
Section  1.     Belly,  white;  no  flap  or  lobe  on  hind  toe. 

Head,  green,  purple,  black,  and  white;  chin  and  upper  throat, 
white;  feet,  yellow  in  life  (male). 

Aix  sponsa.    Wood  Duck.    Summer  Duck. 

SeeXo.  101. 

Head,  grayish  brown  with  white 
stripe  through  the  eye ;  chin  and  up- 
per throat,  white ;  toes,  dull  yellow  in 
life  (female). 

Aix  sponsa.    Wood  Duck. 

Summer  Duck. 
See  Xo.  101. 

Aix  sponsa. 

Head,  brown  ;  chin,  not  white;  a  white  stripe  on  sides  of  the  neck;  tail,  pointed  (male). 

Dafila  acuta.    Pintail  Duck. 

See  Xo .  100. 


Section  2.     Belly,    not    white;    hind    toe,    without    mem 

braneous  lobe  or  flap. 


Bill,  more  than  one  inch  wide  near  tip;  head,  green 
or  greenish  ;  speculum,  metallic  green  ;  axilla  s,  white; 

feet,  orange  red  in  life  (male). 

Spatula  clypeata.    Shoveller  Duck.     Broad-bill. 

See  Xo.  99. 

Bill,  more  than  one  inch  wide  near  tip;  head,  nar- 
rowly streaked  and  speckled  with  brown  and  dull  white; 
speculum,  metallic  green;  feet,  orange  red  in  life;  axil- 
lars,  white  (female). 

Spatula  clypeata.     Shoveller  Duck.     Broad  =  hi II. 

See  Xo.  99. 


*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  ». 


FAMILY    ANATID/E.  DUCKS,    GEESE,    AND    SWANS. 


65 


Bill,  less  than  one  inch  wide  near  tip;  head,  lined  and  speckled  with  brown  and 
brownish  white;  speculum,  not  metallic  green;  axillars,  white,  barred  with  brown;  rump 

and  tail  coverts,  brown,  narrowly  edged  and  banded  with 
white;  feet,  dusky  (female). 

Dafila  acuta.    Pintail  Duck. 
Axillur.    Daflla  acuta.  See  No.  100. 

Belly,  white,  with  more  or  less  brown  spots;  axillars,  white;  bill,  less  than  .90 
wide  at  widest  part  (female).  Anas  strepera.  Gadwall. 

See  No.  92. 

Belly,  more  or  less  spotted ;  throat,  white ;  rump,  olive  brown ;  secondaries,  metallic 
green,  tipped  with  white;  axillars  and  under  wing  coverts,  heavily  barred;  toes,  yellowish  in 
life  (female).  Aix  sponsa.  Wood  Duck.  Summer  Duck. 

See  No.  101. 


*  Group  3.     Wing,  from  10  to  14  inches  long. 

Section  1.  Hind  toe,  without  membraneous  lobe  or  flap; 
belly,  white,  sometimes  faintly  tinged  with  dusky  or 
gray  on  lower  part. 


Axillars,  white ;  the  shafts,  white ;  exposed  speculum,  black 
and  white;  head,  tawny  brown;  cheeks  and  throat,  tawny, 
speckled  with  brown  (male). 

Anas  strepera.     Gadwall.     Creek  Duck. 

See  No.  92. 


Axillars,    white;    the    shafts,    white;    head,    speckled; 

exposed  speculum,  black  and  white  (female). 

Anas  strepera.     Gadwall.    Creek  Duck. 

See  No.  92. 


Axillars,   white   with    dark    shafts;    speculum,    green    and    black;    white    patch    on 
shoulder;  top  of  head,  white  (male).       Anas  americana.     American  Widgeon.     Baldpate. 

See  No.  94. 


*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


66  KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 

Axillars,  white  with  dark  shafts;  no  white  shoulder  patch;  head,  speckled  (female). 

Anas  americana.     American  Widgeon.     Baldpate. 

See  No.  94. 

Axillars,  grayish  white;  head,    brown,  not   speckled;   stripe   of   white  on  sides  of 
neck;  tail,  pointed;  middle  feathers,  long  (male).  Dafila  acnta.     Pintail  Duck. 

See  No.  100. 


Section  2.     Hind  toe,  without  membraneous   lobe  or  flap ; 

belly,  not  white. 


Speculum,  bluish  purple  edged  with  white;  head,  green  ; 

a  white  ring  around  neck;  hreast,  chestnut;  belly,  grayish  white; 
feet,  orange  red;  axillars,  white  (male). 

Anas  boschas.     Mallard  Duck. 
See  No.  89. 


Anas  boschas. 


Belly,  white,  showing  more  or  less  brown  spots ;  axillars,  white ;  bill,  less  than  .90  wide 
at  widest  part;  speculum,  black  and  white  (female).  Anas  strepera.     Gadwall. 

See  No.  92. 


Speculum,  bluish  purple,  edged  with  white 
and  black;  greater  wing  coverts,  with  broad  band 
of  white;  head,  tawny  brown,  streaked  with  dark 
brown ;  belly,  pale  buff,  mottled  with  brown ;  feet, 
orange  red;  axillars,  white  (female). 

Anas  boschas.     Mallard  Duck. 
See  No.  89. 


Anas  boschas. 

Speculum,  purplish  blue;  no  white  baud  on  greater  wing  coverts;  head  and  throat, 
streaked ;  throat,  not  buff,  no  black  spot  at  base  of  bill ;  feet,  olive  (sometimes  red)  ;  axillars, 
white ;  Eastern  North  America.  Anas  obscura.  Black  Duck.  Dusky  Duck. 

See  No.  90. 

Speculum,  purplish  blue  ;  no  white  band  on  greater  wing  coverts ;  head,  pale  brown ; 
upper  throat,  buff,  not  streaked  ;  bill,  yellowish  olive ;  nail  of  bill  and  spot  at  base,  black ; 
feet,  pale  orange  red ;  axillars,  white.  Florida  species  occasionally  observed  on  Gulf  coast  to 
Louisiana.  Anas  fulmgula.  Florida  Black  Duck.  Florida  Dusky  Duck. 

See  No.  91. 


FAMILY    ANATIDvE. DUCKS,    GEESE,    AND    SWANS. 


67 


1.  AMERICAN  MERGANSER.   Male. 

2.  AMERICAN  MERGANSER.    Female. 

3.  RED-BREASTED  MERGANSER.   Male. 

4.  RED-BREASTED  MERGANSER.   Female. 

5.  HOODED  MERGANSER.   Male. 


6.  HOODED  MERGANSER.  Female. 

7.  MALLARD  DUCK.   Male. 

8.  MALLARD  DUCK.   Female. 

9.  BLACK  DUCK. 
10.  FLORIDA  DITCK. 


11.  GADWALL.  Male. 

12.  GADWALL.   Female. 

13.  EUROPEAN  WIDGEON. 

14.  AMERICAN  WIDGEON. 

15.  AMERICAN  WIDGEON. 


Male. 
Female. 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


1.  GREEN-WINGED  TEAL.   Male. 
•2.  GREEN-WINGED  TEAL.   Female. 

3.  BLUE-WINGED  TEAL.   Male. 

4.  BLUE  WINGED  TEAL.   Female. 

5.  CINNAMON  TEAL. 


6.  SHOVELLER  DUCK.   Male. 

7.  SHOVELLER  DUCK.   Female. 

8.  PINTAIL  DUCK.   Male. 

9.  PINTAIL  DUCK.   Female. 
10.  WOOD  DUCK.   Male, 


11.  WOOD  DUCK.    Female. 

12.  REDHEAD  DUCK.   Male. 

13.  REDHEAD  DUCK.    Female. 

14.  CANVAS-BACK  DUCK.   Male. 

15.  CANVAS-BACK  DUCK.   Female. 


FAMILY    ANATID^E.  DUCKS,    GEESE,    AND    SWANS. 


69 


1.  AMERICAN  SCAUP  DUCK.   Male.  r>.  AMERICAN  GOLDEN-EYE  DUCK.  Male.       11.  OLD  SQUAW.   Male. 

2.  AMERICAN  SCAUP  DUCK.  Female.  7.  AMERICAN  GOLDEN-EYE  DUCK.  Female.   1-2.  OLD  SQUAW.    Female. 

3.  LESSER  SCAUP  DUCK.  8.  BARROW'S  GOLDEN-EVE  DUCK.                   13.  HARLEQUIN  Du<  K.    Male. 

4    RING-NECKED  DITCK.    Male.  9.  BUFFLE  HEAD  DUCK.    Male.                        14.  HARLEQI  IN  DUCK.   Female. 

5.  RING-NECKED  DUCK.   Female.  10.  BUFFLE-HEAD  DUCK.    Female.                    15.  STELLER'S  DUCK. 


70 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 


1.  NORTHERN  EIDER  DUCK. 

2.  AMERICAN  EIDER  DUCK.  Male. 


6.  AMERICAN  SCOTER  DUCK.   Female. 

7.  WHITE  WINGED  SCOTER  DUCK.    Male. 


11.  RUDDY  DUCK.   Male. 

12.  RUDDY  DUCK.    Female. 


3.  AMERICAN  EIDER  DUCK.  Female.       8.  WHITE-WINGED  SCOTER  DUCK.  Female.      13.  MASKED  DUCK.   Male. 


4.  KING  EIDER  DUCK. 


9.  SURF  SCOTER  DUCK.   Male. 


5.  AMERICAN  SCOTER  DUCK.   Male.       10.  SURF  SCOTER  DUCK.    Female. 


14.  MASKED  DUCK.   Female. 


FAMILY    ANATIDvE. DUCKS,    GEESE,    AND    SWANS. 


71 


SUBFAMILY    FULIQULIN^E. 
Bay  and  Sea  Ducks. 

Ducks  having  flap  or  membraneous  lobe  on 
hind  toe;  tarsus,  scutellate  (transverse  scales)  in 
front. 

*  Group  1.     Wing,  from  5  to  6.50  inches  long. 
Section  1.     Tail  feathers,  not  stiff  and  pointed. 


Head,  greenish  purple,  with  white  patch  (male)  ;  head, 
grayish  brown  with  white  patch  (female  or  immature)  ;  no 
d:irk  stripes  on  cheek;  bill,  less  than  three  fourths  inch  wide. 

Charitonetta  albeola.  Buffle=head  Duck.  Dipper  Duck. 

See  No.  110. 


Chaiftonetta  albeola. 


Section  2.     Tail  feathers,  stiff  and  pointed. 

Throat,  whitish;  cheeks,  white  or  whitish;  bill,  broad,  three  quarters  inch  or  more  wide. 

Erismatnra  jamaicensis.     Ruddy  Duck. 
See  No. 

Front  of  head,  including  cheeks,  black  (adult) ;  head  with  black  stripes  on  side  (female 
or  immature).     Tropical  species  accidental  in  the  United  States. 

Nomonyx  dominicus.     Hasked  Duck. 
See  No.  123. 

*  Group  2.     Wing,  from  6.50  to  7.50  inches  long. 
Section  1.     Belly,  white. 

Head,  greenish   purple,  no  white   on   head;   back,  barred 
black  and  white;  speculum,  white  (male). 

Aythya  affints.     Lesser  Scaup  Duck.     Iilue=bill. 

See  No.  106. 

Aythya  affinis. 

Head,  brownish,  a  patch  of  dull  white  at  base  of  bill ;  no  white  on  ear  coverts;  speculum, 
white  (female).  Aythya  affinis.    Lesser  Scaup  Duck.     Blue-bill. 

See  No.  106. 


*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


72  KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 

Head,  greenish  purple,  no  white  on  head;  back,  dull  black;  speculum,  gray  (male). 

Aythya  collar/*.     Ring=neck  Duck. 

See  No.  107. 

Head,   dull   brown,  brownish   white   at   base   of  bill  and  below  eye;   speculum,    gray 
(female).  Aythya  collaris.     Ring=neck  Duck. 

See  No.  107. 
Head,  greenish  purple,  a  large  patch  of  white  on  back  of  head  (male). 

Charitonetta  albeola.     Buffle= headed  Duck. 

See  No.  110. 

Head,  dark  brown  or  dusky,  a  patch  of  white  behind  the  eye  (on  ear  coverts)  ;  no 
white  or  brownish  white  at  base  of  bill;  speculum,  white  (female).  » 

Charitonetta  albeola.     B uf f I e= headed  Duck. 
See  No.  110. 

Section  2.     Belly,  not  white. 

Plumage,  variously  marked  with  white,  slate-color,  and  chestnut  (male). 

Histrionicus  histrionicus.     Harlequin  Duck. 

See  No.  112. 
General  plumage,  dull  brown,  mottled  on  the  under  parts  (female). 

Histrionicus  histrionicvs.     Harlequin  Duck. 

See  No.  112. 
Head,  mostly  white,  greenish  on  lores  and  occiput  (male). 

Eniconetta  stelleri.     Stellers'  Duck. 

See  No.  114. 
Head,  light  brown;  belly,  clear,  sooty  brown  (female). 

Eniconetta  stelleri.    Stellers'  Duck. 
See  No.  114. 

*  Group  3.     Wing,  from  7.50  to  8.50  inches  long. 

Section  1.  Head,  marked  with  more  or  less  white  or 
brownish  white;  belly,  white,  sometimes  tinged  with 
dusky  or  gray  on  lower  part. 


Head,  brownish  ;  a  patch  of  dull  white  on  face  at  base 
of  bill;  speculum,  white  (female). 

Aythya  marila.    Greater  Scaup  Duck.     Blue-bill. 

See  No.  105. 

Aythya  marila  nearctica. 

Speculum,  ichite,  similar  to  preceding  but  somewhat  smaller  (female).     More  common  in 
the  South  than  the  Greater  Scaup  Duck.  Aythya  affinis.     Lesser  Scaup  Duck. 

See  No.  106. 


*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


FAMILY    AN ATIDJK.  —  DUCKS,    GEESE,    AND    SWANS.  73 

Speculum,  gray  ;  head  and  neck,  brownish;  chin  and  anterior  portion  of  lores,  brownish 
white  or  whitish  (female) ;  resembles  female  Red-head,  but  is  smaller. 

Aythya  collari*.     Ring-necked  Duck. 
See  No.  107. 

A  patch  of  white  or  grayish  white  on  the  head,  including  the  eye;  no  speculum; 

under  tail  coverts,  white;  adult  males  have  the  tail  feathers  long  and  pointed. 

Clanyula  hyemalis.    Old  Squaw.     Long  tailed  Duck. 

See  No.  111. 

Section  2.     Belly,  white,  sometimes    tinged   on   lower  part 
with  dusky  or  gray ;  no  white  or  grayish  white  on  head. 


Head,  brown;  a  distinct  wing  band  of  white  (female). 

Glaucionetta  clangula  americana.    Golden  Eye. 
See  No.  108. 


Glaucionetta  elangula 
americana. 


Head,   black,   glossed   with   green;    speculum,   white;   back,   grayish   white,   finely 
lined  with  black  (male). 

Aythya  marila.    Greater  Scaup  Duck,     Blue  bill  or  Black-head. 

See  No.  105. 

Head,  black,  glossed  with  purple,  finely  lined  with  black;  speculum,  white;  back, 
grayish  white,  smaller  than  the  preceding  species,  but  resembles  it  closely  (male). 

Aythya  affinis.     Lesser  Scaup  Duck.     Blue  bill  or  Black  head. 

See  No.  106. 

Head,  black,  with   violet  or   bluish   gloss,  a  spot  of  white  on  the  chin;  speculum, 
gray;  back,  dull  black  (male).  Aythya  coUaris.     Ring-necked  Duck. 

See  No.  107. 


Section  3.     Belly,  not  white. 

Plumage,  variously  marked  with  white,  slate-color,  and  chestnut;  speculum,  bluish;  top 
of  head  and  wing  coverts,  not  white  (male).  Histrionicus  histrionicns.     Harlequin  Duck. 

See  No.  112. 

Top  of  head  and  wing  coverts,  not  white ;  plumage,  dull  brown,  mottled  on  the  under- 
parts  (female).  HistrionicAis  histrionwus.    Harlequin  Duck. 

See  No.  112. 
Top  of  head,  white ;  \ving  coverts,  white ;  rump,  bluish  black. 

Eniconetta  stelleri.    Stellers'  Duck. 
See  No.  114. 


74  KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 

*  Group  4.     Wing,  8.50  to  10  inches  long. 

Section  1.  Hind  toes,  with  well  defined  membraneous  lobe 
or  flap ;  belly,  white,  sometimes  tinged  on  lower  part 
with  dusky  or  gray;  head,  marked  with  more  or  less 
white,  or  brownish  white. 

Head,  brownish  ;   a  patch  of  dull  white  on  face  at  base  of 
bill;  speculum,  white  (female \ 

Aythya  marila.     Greater  Scaup  Duck. 
Blue  hill.     Black  head. 
See  No.  105. 

Aythya  mania. 

Head  and  neck,  dark  glossy  green  ;  a  nearly  round  patch  of  white  on  cheek  at  base 
of  bill;  back,  black;  speculum,  white  (male). 

Glaucionetta  cJancjula  americana.    American  Golden  Eye.     Whistler. 

See  No.  108. 

Head,  bluish  black,  or  purplish  blue;  an  irregular  white  patch  on  cheek  at  base  of 
bill  (male).  Glaucionetta  islandica.  Barrow's  Golden  Eye. 

See  No.  109. 

Top  of  head,  brown ;  sides  of  head,  brownish  white ;  speculum,  gray  ;  bill,  more 
than  one  and  a  quarter  inches  long  (female).  Aythya  americana.  Red=headed  Duck. 

See  No.  103. 

Bill,  not  over  1.25  long;  a  patch  of  white,  or  grayish  white,  on  the  head,  including 
the  eye  ;  no  speculum;  under  tail  covert,  white;  adult  males  have  the  tail  feathers  long  and 
pointed.  Clanyula  hyemalis.  Old  Squaw.  Long= tailed  Duck. 

See  No.  111. 

Section  2.  Hind  toe,  with  well  defined  membraneous  lobe 
or  flap ;  belly,  white,  sometimes  tinged  on  lower  part 
with  dusky  or  gray;  no  white,  or  grayish  white,  on 
head. 

/  Ji 

Head,  black,  glossed  with  green  ;  back,  grayish  white,  finely 
lined  with  black;   speculum,  white  (male). 

Aythya  marila.    Greater  Scaup  Duck. 
Blue-bill.    Black=head. 

See  No.  105. 

Aythya  marila  ncarctica. 

*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


FAMILY    ANATID^E.  —  DUCKS,    GEESE,    AND    SWANS. 


75 


„• 

i 


76 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA, 


Head,  cinnamon  brown;  upper  breast  aiid  back,  ashy  gray,  not  barred;  speculum, 
white  (female)  ;  very  similar  to  female  Barrow's  Golden  Eye,  but  slightly  smaller,  much 
more  common  than  the  next  species,  on  the  Atlantic  coast. 

Glaucionetta  clangnla  americana.     American  Golden  Eye.     Whistler. 

See  No.  108. 

Head,  cinnamon  brown;  upper  breast  and  back,  ashy  gray,  not  barred;  speculum, 
\vhite  (female)  ;  very  similar  to  preceding  species,  but  slightly  larger. 

Glaucionetta  islandica.     Barrow's  Golden  Eye. 
See  No.  109. 


Head,    rufous    brown;    crown,    blackish;    breast,   black; 

lower  back,  ashy  white,  finely  lined  with  black  (male) ;  bill,  very 
different  from  that  of  Red-head.     (Sr>e  cut.") 

Aythya  vallisneria.     Canvas=back  Duck-. 

See  No.  104. 

Aythya  vallisneria. 

Head,  neck,  and  upper  breast,  dull  cinnamon  brown,  palest  on  throat;  lower  back, 
dull  brown,  barred  with  fine,  wav\T,  white  lines  (female)  ;  easily  distinguished  by  shape  of  bill. 
(See  cut.)  Aythya  vallisneria.  Canvas=back  Duck. 

See  No.  104. 


Head,  reddish  brown;  crown,  not  blackish;  breast,  black; 
lower  back,  grayish,  finely  lined  with  black  (male)  ;  bill,  very  differ- 
ent from  that  of  Canvas-back.  (See  cut.) 

Aythya  americana.     Red-headed  Duck. 

See  No.  103. 


Aythya  americana. 


Section  3.  Hind  toe,  with  well  defined  membraneous  lobe 
or  flap ;  belly,  not  white ;  more  or  less  white,  or  gray= 
ish  white,  on  head. 


General  plumage,  black  ;  a  patch  of  white  on  front  of  crown 
and  nape;  bill,  large,  marked  with  orange,  red,  black,  and  white; 
no  white  on  wings  (male). 

Gidemia  perspiciUata.    Surf  Scoter.     Skunk-head  Coot. 

See  No.  121. 


General  plumage,  brown  ;   top  of  head  and  wings,  dark;  a  spot  of  dull  white  at  base  of 
bill  and  behind  eye;  no  white  on  wings  (female). 

Oidemia  perspiciUata.     Surf  Scoter.     Skunk=head  Coot, 

See  No.  121. 

Top  and  sides  of  head,  white;    a  patch  of  greenish  in  front  of  eye;  throat,  black;   all 
wing  coverts,  white  (male).  Eniconetta  stelleri.    Stellers'  Duck.     Stellers'  Eider. 

See  No.  114. 


FAMILY    AXATID.*:.  DUCKS,    GEESB,    AND    SWANS. 


77 


Section  4.     Hind  toe,  with  well  defined  membraneous  lobe 
or  flap;  belly,  not  white;  no  white  on  head. 


Axillars,  brown;  secondaries,  white,  forming  a  white  wing 
patch;  upper  parts,  dark  brown;  underparts,  sometimes  brown, 
sometimes  grayish  (female). 

Oidemia  deylandi.     White-winged  Scoter. 
White=winged  Coot. 
See  No.  120. 


*  Group  5.     Wing,   10  to  14  inches  long. 

Section  1.  Hind  toe,  with  well  defined  membraneous  lobe 
or  flap;  head,  with  more  or  less  white,  or  grayish 
white;  belly,  black. 

General  plumage,   black;    speculum,   white;    spot  under 
eye,  white;  axillars,  black;  bill,  orange  at  base  (male). 

Oidemia  deylandi.     White=winged  Scoter. 
White=winged  Coot. 

See  No.  120.  Oidemia  deglandi. 

General  plumage,   black;    head,  black,  with  patch  of  white  on  crown  and  nape;  no 
white  on  wing  ;  axillars,  black;  bill,  orange,  black,  and  white  (male). 

Oidemia  perspicillata.    Surf  Scoter.     Skunk=head  Coot. 

See  No.  121. 


Dresser's  Eider  Duck. 
Somateria  dresseri. 


Northern  Eider  Duck. 
Somateria  borealis. 


Top  of  head,  black,  divided  on  crown;  more  or  less  green  on  head  ;  throat,  white; 
axillars,  white;  bill,  culmen,  divided  and  rounded  at  base  (male).     (See  cut  of  bill.) 

Somateria  dresser L     American  Eider  Duck. 
See  :No.  116. 


For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


78 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA 


Labrador  or  Pied  Ducks. 
Camptolaemus  labradorius. 

Formerly  not  uncommon  on  the  Atlantic  coast.    Probably  now  extinct. 
See  No.  113. 


FAMILY    ANATID^E.  DUCKS,    GEESE,    AND    SWANS.  79 

Top  of  head,  black,  divided  on  crown;  more  or  less  green  on  head;  throat,  white; 
axillary  white;  culinen,  divided  and  pointed  at  base  (male).     (See  cut  of  bill.) 

Somateria  borealis.    Greenland  Eider  Duck. 

See  No.  115. 

Top  of  head,  slate  color;  cheeks,  greenish;  throat,  white,  with  large,  black,  V-shaped 
mark  (male).  Somateria  spectabilis.     King  Eider  Duck. 

See  No.  117. 


Section  2.     Hind  toe,  with  well  defined  membraneous  lobe 
or  flap ;  no  white  on  head ;  belly,  black. 

General  plumage,  black  ;  axillars,  black;  no  white  on  wing; 
bill,  orange  at  base ;  feathers  on  bill,  more  than  one  half  inch 
from  nostril  (male) . 

Oidemia  americana.     American  Scoter. 
Black  Coot. 
Butter-bill  Coot. 
See  No.  118. 


Section  3.  Hind  toe,  with  well  defined  membraneous  lobe 
or  flap;  head,  marked  with  more  or  less  white,  or 
grayish  white;  belly,  mottled  brown,  or  grayish  brown, 
or  slaty. 

General  plumage,  brownish  ;  no  white  on  wing ;  feathers 
on  bill,  more  than  one  half  inch  from  nostril  (female  and  im- 
mature). 

Oidemia  americana.     American  Scoter. 
Butter=bill  Coot. 

See  No.  118. 

Oidemia  americana. 

General  plumage,  grayisti  brown  ;  speculum,  white  ;  feathers  on  bill,  less  than  one 
half  inch  from  nostril  (female  and  immature). 

Oidemia  deglandi.     White-winged  Scoter.     White-winged  Coot. 

See  No.  120. 

General  plumage,  grayish  brown  ;  feathers  extending  on  upper  part  of  bill  more  than  on 
the  sides ;  no  white  on  wing ;  feathers  on  bill,  less  than  one  half  inch  from  nostril  (female). 

Oidemia  per spicillata.    Surf  Scoter.     Skunk-head  Coot. 

See  No.  121, 


80  KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 

Section  4.  Hind  toe,  with  well  defined  membraneous  lobe 
or  flap ;  no  white  on  head ;  belly,  mottled  brown,  or 
grayish  brown. 

General  plumage,  brownish;  no  white  on  wings;  axillars, 
black ;  feathers  on  the  bill,  more  than  one  half  inch  from 
nostril  (female). 

Oidemia  americana.    American  Scoter. 
Butter-bill  Coot. 
Gray  Coot. 
See  No.  118. 

Head,  dark  brown  or  black ;  feathers  on  bill,  less  than  one  half  inch  from  nostril ; 
axillars,  black;  no  white  on  wings  (immature  male). 

Oidemia  perspicillata.    Surf  Scoter.    Skunk=head  Coot. 

See  No.  121. 

A  patch  of  white  on  the  wings ;  back  and  upper  parts,  dark  brown ;  feathers  on  the  base 
of  bill,  extending  to  within  one  half  inch  of  nostril  (female). 

Oidemia  deylandi.    White-winged  Scoter. 

See  No.  120. 

Head,  tawny,  streaked  with  brown ;  axillars,  white,  or  grayish  white ;  throat,  streaked ; 
feathers  on  bill,  within  one  fourth  inch  from  nostril ;  decided  difference  in  bill  from 

next  species  (female).     (See  cut.)     Eastern  North  America. 

Somateria  dresseri.    American  Eider  Duck. 
See  No.  116. 

Head,   tawny,  streaked    with  brown;     axillars,    white,  or  grayish  white;  throat, 
streaked ;  feathers  on  bill,  within  one  fourth  inch  from  nostril ;  decided  difference  in  bill 

from  preceding  species  (female).     (See  cut.)     Eastern  North  America. 

Somateria  borealis.    Northern  Eider  Duck. 
See  No.  115. 

Head,  tawny,  streaked   with  brown;  axillars,  white,  or  grayish  white;   throat,  not 
streaked;  feathers  on  bill,  more  than  one  fourth  inch  from  nostril  (female). 

Somateria  spectabilis.    King  Eider  Duck. 
See  No.  117. 


FAMILY  ANATID.K.  DUCKS,  GEESE,  AND  SWANS.  81 

SUBFAMILY   ANSERINE. 
Geese. 

Lores,  feathered  ;  tarsus,  reticulate. 

*  Group  1.     Wing,  12  to  14  inches  long. 

Bill  and  feet  black;  head  and  neck,  black;  sides  of  neck  (not  front),  mottled  with 
white  ;  no  speculum  ;  lower  breast,  grayish  ;  no  white  on  head. 

Branta  bernicla.    Brant. 
See  No.  132. 

Head  and  neck,  black ;  front  and  sides  of  neck,  mottled  with  white ;  110  speculum ; 
lower  breast,  dark,  not  pale  gray ;  no  white  on  head. 

Branta  nigricans.     Black  Brant. 
See  No.  133. 

A  patch  of  white  on  side  of  head,  extending  to  throat;  rest  of  head  and  neck,  black. 

Western  United  States,  rarely  to  Wisconsin.        Bernicla  canadensis  minima.    Cackling  Goose. 

See  No.  131. 

*  Group  2,     Wing,  from  14  to  20  inches  long. 

Section  1.     Head  and  neck,  black  or  blackish,  marked  with 
more  or  less  white ;  bill  and  feet,  black. 

Head  and  neck,  black;  a  patch  of  white  on  each  cheek,  extending  to  upper  throat; 
no  white  on  neck.  Branta  canadensis  and  races.    Canada  Goose. 

*  See  Nos.  129,  130. 

Head  and  neck,  black ;   side  (not  front}  of  neck,  speckled  with  white ;    upper  belly, 
whitish.     Common  on  Atlantic  coast.  Branta  bernicla.    Brant. 

See  No.  132. 

Head  and  neck,  black;   side  and  front  of  neck,  speckled  with  white;  upper  belly, 
grayish  brown.     Rare  on  Atlantic  coast.  Branta  nigricans.     Black  Brant. 

See  No.  133. 

Face  and  upper  breast,  white;  lores,  black;   back  of  head,  black.     European  species 
occasionally  found  on  our  coast.  Branta  leucopsis.     Barnacle  Goose. 

See  No.  134. 


*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9, 


82 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Snow  Goose. 


Brant. 


Black  Brant. 


White-fronted  Goose. 


FAMILY    ANAT1D.E.  DUCKS,    GEKSE,     AND    SWANS.  83 

Section  2.     Bill  and  feet,  pink  or  flesh  color  in   life;   head, 
white,   sometimes  tinged  with  brownish  orange. 

Entire  plumage,  white;  primaries,  black;  smaller  than  C.  h.  nivalis;  bill,  over  1.90; 
tarsus,  over  2.80;  middle  toe,  over  2.10  (adult).  Chiefly  Pacific  coast  to  Mississippi  Valley, 
rare  on  Atlantic  coast.  Chen  hyperborea.  Lesser  Snow  Goose. 

See  No.  124. 

Entire  plumage,  white;  primaries,  black;  resembles  preceding  species  but  is  larger 
(adult).  Eastern  North  America,  south  in  winter  on  Atlantic  coast  to  Florida  and  Cuba. 

Chen  hyperborea  nivalis.    Greater  Snow  Goose. 

See  No.  125. 

Back,  slaty  brown ;  belly  and  rump,  gray  ;  the  feathers,  not  barred ;  terminal  half  of  tail, 
not  white  (adult).  Chen  ccerulescens.  Blue  Goose. 

See  No.  126. 


Section    3.      Bill,     pinkish ;    feet,    yellow    or    pink ;    head, 
brownish  or  grayish,  sometimes  marked  with  white. 

Forehead  and  feathers  at  base  of  bill,  white;  nail  of  bill  (unguis),  whitish;  bill, 
yellowish  in  dried  skin;  breast,  grayish,  more  or  less  marked  or  spotted  with  black  (adult). 

Anser  albifrons  gambeli.    American  White  Fronted  Goose. 

See  No.  128. 

No  white  on  forehead  or  base  of  bill;  bill,  yellowish  in  dried  skin;   nail  of  bill  (unguis), 

dusky  ;  rump,  slaty  brown;  wing  coverts,  edged  with  white  (immature). 

Anser  albifrons  yambeli.     American  White  Fronted  Goose. 

See  No.  128. 

General  plumage,  grayish;  rump,  white;  smaller  than  C.  h.  nivalis;  bill,  over  1.90; 
tarsus,  over  2.80 ;  middle  toe,  over  2.10  (immature) .  Chiefly  Pacific  coast  to  Mississippi  Valley ; 
rare  on  Atlantic  coast.  Chen  hyperborea.  Lesser  Snow  Goose. 

See  Xo.  124. 

General  plumage,  grayish;  rump,  white;  larger  than  nivalis.  (immature).  Eastern 
North  America,  south  in  winter  to  Florida  and  Cuba. 

Chen  hyperborea    nivalis    Greater  Snow  Goose. 
See  No.  125. 

Head,  brownish  gray;  chin,  white;  rump,  gray;  unguis  (nail  of  bill),  yellow;  wing 
coverts,  grayish,  showing  very  little  white  on  the  edge  of  the  feathers  (immature). 

Chen  ccerulescens.     Blue  Goose. 
See  No.  126- 


84 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA 


SUBFAMILY   CYQNIN/E. 
Swans. 

Bare  skin,  between  the  bill  and  eye ;  tarsus,  reticulate ;  neck,  very  long ; 
wing,  over  19  inches  long. 

General  plumage,  white ;  bill,  black  with  yellow  spot  (adult) ;  distance  from  tip  of  bill 
to  nostril,  less  than  distance  from  nostril  to  eye  (immature  birds  are  gray  or  brownish  gray). 
Common  on  some  parts  of  the  coast.  Olor  columbianus.  Whistling  Swan. 

See  No.  13(5. 

General  plumage,  white;  bill,  black,  showing  no  yellow;  distance  from  tip  of  bill  to 
nostril,  more  than  distance  from  nostril  to  eye.  Chiefly  found  in  the  interior  of  North  America ; 
not  common  on  the  coast.  Of  or  buccinator.  Trumpeter  Swan. 

See  No.  137. 


Olor  columbianus. 


General  plumage,  gray,  or  brownish  gray ;  birds  of  this  description  may  be  the 
young  of  either  of  the  above  species,  the  difference  in  the  distance  from  the  bill  to  the  eye 
being  characteristic  as  in  the  old  birds. 


FAMILY    PHCENICOPTERID^.  FLAMINGOKS. 


85 


FAHILY   PHGENICOPTERID>E. 

Flamingoes, 

Large,  tall  birds,  usually  red  or  pink ;  bill,  very  much  bent,  with  tooth- 
like  serrations  on  edge. 

Wing,  over  17  inches  long  (carpus  to  tip). 


General  plumage,  red  or  pink;  neck  and  legs,  long;  bill,  much  bent  with  tooth-like  serra- 
tions on  edge.  Phcenicopterus  ruber.  Flamingo. 

See  No.  138. 

A  few  Flamingoes  are  still  found  in  extreme  southern  Florida.  The  species  is  common  in 
the  Bahama  Islands. 


86 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


FAfllLY  PLATALEID^E. 

Spoonbills. 

Bill,  wide  and  flat  at  the  end  ;  toes,  four,  all  on  same  level. 

Wing,   13  to  17  inches  long. 


Bill,  flat,  widened  and  rounded  at  tip ;  general  plumage,  pink  and  white. 

Ajaja  ajaja.     Roseate  Spoonbill. 

See  No.  139. 

The   Spoonbill  may  be  readily  recognized  by  its  peculiar  bill.     Although  by  no  means 
common,  it  still  occurs  in  some  numbers  in  the  swamps  of  southern  Florida. 


FAMILY    IBIDIDJE.  —  IBISES. 


87 


FAMILY     IBIDID^E. 

Ibises. 

Bill,  long,  rather  slender,  and  decidedly  curved  downward;  tarsus, 
always  less  than  five  inches  long ;  toes,  four,  all  on  the  same  level,  no  comb- 
like  edjce  on  side  of  middle  toe  nail ;  wing,  from  8.50  to  13  inches  long. 

Wing,  less  than  10.50  inches  long. 

General  plumage,  purplish  chestnut,  showing  purplish  reflections  on  head,  and  greenish 
on  wings;  axi liars  and  under  wing  coverts,  purplish  bronze ;  feathers,  bordering  base  of 
bill,  whitish.  Plegadis  guarauna.  White=faced  Glossy  Ibis. 

General  plumage,  dark  chestnut;  feathers,  at  base  of  bill,  not  white. 

Pleyadis  autumnal  ix.     Glossy  Ibis. 
See  No.  142. 


General  plumage,  white;  primaries,  blackish  (adult). 


Guara  alba.     White  Ibis. 

See  No.  140. 

General  plumage,  brownish  or  grayish,  often  more  or  less  mixed  brown,  gray  and  white; 
rump,  white  (immature).  Gnara  alba.     White  Ibis. 

See  No.  140. 

General  plumage,  scarlet.     Tho  young  Scarlet  Ibis  somewhat  resembles  the  young  White 
Ibis,  but  differs  in  having  the  rump  not  white.  Guara  ntbra.    Scarlet  Ibis. 

See  No.  141. 


88 


KEY   TO   THE    BIRDS    OV   EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA* 


FAMILY  CICONIID^E. 

Storks  and  Wood  Ibises. 

Greater  part  of  plumage,  white;  bill,  rounded  and  somewhat  curved, 
very  thick  and  strong;  tarsus,  always  over  5  inches  long;  toes,  four,  all 
on  same  level ;  no  comb-like  edge  on  inner  side  of  middle  toe  nail. 

Wing,  17  to  19  inches  long. 


General  plumage,  white;  the  wings  and  tail,  more  or  less  black;  adult  birds  have  the 
head  bare.  Tantalus  leucolator.     Wood  Ibis* 

See  No.  144. 


FAMILY    ARDEID^E.  HERONS,    EGRETS,    AND   BITTERNS. 


89 


FAMILY  ARDEIO4E. 

Herons,  Egrets,  and  Bitterns. 

Bill,  nearly  straight  and  sharply  pointed  ;  inner  side  of  middle  toe  nail, 
with  distinct  comb-like  edge ;  toes,  four,  all  on  same  level.  Bitterns,  tail 
with  ten  feathers.  Herons,  tail  with  twelve  feathers. 

*  Group  1.     Wing,  less  than  6  inches  long. 


Least  Bittern. 

Underparts  and  sides  of  the  head  and  throat,  buff  white ;  a  black  patch  on  sides  of 
the  breast.  Ardetta  exilis.     Least  Bittern. 

See  No.  146. 

Underparts  and  sides  of  the  head  and  throat,  rufous   chestnut ;   under  tail  coverts, 
dull  black.  Ardetta  neoxena.    Cory's  Least  Bittern. 

See  No.  147. 


*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


90 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 


*  Group  2.     Wing,  6  to  7.50  inches  long. 


Crown,  greenish  or  greenish  black;  legs,  orauge  yellow  iii  life. 

Ardea  virescens.     Qreen  Heron, 
See  No.  158. 


*  Group  3.    Wing,  8.50  to  1  1  inches  long. 


Greater  part  of  plumage,  slaty  blue;  belly,  slaty  blue;  head,  tinged  with  purplish  brown 
(adult).  Ardea  ccerulen.     Little  Blue  Heron. 

See  No.  157. 

*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


FAMILY    ARDEID^E.  HERONS,    EGRETS,    AND    BITTERNS. 


91 


General  plumage,  white ;  tips  of  primaries,  tinged  with  slaty   blue ;  legs,  yellowish 
olive  (immature).  Ardea  ccerulea.     Little  Blue  Heron. 

See  No.  157. 


General  plumage,  white;  ends  of  prima- 
ries, not  tioged  with  slaty  hlue ;  legs,  black ; 
feet,  yellow. 

Ardea  candidisshna.    Snowy  Heron. 
Snowy  Egret. 
See  No.  154. 


Louisiana  Heron. 
Back,  ashy  gray;  primaries,  slaty  gray;  belly  and  sides,  white. 

Ardea  tricolor  ruiicollis.     Louisiana  Heron. 
See  No.  156. 


KEY   TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


General  plumage,  tawny  brown,  mottled  and  streaked  with  dark  brown ;  upper  surface  of 
primaries,  blackish.  Botaurus  lentiyinosus.     American  Bittern. 

See  Xo.  145. 


Bill,  large;  top  of  head,  black;  back, 
green  (adult). 

Nycticorax  nycticorax  ncevius. 

Night  Heron. 
See  Xo.  159. 

Bill,  large ;  top  of  head,  white  or  whit- 
ish ;  back,  not  green  (adult). 
Nycticorax  violaccies. 

Yellow=crowned  Night  Heron. 

See  Xo.  160. 

Bill,  large ;  general    plumage,   mottled, 
and  streaked  brown  and  white;  outer  edge 
of  primaries,  reddish  brown  (immature) . 
Nycticorax  nycticorax  ncevius. 

Night  Heron. 
See  Xo.  159. 

Bill,   large;  genernl  plumage,    mottled 
and  streaked  brown  and  white ;    primaries, 
slaty  brown  (immature). 
Nycticorax  violaceus. 

Yellow-crowned  Night  Heron. 
See  Xo.  160. 


FAMILY    ARDEID^E. HERONS,    EGRETS,    AND    BITTERNS.  93 


*  Group  4.     Wing,  11  to  15  inches  long. 

Bill,  stout;  to*p  of  the  head,  black;  back,  dark  green  (adult). 

Nycticorax  nycticorax  ncevius.     Night  Heron. 
See  No.  159. 

Bill,  stout;  top  of  head,  white  or  whitish;  back,  not  green  (adult). 

Nycticorax  violaceus.    Yellow=crowned  Night  Heron. 

See  No.  160. 

Bill,  stout;   general  plumage,  mottled  and  streaked  brown  and  white;  outer  edge  of 
primaries,  reddish  brown  (immature).  Nycticorax  nycticorax  ncevius.     Night  Heron. 

See  No.  159. 

Bill,  stout;  general  plumage,  mottled  and  streaked  grayish  brown  and  white;  primaries, 
slaty  brown  (immature).  Nycticorax  violaceus.     Yellow=crowned  Night  Heron. 

See  No.  160. 


General  plumage,  white ;  bill,  yellow;  legs,  black.         Ardea  egretta.    American  Egret. 

See  No.  153. 

General  plumage,  white;    legs,  dark  olive;    terminal  half  of  bill,  black;    basal  half, 
flesh  color  (white  phase).  Ardea  rufescens.     Reddish  Egret. 

See  No.  155. 

Head  and  neck,  rufous  chestnut;  rest  of  plumage,  slate  color,  or  slaty  gray. 

Ardea  rufescens.     Reddish  Egret. 
See  No.  155. 

General  plumage,  yellow  brown,  mottled  and  streaked  with  dark  brown;  upper  surface  of 
primaries,  blackish.  Botaurus  lentiginosus.     American  Bittern. 

See  No.  145. 


*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


94 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


*  Group  5.     Wing,  over  15  inches  long. 

Plumage,  entirely  white;  wing,  over  17  inches;  bill,  over  5.50;  tarsus,  over  7.25. 

Ardea  occiaentaUs.     Great  White  Heron. 
See  No.  143. 

Plumage,   entirely   white;    wing,   less   than    17  inches   long;    bill,    under  5.50;    tarsus 
under  7.25.  Ardea  egretta.     American  Egret. 

See  No.  153. 


Greater  part  of  upper  plumage,  bluish  gray  or  slaty  gray;  adults  in  breeding  have 
middle  of  crown  and  throat,  white ;  bill,  less  than  6.25 ;  immature  birds  have  the  top  of  the 
head,  black.  Ardea  herodias.  Great  Blue  Heron. 

See  No.  151. 

Similar  to  Great  Blue  Heron,  but  larger ;  bill,  over  6.25.     Occurs  only  in  Florida. 

Ardea  wardi.    Ward's  Heron. 
See  No.  150. 

Top  of  head  and  sometimes  greater  portion  of  head,  white ;  wings  and  back,  bluish  gray, 
or  slaty  gray;  general  appearance  of  Ward's  Heron  except  color  of  head.  Occurs  only  in 
Florida ;  probably  a  color  phase  of  Ardea  occidentalis. 

Ardea   wuerdemanni.     Wuerdeman's  Heron. 
See  No.  149. 


For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


FAMILY    GRUIDJ3.  CRANES. 


95 


ORDER  PALUDECOUE. 

Cranes,  Rails,  Courlans. 

FAfllLY   QRUID^E. 

Cranes. 

Bill,  over  3  inches  long;  wing,  over  16  inches;  tarsus,  over  7  inches; 
toes,  four,  no  comb-like  edge  on  inner  side  of  middle  toe  nail ;  hind  toe, 
elevated  above  level  of  front  toes. 


General  plumage,  white ; 
primaries,  black ;  wing,  over 
20  inches  long  (carpus  to  tip)  ; 
immature  birds  are  more  or  less 
buff.  Grus  americana. 

Whooping  Crane. 
See  No.  161. 


General  plumage,  slaty 
gray  ;  bare  skin,  on  head  of 
'adult ;  red,  in  life ;  immature 
birds  are  brownish ;  wing,  from 
15  to  22  inches  long. 
Grus  mexicana. 

Sandhill  Crane. 
See  No.  163. 


Whooping  Crane. 


96 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


FAMILY   ARAHID^E, 
Courlans.     Limpkins. 

Bill,  over  3  inches  long;  tarsus,  under  7;  wing,  under  16;  toes,  four, 
no  comb- like  edge  on  inner  side  of  middle  toe  nail ;  hind  toe,  raised  above 
level  of  front  toes. 


General  plumage,  dark  olive  brown,  streaked  and  marked  with  pure  white ;  tail,  purplish 
brown,  showing  metallic  gloss  when  held  in  the  light;  feathers  of  the  back,  breast,  and 
wiug  coverts,  brown,  with  white  stripe  in  middle  of  each  feather;  tip  of  lower  mandible  often 
slightly  twisted.  Occurs  in  Atlantic  States  only  in  Florida.  Aranius  giganteus.  Limpkin. 

See  No.  164. 


FAMILY    KALLII)^;. KAILS.  9'« 

FAHILY   RALLID^E. 
Rails,  Qallinules,  and  Coots. 

SUBFAMILY  RALLIN/E. 
Rails. 

Birds  which    frequent     marshy    places.     Toes,   long ;    wings,    short  and 
rounded  ;  bill,  shorter  than  middle  toe  and  claw  together. 

*  Group  1.     Wing,  less  than  3.75  inches  long. 


Black  Rail. 

Throat,  breast,  and  sides  of  head,  slaty  graj  ;  primaries,  with  more  or  less  white  spots. 
Frequents  marshes.  Porzana  jamaicensis.     Black  Rail. 

See  No.  173. 


Yellow  Rail. 

Throat,  breast,  and  sides  of  the  head,  tawny  brown,  no  white  spots  on  primaries. 

Porzana  noveboracensis.     Yellow  Rail, 
See  No.  172. 

*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


KKY  TO  THE  BIRDS  OF  EASTERN  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Group  2.     Wing,  from  3.75  to  4.75  inches  long, 


Virginia  Rail. 

Back,  black  or  fuscous,  the  feathers  edged  with  brownish  or  grayish  olive;  underpants, 
cinnamon  rufous,  whitish  on  the  throat;  bill,  slightly  curved. 

Eallus  virginianus.    Virginia  Rail. 

See  No.  169. 


Back,  with  more  or  less  white  streaks  ;  breast,  gray 
tawny,  according  to  age;  lower  belly,  dull  white. 

Porzana  Carolina.    Carolina  Rail  or  Sora. 
See  No.  171. 


*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  {). 


FAMILY    RALLIDjE.  RAILS. 


9Ji 


*  Group  3.     Wing,  4.75  to  6.50  inches  long. 


r 


Feathers  on  back,  dark  olive,  edged  with  gray  ;  cheeks  and  ear  coverts,  pale  cinna- 
mon rufous,  sometimes  blackish  in  young  birds;  bill,  over  1.25  inches  long.  Usually  found 
near  fresh  water.  Eallus  elegans.  King  Rail. 

See  No.  165. 

Feathers  on  the  back,  black,  edged  with  grayish  olive ;  cheeks  and  ear  coverts,  gray. 
Prefers  salt-water  marshes,  Rallus  longirostris  crepitans  and  varieties.  Clapper  Rail. 

See  No.  166. 


*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


100 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


*  Group  4.    Wing,  over  6.50   inches  long, 


Virginia  Rail. 


Kim?  Rail. 


Black  Rail. 


Sora  Rail. 


Breast,  tinged  with  rufous  checks ;  rufous  throat,  whitish ;  hack,  streaked ;  bill,  long  and 
slightly  curved.  Rallus  elegans.     King  Rail. 

See  No.  165. 


SUBFAMILY   FULICIN/E. 
Coots. 


Bill,  short  and  pointed;  forehead,  with  more  or  less  of  a  shield;  toes,  with  large  lobate 
webs;  head,  blackish;  back,  dark  slaty  gray;  imderparts,  dark  asli  gray,  whitish,  on  abdomen. 

Fulica  americana.     American  Coot,     flud  Hen.     Blue  Peter. 

See  No.  178. 


For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


FAMILY    RALLHXE.  RAILS. 


101 


SUBFAMILY   GALLINULIN/E, 

Oallinules. 


Toes,  not  webbed ;  no  white  on  sides 
of  body;  head  and  breast,  purplish  blue; 
back,  greenish. 

lonornis  martinica.  Purple  (iallinule. 
See  No.  175. 


IIe;id,  smoky  black;  breast,  dark  gray;  toes,  not 
webbed :  more  or  less  white  on  sides  of  body. 

Gnllinitla  yalcata.     Florida  Gallinufe. 
See  Xo.  170. 


Gullimile. 


102  KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 

ORDER   LIMICOLJB. 

SHORE   BIRDS. 

HlND    TOE,    WHEN    PRESENT,    ALWAYS    ELEVATED    ABOVE    LEVEL    OF    FRONT    TOES. 

FAMILY  PHALAROPID^E.     PHALAROPES. 
SIDES  OF  TOES  WITH  ROUNDED  LOBES  OR  NARROW  WEBS.     See  page  104. 

FAMILY   RECURVIROSTRID^E.     AVOCETS    AND    STILTS. 

TOES,    MORE    OR    LESS    WEBBED     (NOT    LOB  ATE)  ;    TARSUS,   OVER    3.50  ;    BILL    CURVED 
UPWARD    OR    STRAIGHT.        See  page   106, 

FAMILY    SCOLOPACID^E. 
SNIPE,  SANDPIPERS,  CURLEWS,  WOODCOCK,  GODWITS,  WILLETS,  ETC. 

TARSUS,  LESS  THAN  3.50  INCHES  LONG  ;   SIDES  OF  TOES,   WITHOUT  LOBATE  WEBS  ; 
TOES,  FOUR  (ONE  EXCEPTION,  THE  SANDERLING). 

GROUP  1.     Birds  having  wings  from  3.25  to  3.75  inches  long.     See'page  107. 
GROUP  2.    Birds  having  wings  from  3.75  to  4.50  inches  long.     See  page  108. 

Section  1.     Toes,  four,  with  small  web  (not  lobate  at  base).     See  page  108. 

Section  2.     Toes,  four,  without  web.     See  pflge  109. 

Section  3.     Toes,  three ;  bill,  over  .75.     See  page  109. 
GROUP  3.     Birds  having  wings  from  4.50  to  5.50  inches  long.     See  page  109. 

Section  1.     Toes,  four,  a  small  web  between  toes;  bill,  less  than  .75.     See  page  109. 

Section  2.     Toes,  four,  a  small  web   between  outer  and  middle  toes;  bill,  over  1.75. 
See  page  110. 

Section  3.     Toes,  four,  without  web ;  bill,  over  2  inches  long.     See  page  110. 

Section  4.     Toes,  four,  without  web ;  bill,  over  1.10  and  less  than  1.90.     See  page  112. 

Section  5.     Toes,  four,  without  web;  bill,  under  1.10.     See  page  114. 

Section  6.    Toes,  three ;  bill,  over  .60  inch  long.     See  page  115. 
GROUP  4.     Birds  having  wings  from  5.50  to  G.75  inches  long.     See  page  116. 

Section  1.    Toes,  four,  a  small  web  between  outer  and  middle  toes;  bill,  over  1.80. 
See  page  116. 

Section  2.    Toes,  four,  a  small  web  between  outer  and  middle  toe;  bill,  under  1.80. 
See  page  116. 

Section  3.    Toes,  four,  without  web;  bill,  over  2  inches  long.     See  page  117. 

Section  4.     Toes,  four,  without  web ;  bill,  under  2.     See  page  118. 
GROUP  5.     Birds  having  wings  from  6.75  to  9  inches  long.     See  page  119. 

Section  1.    Toes,  four,  with  more  or  less  web;  bill,  curved  upwards  or  straight ;  bill, 
over  2.60  inches.     See  page  119. 


ORDER    LIMICOL^E.  —  SHORE    BIRDS.  103 

Section  2.      Toes  four,  without  web;   bill,  nearly  straight;  bill,  over  2  inches  long. 

See  page  120. 
Section  3.     Toes,  four,  with   small   web ;  bill,  slightly  curved    upward  or  straight ; 

bill,  under  2.60  and  over  1.50  inches  long.     See  page  121. 
Section  4.     Toes,  four,  with  small  web;  bill,  nearly  straight;  bill,  less  than  1.50  inches 

long.     See  page  121. 
Section  5.     Toes,  four,  with  small  web;  bill,  curved  downward;  bill,  over  2  inches  long. 

See  page  122. 

GROUP  6.     Birds  having  wings  from  9  to  12  inches  long.     See  page  123. 
Section  1.     Toes,  four;  bill  curved  downward.     See  page  123. 
Section  2.    Toes,  four ;  bill,  curved  upward  or  nearly  straight.    See  page  123. 

FAMILY   CHARADRIID^E.     PLOVERS. 
TOES,  THREE  (ONE    EXCEPTION,  BLACK-BELLIED  PLOVER)  ;    BILL,  COMPARATIVELY 

SHORT    AND    THICK. 

GROUP  1.    Wing,  3.75  to  4.50  inches  long;  toes,  three,  no  hind  toe.     See  page  124. 

Section  1.     Bill,  under  .60  inch  long.     See  page  124. 

Section  2.     Bill,  over  .60  inch  long.     See  page  125. 
GROUP  2.     Wing,  4.50  to  5.50  inches  long;  toes,  three,  no  hind  toe.     See  page  125. 

Section  1.     Bill,  over  .60  inch  long.     See  page  125. 

Section  2.     Bill,  under  .60  inch  long.     See  page  125. 

GROUP  3.     Wing,  5.50  to  6.75  inches  long;  toes,  three,  no  hind  toe.     See  page  128. 
GROUP  4.     Wing,  over  6.75  inches  long.     See  page  128. 

Section  1.     Toes,  three,  no  hind  toe.     See  page  128. 

Section  2.    Toe's,  four.    See  page  128. 

FAMILY   APHRIZID^E.     TURNSTONES. 

TOES,  FOUR;  LOWER  BACK  AND  RUMP,  WHITE  WITH  BLACK  BAND.     See  page  129, 

•'*' 
FAMILY   H^EMATOPODID^E.     OYSTER-CATCHERS. 

TOES,  THREE;  BILL,  OVER  2.50  INCHES  LONG. 
Section  1.     Toes,  three;  bill,  red.     See  page  130. 


IQ4 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


ORDER  LiniCOL/E. 
Snipes,  Plovers,  Sandpipers,  Curlews,  Phalaropes,  etc, 

Hind  toe,  when  present,  always  elevated  above  level  of  front  toes. 

FAMILY  PH ALAROPID/G. 

Phalaropes. 
Sides  of  toes,  with  lobes  or  narrow  webs. 


Wilson's  Phalarope. 


Red  Phalarope.    Winter  plumage. 


FAMILY    PIIALAROPID^E.  — 


l  Oft 


Crymophllud  fulioariuH. 


Back,  heavily  streaked  with  hi  nek  and  tawny;  belly,  reddish  brown,  showing  more  or 
less  white;  toes,  with  small  lobate  web;  wing,  5.20  to  5.50. 

Crymophilus  fulicari-ns.     Red  Phalarope. 
See  No.  179. 


Phalaropus  lobatus. 


Back,  grayish,  streaked  \vit,h  ta'wny;  belly,  white;  toes,  partly  wehhed;  hill,  under  1.05; 
tarsus,  under  1 ;  wing,  4  to  4.50.  Phalarnpm  Inbatmt.     Northern  Phalarope. 

See  No.  180. 


IF— 


Phalaropus  tricolor. 


I5:iek,  grayish,  marked  with  chestnut  brown;  belly,  white;  bill,  over  1.05;  tarsus, 
over  1  ;  toes,  with  narrow  web  on  sides;  wing,  5.10  to  5.40  (female). 

Phalaropns  tricolor.     Wilson's  Phalarope. 

See  No.  181. 


Back,  grayish,  mottled  with  dusky  or  whitish;  bill,  over  1.05;  tarsus,  over  1  inch;  toes, 
with  narrow  web  on  sides;  wing,  4.75  to  4.95  (male). 

Phalaropus  tricolor.     Wilson's  Phalarope. 
See  No.  183. 


106 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMEBICAc 


FAMILY   RECURVIROSTRID^E. 
Avocets  and  Stilts. 

Tarsus  over  3.50  inches ;  bill,  curved  upward  or  straight. 


Avocet. 


Ill      ~~  •••••• 


Stilt 


Head  and  neck,  pale  rufous  (sum- 
mer) ;  white  or  grayish  (winter) : 
back  and  tail,  white ;  ax i liars,  white  • 
belly,  white;  first  primary,  dark 
with  dark  shaft;  bill,  curved  up- 
ward; toes,  four. 

Recurvirostra  ainericana. 
American  Avocet. 
See  No.  182. 


Recurvi rostra  amcricana. 


FAMILY    SCOLOPACID^E. SNIPE,    SANDPIPERS,    CURLEWS,    ETC.  107 


Top  of  head  and  nape,  black ;  general  upper 
plumage,  glossy  black ;  front  of  head  and  frout  of 
neck,  rump,  and  underparts,  white  ;  axillars, 
white  ;  first  primary,  dark,  with  dark  shaft ; 
legs,  very  long,  rose  pink 'in  life;  bill,  nearly 
straight;  toes,  three. 

Himantopus  mexicamis.  Black-necked  Stilt. 
See  No.  183. 


Himantopus  mexicanus. 


FAMILY   SCOLOPACID^E. 
Snipe,   Sandpipers,   Curlews,   etc. 

Tarsus,  less    than    3,50   inches;    toes,  four  (one    exception,  Sanderling 
Sandpiper). 


*  Group  1.     Wing,  from  3.25  to  3.75  inches  long. 


No  web  between  toes;  belly,  white. 


Tringa  minutilla. 

Tringa  mimitilla.     Least  Sandpiper. 

See  No.  196. 


*  For  directions  for  measurement,  eee  page  9. 


108 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    XORTH    AMERICA. 


Toes,  with  small  web ;  bill,  usually  under  .85. 

Ereunetes  pusillus.     Semi  pal  mated  Sandpiper. 
See  No.  200. 


Toes,  with  small  web ;  bill,  usually  over  .85. 


Ereunetes  pusillus. 
(Foot.) 


Ereunetes  occidentalis.    Western  Sandpiper. 
See  No.  201. 


*  Group  2.     Wing,  3.75  to  4.50  inches  long. 
Section  1.     Toes,  four,  with  small  web  (not  lobate)  at  base. 


Bill,  under  .85  ;  back,  not  greenish  olive;  bill,  entirely  black. 

Ereunetes  pusiUus.     Semipalmated  Sandpiper. 

See  No.  200. 


Ereunetes  pusillus. 

Bill,  over  .85;  back,  not  greenish  olive;  bill,  black;  no  while  patch  on  inner  web  of 
third  primary.  Ereunetes  occidentalis.  Western  Sandpiper. 

See  No.  201. 

Small  web  between  outer  and  middle  toe;  bill,  over  .85;  back,  greenish  olive,  sometimes 
banded;  under  mandible,  pale  yellow  (in  life) ;  third  primary  and  inner  primaries  with  patch 
of  white  on  inner  web.  Actites  macnlaria.  Spotted  Sandpiper. 

See  No.  21 G. 


*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  '.), 


FAMILY    SCOLOPACID.E    SNIPE,    SANDPIPERS,    CURLEWS,    ETC.  10t» 


Section  2.     Toes,  four,  without  web. 


Belly,  white;  bill,  black. 


Tringa  minutilla.     Least  Sandpiper. 

See  No.  196. 


Tringa  minutilla 

Section  3.    Toes,  three;  bill,  over  .75  inches  long. 


Belly,  White ;  basal  half  of  outer  webs  of  inner  primaries,  white ;  back,  mixed  rufous,  black 
and  white,  or  grayish  brown,  or  entirely  black  (breeding),  according  to  season ;  bill,  about  one 
inch  long.  Calidris  arenaria.  Sanderling  Sandpiper. 

See  No.  202. 

•*  Group  3.     Wing,  4.50  to  5.50  inches  long. 

9 

Section   1.    Toes,  four,  a  small  web  between  toes;    bill, 

under  1.75. 

Bill,  under  1.75  ;  tarsus,  over  1.30.  All  other  species  in  this  section  have  the  tarsus 
less  than  1.30.  Micropalama  himantopus.  Stilt  Sandpiper. 

See  No.  190. 

Tarsus,  under  1.30;  back,  dark  olive  spotted  with  white,  or 
brownish  gray  spotted  with  dull  white,  according  to  season.  Axillars, 
heavily  barred  ;  a  small  web  between  the  outer  and  middle  loo. 

Totanus  soUtarhts.     Solitary  Sandpiper. 
See  No.  209. 


Axillars. 
Totauus  solitariut. 


*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  p:i#e  9 


110 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Back,  greenish  olive,  sometimes  barred  with  black;  axillars,  white,  without  bars.  At 
some  seasons  uuderparts  with  round  black  spots;  a  small  web  between  the  outer  and 
middle  toe.  Actitis  macularia.  Spotted  Sandpiper. 

See  No.  216. 


Summer. 


Spotted  Sandpipers. 


Winter. 


Section  2.    Toes,  four,  a  small  web  between  outer  and 
middle  toes;  bill,  over  1.75. 


Macrorhamphus  griseus.  Macrorhainphus  griseus. 

• 

Bill,  over  1.75  ;  axillars,  white,  barred  with  dark  brown;  rump  and  tail,  white,  spotted 
and  banded  with  black.  Macrorhamphus  yriseus.     Dowitcher.     Red=breasted  Snipe. 

Macrorhamphus  scolopaceus.     Long- billed  Dowitcher. 
See  Nos.  188  and  189. 

Section  3.   Toes,  four,  without  web ;  bill,  over  2  inches  long. 

Axillars,  rufous  Jbrown,  without  bars;  belly,  buff  color.    Philohela  minor.    Woodcock. 

See  No.  185. 


Axillars,  barred   black  and   white;   belly,  white;  upper  tail 
coverts  and  tail,  tawny,  more  or  less  marked  with  black. 

Gallinago  delicata.    Wilson's  Snipe.    Jack  Snipe. 

See  No.  187. 


Gallinago  delicata. 


FAMILY    SCOLOPACID^E. SNIPE,    SANDPIPERS,    CUKLKWS,    ETC.  Ill 


Woodcock. 


Wilson's  Snipe. 


112 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Section  4.    Toes,  four,  without  web;  bill,  over  1.10;  and 

less  than   1.90. 


Winter. 


Bill,  decurved  near  tip;  one  or  more  of  inner  secondaries, 
almost  entirely  white ;  upper  tail  coverts,  not  white,  barred  with  black ; 
legs  and  feet,  black.  Spring  birds  have  black  on  the  belly,  and 
back,  rufous  brown  and  black.  Fall  birds  have  the  belly  white  and 
back  gray.  Tringa  alpina  pacifica.  Red=backed  Sandpiper. 

American  Dunlin. 
See  No.  198. 


Tringa  alpina  pacifica. 


FAMILY    SCOLOPACID.E. SNIPE,    SANDPIPERS,    CURLEWS,    ETC.  113 


Curlew  Sandpiper. 


Bill,   decurved  near  the    tip;    upper   tail   coverts,    white, 
banded  with  black  or  dark  brown. 

Tringa  ferru(jinc« .     Curlew  Sandpiper. 
See  No.  199. 


Tringa  ferrujrinea. 
Tail  and  upper  tail  coverts. 


114 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Tringa  maculata. 
Tail  and  upper  tail  covert? 


Pectoral  Sandpiper. 

Bill,  nearly  straight ;  bacK,  marked  with  tawny  and  black  : 
breast  with  numerous  narrow,  brown  streaks  ;  none  of  inner 
secondaries  almost  entirely  white  ;  lower  rump 
and  upper  tail  coverts,  black ;  the  feather-5 
more  or  less  tipped  \\ith  huiT  :  two  middle 
tail  feathers  longer  than  the  others. 

Tringa  maculata.     Pectoral  Sandpiper. 
Grass  Bird. 

See  No.  193. 


Tringa  maculata. 


Bill,  nearly  straight;  back,  dark;  feathers, 
edged  with  ashy  or  buff;  breast,  grayish,  without 
brown  streaks;  one  or  more  of  inner  secondaries 
almost  entirely  white;  legs  and  feet,  yellow  in  life, 
pale  brown  in  dried  skin. 

Tringa  maritima.     Purple  Sandpiper. 
See  No.  192. 


Purple  Sandpiper. 


Section  5.    Toes,  four,  without  web;  bill,  under  1.10. 


Upper  tail  coverts,  white  ;  inner  webs 
of  primaries,  not  speckled. 
Tringa  fuscicollis. 

White-rumped  Sandpiper. 

See  No.  194. 


Tringa  fuscicollis. 


Tringa  faecicoUte. 


FAMILY    SCOLOPACID^E.  SNIPE,    SANDPIPERS,    CURLEWS,    ETC. 


115 


Middle  upper  tail  coverts,  smoky  or  dusky,  often 
tipped  with  buff;  inner  weba  of  primaries  not  speckled;  sides, 
white;  middle  toe  and  claw,  less  than  .95;  legs  and  bill, 
blackish.  Tringa  bairdii.  Baird's  Sandpiper. 

See  No.  195. 


Tringa  bairdii. 
Tail  and  upper  tail  coverts. 


Tringa  maculata. 
Tail  and  upper  tail  coverts. 


fliddle  upper  tail  coverts,  black,  often  narrowly  tipped 
with  brownish  buff;  inner  webs  of  primaries,  not  speckled; 
middle  toe  and  claw,  over  .93;  middle  tail  feathers  decidedly 
longer  than  the  rest;  legs,  yellowish  olive;  base  of  bill,  dull 
olive ;  tip,  black. 

Tringa  maculata.    Pectoral  Sandpiper.    Grass  Bird. 

See  No.  193. 


Inner  web  of  primaries  speckled. 
TrynyUes  subruficollis.     Buff=breasted  Sandpiper. 

See  No.  215. 


Tryngites  subruflcollis. 
First  primary. 


Buff-breasted  Sandpiper. 

Section  6.     Toes,  three ;  bill,  over  .60  inch. 


Bill,  black;  shoulder  (lesser  and  middle  wing  coverts),  brown;  no  web 
between  toes;  legs,  black.  Calidris  arenaria.    Sanderling  Sandpiper. 

See  No.  202. 


Calidris  urenaria. 


116 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NOKTH    AMERICA. 


*  Group  4.     Wing,  5.50  to  6.75  inches  long. 

Section    1.    Toes,   four,    a   small   web    between    outer  and 
middle  toe;  bill,  over  1.80. 

Upper  tail  coverts  and  axillars,  white,  spotted  or  barred  with 
dusky;  bill,  nearly  straight. 

Macrorhamphtts  griscus.     Red=breasted  Snipe,  or  Dowitchcr. 

See  Xo.  1-8. 

Macrorhamphus  scolopaceim.     Western  Red=breasted  Snipe,  or 

Long-billed  Dowitcher. 

'  Macrorhamphus  griseus.  See  No'  189> 


Section  2.    Toes,  four,  a  small  web  between  outer  and 
middle  toe;  bill,  under  1.80. 


Tarsus  and  middle  toe  together,  more  than  2.60  inches  long; 
outer  primary,  slate  brown,  without  bars ;  rump  and  upper  tail  coverts, 
white,  more  or  less  barred  with  brown  ;  legs,  yellow. 

Totanus     wipes.    Summer  Yellow=leg. 

See  Xo.  208. 


Totanus  flavipes. 


Stilt  Sandpiper. 


Tarsus  and  middle  toe,  together,  less  than  2.60;  upper  tail  coverts,  ichite,  or  white  barred  with 
black;  outer  primary,  slate  brown,  without  bars. 

Micropalama  himantopus.     Stilt  Sandpiper. 
See  No.  190. 


*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


FAMILY    SCOLOPACIIXrE. — SNIPE,    SANDPiPEKS,    CUKLEWS,    ETC.  117 


Upland  Plover. 

Outer  primary,  whitish,  barred  with  dark  brown. 

Bartramia  longirawlu.     Bartramian  Sandpiper.     Upland  Plover. 

See  No.  214. 


Section  3.    Toes,  four,  without  web ;  bill,  over  2  inches  long. 


Lower   belly,   whitish  or  white;    axillars,  barred   black  and 
white.  Gallinago  delicata.    Wilson's  Snipe.    Jack  Snipe. 

See  No.  187. 


Gallinago  delicata. 


118 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Belly,  buff  color;  axillars,  rufous  brown. 

Philohela  minor.    Woodcock. 
See  No.  185. 


Philohela  minor. 


Section  4.     Toes,  four,  without  web;    bill,  under  2  inches 

long. 


Rump,  gray  ;  upper  tail  coverts,  whitish,  banded  or  marked  with 
black ;  inner  webs  or  primaries  not  speckled. 

Tringa  canutus.     Knot. 
See  No.  191. 


Tringa  canutus. 


Rump,  blackish  ;  middle  upper  tail  coverts,  black  (not 
landed)  ;  inner  web  of  primaries  not  speckled. 

Tringa  maculata.    Pectoral  Sandpiper.    Grass  Bird. 

See  No.  193. 


Tringa  maculata. 


Inner  webs  of  primaries,  speckled. 
Trynyites  subrujicollis.    Buff-breasted  Sandpiper. 

See  No.  215. 


Tryngites  subruflcollis. 


FAMILY    SCOLOPACID^E.  SNIPE,    SANDPIPERS,    CURLEWS,    ETC. 


119 


*  Group  5.     Wing,  6  75  to  9  inches  long. 

Section   1.     Toes,  four,  with  more  or  less  web;  bill,  curved 
upwards  or  straight ;  bill,  over  2.60. 


Willet. 


Axillars,  dark  gray,  or  sooty 
gray;  belly,  grayish  white;  fir&t 
primary,  dark  slaty  brown  with 
white  shaft;  bill,  curved  upward ; 
upper  tail  coverts  mostly  white. 
Limosa  hwmasticn. 

Hudsonian  Qodwit. 
Seo  No.  204. 


Symphemia  semipalmata. 

Axillars,  smoky  black  ;  belly,  white ;  termi- 
nal third  of  outer  primary,  black;  the  rest,  white; 
bill,  nearly  straight. 

fiymphemia  semipalmata.     Willet. 
ia  semipalmata  inornata. 

Western  Willet. 
See  Nos.  211  and  212. 


Hudsonian  Godwit. 


*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


120 


KEY   TO   THK   BIRDS   OF   EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 


Marbled  Godwit. 


Axillars,  rufous  brown  ;  upper  tail 
coverts,  not  white;  belly,  buff,  sometimes 
barred  with,  dark  brown;  primaries,  pale 
rufous  brown  with  numerous  dark  dots ; 
shaft  of  primaries,  white ;  bill,  curved 
upward. 

Limosa  fcdoa.     flarbled  Godwit. 
See  No.  203. 


Limosa  fedoa. 


Section  2.     Toes,  four,  without  web;  bill,  nearly  straight; 

bill,  over  2.60. 

Axillars,  banded  with  white  and   grayish  brown ;   belly,  pale  brown,  banded  with 
dark  brown;    primaries,  grayish  brown;  outer  web,  banded  with  pale  brown  or  rufous 

brown  ;  shaft  of  primaries,  dark ;  bill,  nearly  straight. 

Scolopax  rusticola.    European  Woodcock. 

See  No.  184. 


FAMILY    SCOLOPACID2K.  —  SNIPE,    SANDPIPERS,    CURLEWS,    ETC. 


121 


Section  3.    Toes,  four  (with  small  web);  bill,  slightly  curved 
upward  or  straight;  bill,  under  2.60  and  over  1.50. 


Axillars,   smoky    black;    belly,  white;   outer  primary  ter- 
minal  third,  black,  rest  white;  rump,  gray;  upper  tail  coverts, 


white. 


Symphemia  semipalmata.     Willet. 
See  No.  211. 


Axillars,  white,  with  few  lijjht  brown  dots  ne;ir  the  ends;  belly,  white;  outer  primary 
dark,  with  shaft,  white;  rump,  white  without  bars  ;  upper  tail  coverts,  white,  without 
bars  ;  legs,  olive  green.  Totanus  nebularius.  Qreenshank. 

^  See  No.  206. 

Axillars,  white,  banded  with  brown  ;  belly,  white;  outer  primary,  black;  shaft,  white; 
rump,  grayish  brown;  feathers,  tipped  with  white;  upper  tail  coverts,  white,  more 
or  less  barred  with  dark  brown ;  legs,  bright  yellow. 

Totanus  me.lanoleucus.     Winter  Yellowlegs.     Greater  Yellowlegs. 

See  No.  207. 

Section  4.    Toes,  four,  with  small  web ;  bill,  nearly  straight; 

bill,  under  1.50. 


Upland  Plover. 

Axillars,  white,  banded  with  brown;  fir«t  primary,  brown,  with  white  bars  ou  inner 
web ;  tip,  dark.  Bartrmnfft  ?»ni/li'(nu1a.     Bartramian  Sandpiper.     Upland  Plover. 

See  No.  214. 


122 


KEY   TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Section  5.    Toes,  four,  with  small  web ;  bill,  curved  down= 
ward ;    bill,  over  2  inches  long. 


Primaries,   without   bars;    axillars, 
barred. 

Numenius  borealis.     Esquimaux  Curlew 
Dough  Bird. 

See  No.  219. 


Primaries,    barred  ; 
nxillars  barred. 

Numenius  hudsonicus, 
Hudsonian  Curlew. 
Jack  Curlew. 
See  No.  218. 


First  primary. 


Curlews 


FAMILY    SCOLOPACID^E.  — SNIPE,    SANDPIPERS,    CURLEWS,    ETC. 


123 


*  Group  6.    Wing,  9  to  12  inches  long. 
Section  1.    Toes,  four;  bill,  curved  downward. 


Axillars,  reddish  brown  with  narrow  black  marks;   belly,  buff;  bill,  usually  over 
four  inches.  Numenius  longirostris.    Long=billed  Curlew.    Sickle-bill  Curlew 

See  No.  217. 


Axillars,    banded     with 
slaty  brown  and  dull  white]; 

belly,  whitish;  bill,  under  four 
inches. 

Jack  Curlew. 

Hudsonian  Curlew. 

See  No.  218. 


First  primary.  Hudsonian  Curlew. 


Axillars. 


Section  2.    Toes,  four;   bill,  curved   upward,  or  nearly 

straight. 


Axillars,  rufous ;     primaries,     rufous, 
dotted  with  black. 

Limosa  fedoa.    flarbled  Qodwit. 
See  No.  203. 


L-imosa  fedoa. 


*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


124 


KEY   TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA* 


FAMILY   CHARADRIID/E. 


Plovers. 


Toes,  three,  no  hind  toe. 


The  Plovers  are  a  cosmopolitan  family,  numbering  something  less  than  one  hundred 
species,  fifteen  of  which  occur  in  North  America,  including  exotic  stragglers.  As  a  rule  they 
have  but  three  toes,  although  two  genera,  Squatarola  and  Vauellus,  have  four.  The  tarsus  is 
reticulate  and  the  toes  are  partly  webbed. 


Black-bellied  Plover  (Winter) 


Piping  Plover. 


Semipalmated  Plover. 


*  Group  1.     Wing,  3.75  to  4.50  inches  long. 
Section  1.     Bill,  under  .60. 


Bill,  orange  at  base,  the  tip,  black;  legs,  dull  flesh  color:   a  black 
stripe  from  bill  passing  under  eye. 

Aegialitis  semipalmata.    Semipalmated  Plover. 

See  No.  226. 


Aegialitis  semi 
palmata. 


For  directions  for  measure  me  ut,  see  page  9. 


FAMILY    CFTARADRIID/K.  PLOVEKS. 


125 


Bill,  orange  at  base,  the  tip,  black;  legs,  orange  yellow;  two  middle  tail  feathers,  tipped 
with  white;  no  black  stripe  from  bill  to  eye;  black  breast  band  not  confluent.  Species 
not  found  west  of  the  Rocky  flountains.  Aegialitis  meloda.  Piping  Plover. 

See  No.  228. 

Bill,  orange  at  base,  the  tip,  black ;  legs,  orange  yellow ;  middle  tail  feathers,  tipped  with 
white;  no  black  stripe  from  bill  to  eye;  a  continuous  black  band  on  breast.  Species  not 
found  west  of  Rocky  flountains. 

Aegialitis  meloda  circumcincta.     Belted  Piping  Plover. 

See  No.  229. 


Bill,  entirely  black;  legs,  slate  color;  two  outer  tail  feathers,  entirely 
white;  two  middle  feathers,  not  tipped  with  white;  no  black  stripe  from 
bill  to  eye.  Ranges  from  Texas  and  Kansas  west  to  the  Pacific  Ocean; 
casual  in  Western  Florida  and  Cuba ;  not  known  to  occur  on  the  Atlantic 
Coast.  Aegialitis  nivosa.  Snowy  Plover. 

See  No.  229a. 


Section  2.     Bill,  over  .60  inch  long. 


Aegialitis  nivosa. 


Aegialitis  wilsonia. 


A  very  small  web  between  outer  and  middle  toes ;  bill,  large  and  thick ; 
a  band  of  black  (male)  or  brown  (female)  on  breast. 

Aegialitis  wilsonia.    Wilson's  Plover. 
See  No.  230. 


*  Group  2.    Wing,  4.50  to  5.50   inches   long;    toes,  three, 

no  hind  toe. 

Section  1.     Bill,  over  .60  inch  long. 

Bill,  thick;   shoulder  (lesser  and  middle  wing  coverts),  ashy   gray; 
legs,  dull  flesh  color;  a  small  web  between  toes. 

Aegialitis  wilsonia.     Wilson's  Plover. 
See  No.  230. 

Section  2.     Bill,  under  .60  inch  long. 


Aegialitis  wilsonia. 


Bill,  orange  at  base,  the  tip,  black;  legs,  dull  flesh  color;  a  black 
stripe  from  bill  passing  under  eye. 

Aegialitis  semipalmata.    Semi  pal  mated  Plover.     Ring  Neck. 

See  No.  226. 


Aegialitis  semipalmata. 


*  For  directions  fo  •  measurement,  see  page  9. 


126  KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 

Bill,  orange  :it  base,  the  tip,  black;  legs,  orange  yellow:  no  black  stripe  from  bill  to  eye; 
black  breast  baud,  not  confluent;  two  middle  tail  feathers,  tipped  with  white.  Eastern 
species  not  found  west  of  Rocky  Mountains.  Aegialitis  meloda.  Piping  Plover. 

See  No.  228. 

Bill,  orange  at  base,  the  tip,  black;  legs,  orange  yellow;  no  black  stripe  from  bill  to  eye; 
breast  band,  continuous  and  not  broken  in  the  middle;  two  middle  tail  feathers,  tipped  with 
white.  Eastern  species  not  found  west  of  Rocky  Mountains. 

Aegialitis  m-loda  circumcincta.    Belted  Piping  Plover. 

See  No.  229. 


, 
Snowy  Plover.  Aegialitis  nivosa. 


Bill,  entirely  black;  legs,  slate  color;  no  black  stripe  from  bill  to  eye ;  two  middle  tail 
feathers,  not  tipped  with  white;  two  outer  tail  feathers,  white.  Western  species  ranges 
from  Texas  and  Kansas,  west,  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Accidental  in  Florida. 

Aegialitis  nivosa.    Snowy  Plover. 
See  No.  2290. 

ft 

*  Group  3.    Wing,  5.50  to  6.75  inches  long;  toes,  three, 

no  hind  toe. 

Breast,  with  two  black  bands ;  underparts,  white :  rump  and  upper  tail  coverts,  orange 
brown.  ^Egialitis  vocifera.  Killdeer  Plover. 

See  No.  225. 

No  black  baud  on  breast;  back,  brownish  gray;  rump,  not  orange  brown.  Western 
species  of  casual  occurrence  in  Florida.  ^Egialitis  montana.  Mountain  Plover. 

See  No.  231. 


*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


FAMILY    CHARADRIID^E.  —  PLOVERS. 


127 


Black-bellied  Plover. 


Killdeer  Plover. 


Piping  Plover. 


Wilson's  Plover. 


Snowy  Plover. 


128- 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 


*  Group  4.     Wing,  over  6.75  inches  long, 
Section  1.     Toes,  three. 


Black  axillars  of  Black-bellied  Plover. 


Gray  axillars  of  Golden  Plover. 


Axiilars,  gray;  rump,  not  orange  brown. 

Charadrius  dominicus.     Golden  Plover. 
See  Xo.  224. 


Charadrius  dominions. 


Axillars,  smoky  black;  rump  and  upper  tail  coverts,  not  orange  brown. 

Charadrius  sqnatarola.     Black-bellied  Plover. 
See  No.  222. 

This  species  has  four  toes  (the  hind  toe  being  so  small  that  it  ol'ten  escapes  notice),  and  properly  belongs  in 
Group  5,  Section  3,  but  owing  to  the  fact  that  it  is  constantly  looked  for  among  the  three  toed  species  it  is  included 
in  both  sections. 

Rump,  orange  brown;  underparts,  white,  with  two  black  bands  on  the  breast;  axillars. 
pure  white.  ^Egialitis  vocifera.  Killdeer  Plover. 

See  Xo.  225. 

Xo  black  bands  on  breast;  shaft  of  first  primary,  white;  back,  brownish  gray;  axillars, 
white.  A  Western  species  of  casual  occurrence  in  Florida;  not  recorded  elsewhere  on 
Atlantic  coast.  uEgialitis  montana.  Mountain  Plover. 

See  No.  231. 

Section  2.     Toes,  four. 

Axillars,  smoky  black;  tarsus,  over  1.70;  hind  toe,  very  small. 

Charadrius  squatarola.     Black»bellied  Plover. 
.  See  XTo.  222. 


For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


FAMILY    APHR1ZIDJS.  —  SURF   BIKDS    AND   TURNSTONES. 


129 


FAfllLY  APHRIZID^E. 

Surf  Birds  and  Turnstones. 


SUBFAMILY  ARENARIIN^E. 
Turnstones. 

Toes,  four;  lower  back  and  rump,  white 
with  black  band. 


Summer. 


Turnstone. 


Winter. 


Adult  in  summer:  General  upper  parts,  mottled  and  yariegated  with  black,  white,  rufous, 
and  tawny ;  throat  and  breast,  black  and  white ;  rest  of  underparts,  white ;  tail,  with  subter- 
minal  band  of  black,  tipped  with  white. 

Adult  in  winter :  Above,  light,  streaked  and  dashed  with  dark  brown ;  an  imperfect  band 
of  dark  brown  on  the  jugulum ;  chin  and  upper  part  of  the  throat,  white ;  sides  of  breast,  like 
the  back;  rest  of  the  uuderparts,  white;  a  distinct  white  band  on  the  wing;  rump,  white,  but 
with  a  broad  patch  of  black  on  the  upper  tail  coverts ;  tail,  dark  brown,  the  tips  and  basal  half 
of  the  inner  feathers,  and  nearly  two  thirds  of  the  outer  feathers,  white;  legs,  reddish  orange; 
bill,  black. 

Length,  8.65;  wing,  5.70;  tail,  2.60;  tarsus,  1;  bill,  .95. 

Arenaria  interpres.    Turnstone. 
See  No.  232. 


Kl  >      10     Illl      HIK-DS    01      I    \M!   i;\     NOKTIl     AMKUK'A. 


FAMILY  H/EMATOPODID^E. 
Oyster-catchers. 

Toes,  three;  bill,  over  2.50  inches  Ions- 

Section   1.    Toes,  three;  bill,  red. 


Head  and  nock,  blackish,  or  very  dark  browii;  back, 
brown;  upper  tail  coverts,  white;  bill,  red ;  bill,  over 
>N     2.50  inches   long;   wing,  about  ten  inches  long;  lower 


palliatus. 


breast  and  belly,  white. 


American  Oyster-catcher. 

See  No.  234. 


^ 


Amorioan  Oystorcatohor. 


ORDKR    PYGOPODKS. 

DIVING  BIRDS. 

SUBORDER  PODICIPIDES.     GREBES. 
FAMILY  PODICIPID^:.     GREBES. 

Six  species  of  Grebes  occur  In  North  America.  Their  toes  are  lobe  webbed  uiul  the  legs 
are  placed  far  back,  rendering  walking  dilllcult.  They  feed  principally  on  Huh.  About 
Miirty-two  species  are  known  throughout  the  world. 

GENUS  COLYMBUS  LINN. 
SUIKJKNUS  COLYMBUS  LINN. 


llolbocll'H  (Jrebe. 


Pied-billed  Grebe. 


(131) 


132 


THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


COLYMBUS  HOLBOELLII  (Reinh.). 
Holboell's  Grebe. 


char. 


Summer:  Crown,  iiape,  and  back  of  the  iieck,  black;  back,  dull  black  or 
blackish;  throat,  belly,  aud  sides  of  the  head,  silvery  white;  front 
and  sides  of  neck,  rufous  brown,  gradually  shading  lighter  on  breast ; 
sides  of  body,  more  or  less  rufous. 

Adult  in  winter:  Upper  plumage,  sooty  brown;  throat  and  uuder- 
parts,  silvery  white ;  neck,  more  or  less  tinged  with  rufous.  Immature 
birds  have  the  throat  and  sides  tinged  with  gray. 

Length,  18  to  20;  wing,  7.60;  tarsus,  2.15;  bill,  1.80  to  2. 
Distribution :  North  America  at  large,  including  Greenland  (A.  O.U.) ; 
south  in  winter  to  North  Carolina  and  Middle  States  of  the  interior; 
breeds  from  Minnesota  and  Dakota  northwards. 

Nest  and  eggs:  The  nest  is  usually  composed  of  grass  and  reeds, 
often  floating.  The  eggs  are  soiled  white  or  pale  greenish  white,  from  three  to  five  in  number, 
and  measure  2.20  x  1.35. 

Holboell's  Grebe  is  the  largest  of  the  family  in  Eastern  North  America. 
It  is  not  uncommon  on  the  Atlantic  coast  during  the  winter  months.  Like 
others  of  its  family  it  is  an  expert  diver,  and  rarely  takes  wing  when  pursued, 
usually  disappearing  beneath  the  water  with  an  ease  and  quickness  which  has 
won  for  it  the  sobriquet  of  Hell  Diver.  When  frightened  it  often  swims  under 
water  with  only  a  small  portion  of  the  head  and  bill  exposed. 


SUBGENUS  DYTES  KAUP. 

COLYMBUS  AURITUS   Linn. 

Horned  Grebe.    Water  Witch. 

Adult  in  summer :  Upper  parts,  including  back,  wings,  top 
of  the  head  and  back  of  the  neck,  glossy  black ;  throat,  black ; 
front  of  the  neck,  breast,  and  sides  of  the  body,  rufous  chest- 
nut ;  rest  of  underparts,  white ;  wings,  dusky  black ;  secon- 
daries, white ;  lores,  dull  chestnut ;  the  two  small  tufts  of 
feathers  at  the  sides  of  the  occiput,  brownish  buff. 

Adult  in  winter  and  immature :  Head  and  back,  grayish ; 
underparts,  white,  usually  tinged  with  gray  on  the  breast  and 
lower  throat;  no  tufts  on  sides  of  the  head  in  winter  plumage. 

Length:  13.40;  wing,  5.40;  tarsus,  1.70;  bill,  .85  to  .95. 

Distribution:  Northern  Hemisphere,  breeding  from  the 
United  States  northward  (A.  O.  £/.),  migrating  south  in 
winter  to  Florida  and  the  Gulf  States. 

Nest  and  eggs :  The  nest  is  a  mass  of  floating  grass  or 
weeds  or  a  mat  of  grass  on  a  partly  submerged  marsh ;   the 
eggs  are  four  to  seven,  dull  white  or  yellowish  white,  or  soiled  brownish  white,  and  measure 
1.75  x  1.15. 


FAMILY    PODICIPIDJE.  — GLEBES. 


13 


The  Horned  Grebe  is  sometimes  confounded  with  the  Pied-billed  Greb 
in  winter  dress,  but  the  former  species  has  a  more  pointed  and  slightly  longe 
bill  and  tarsus.  Both  this  and  the  next  species  are  known  to  gunners  b 
various  names,  among  the  most  common  being,  Water  Witch,  Hell  Diver,  an< 
Die  Dipper. 

No.  3.  The  American  Eared  Grebe,  C.  niyricollis  valifornwus,  has  been  taken  in  Illinois 
(Ridgway.} 


GENUS  PODILYMBUS  LESSON. 


PODILYMBUS   PODICEPS    (LINN.). 


Pied=billed  Grebe.    Hell  Diver. 


Sp.  char.  Adult  in  summer :  Above,  glossy 
dark  brown  or  brownish  black ;  throat,  black, 
and  a  black  band  on  the  bill;  front  of  neck 
and  sides  of  neck  and  body,  tinged  with 
pale  brown ;  belly,  silvery  white. 

Adult  in  winter :  Similar,  but  lacking  the 
black  throat  and  without  the  black  band  on 
the  bill ;  lower  belly,  tinged  with  gray. 

Length:  13.50;  wing,  5;  tarsus,  1.45; 
bill,  .90. 

Distribution:  British  Provinces,  south- 
ward to  Brazil,  Argentine  Republic,  and  Chili, 
including  West  Indies  and  Bermuda,  breeding 
nearly  throughout  its  range  (A.  0.  U.) ;  win- 
ters from  New  Jersey  southward. 

Nest  and  eggs :  The  nest  is  composed  of  a 
mass  of  floating  vegetation  or  a  mat  of  grass 
on  slightly  submerged  marshes.  The  eggs 
are  yellowish  white  or  dirty  white,  usually 
from  three  to  eight,  and  measure  about  1.70 
x  1.20. 


FAMILY  GAVIID/E.     LOONS. 

Restricted  to  five  known  species.  The  toes  are  four,  full  webbed  in  front ;  the  hind  toe 
separate,  with  small  flap  or  lobe;  the  tarsus  is  flattened.  The  legs  are  set  far  back,  rendering 
walking  difficult.  Their  food  consists  principally  of  fish,  which  they  catch  with  great  dex 
terity,  being  expert  swimmers  and  divers. 


134 


THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA, 


GENUS  GAVIA.     FORSTER. 

QAVIA    IMBER  (GUNN). 
Loon. 

COMMON  LOON.     BIG  LOON-     NORTHERN  DIVER. 


Adult  in  summer :  Head  and  neck 
black,  showing  green  in  some  lights  ;  a 
patch  of  white  streaked  with  black  on 
the  throat  and  sides  of  the  neck ;  under- 
parts,  white;  back  and  wings,  black, 
streaked  and  spotted  with  white  ; 
where;  the  white  spots  occur  there  are 
usually  two  spots  near  the  end  of  each 
feather ;  sides  of  breast,  streaked  with 
I)  lack. 

Adult  in  icinter  and  immature: 
Head,  grayish ;  back,  grayish  brown 
or  dusky  brown,  without  spots  ;  under- 
parts,  white ;  throat,  often  tinged  with 
gray;  primaries,  dark;  tail  feathers, 
tipped  with  gray. 

Length:  30  to  36;  wing,  12  to 
14.50;  bill,  2.60  to  3.10;  height  of  bill 
at  nostril,  about  .80;  tarsus,  3  to  3.60. 

Distribution :  Northern  portion  of 
Northern  Hemisphere,  ranging  south 
in  winter  to  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Lower 
California.  Breeds  from  Northern 
United  States  northwrard. 

Nest  and  eggs:  Nest,  a  mass  of 
grass  or  weeds  and  leaves,  close  to 
water,  more  commonly  on  islets  or 
shores  of  some  pond  or  lake.  Two 
eggs,  grayish  brown  or  greenish 
brown,  heavily  blotched  with  dark 
brown,  and  measure  3.50  x  2.25. 


Although  less  numerous  than  formerly,  Loons  are  common  on  the  Atlantic 
coast  during  migrations,  and  the  wild,  laugh-like  note  is  a  well-known  sound 
on  shore  and  lake. 


FAMILY    GAVIID^E.  —  LOONS. 


Summer. 


Loons. 


Winter. 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Actitis  maeularia 108,110 

yEgialitis  nieloda 125,  126 

"        clrcumcincta 125,  126 

montana 126,  128 

nivosa 125,  126 

semipalinata 124 

vocifera 126,  128 

wilsonia 125 

^Sstrelata  hasitata 48 

Aix  sponsa 64, 65 

Ajaja  ajaja 86 

Albatrosses 12, 46 

Yellow-nosed 46 

Alcatorda 31,32 

Alcida? 21,29,30 

Alcinre 21,30 

Allealle 2!) 

Allinaj 22,30 

Anas  americana 65,66 

boschas 66 

carolinensis 64 

cyanoptera 64 

discors      63 

fulvigula 66 

obscura 66 

strepera    .'..-.» 65,  66 

Anatidje 14,  15,  59,  61,  63,  71,  81 

Anatinje 14,  59,  63 

Anhinga  anhinga 53 

Anhingidje 16,53 

Anous  stolidus 43 

Anseralbifrons  gaml)cli 83 

Anseres 61 

Anserinje 15,60,81 

A  phrizidaj 17,  103, 129 

Aramidjc 18,96 

Aramus  giganteus 96 

Arrleacaerulea 90,91 

candidissima 91 

egretta 93,  94 

herodias 94 

occidentalis 94 

rufescens 93 

tricolor  ruflcollis 91 

virescens 90 

wardi 94 

wuerdemanni 94 


PAGE 

A  rdeidao 19, 89 

Ardettaexilis 89 

neoxena 89 

Arenaria  interpres 129 

Arenarinaj 120 

Avocets 17, 102, 106 

American 106 

Auks 21,22,29,30,31,32 

Little 22,29,30 

Razor-billed 31,32 

Aythyaafflnis 71,72,73 

americana 74, 76 

collaris 72, 73 

marila 72,73,74 

"        nearctica 72, 74 

vallisneria 76 


Baldpate 65, 66 

Bartramia  longicauda 117,  121 

Bernicla  canadensis  minima 81 

Bird,  Diving 131 

Dough 122 

Grass 114,115,118 

Man-of-war 16,  58 

Red-billed  Tropic 50 

Shore 102 

Snake    .....' 16,53 

Surf 129 

Tropic 15,  50 

Yellow-billed  Tropic 50 

Bitterns 19,  89 

American 92, 93 

Cory's  Least 89 

Least 89 

Blue-bill 71,72,73,74 

Blue  Peter 100 

Booby,  Blue-faced      ...    - 51 

Red-foote.l 51 

Botaurus  lentiginoBiis 92,  93 

Brant 15,81,82 

Black 81,82 

Branta  bernicla 81 

canadensis 81 

leucopsis 81 

nigricans 81 

Broad  bill  .  64 


(137) 


138 


THE   BIRDS   OF  EASTERN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


PAGE 

Calidris  arenarla 23,107,109,115 

Camptolaemus  labradorius 78 

Cepphus  grylle 29 

Miandtti 29,31 

Charadriidse 18,  24, 103, 12i 

Charadrius  dominicus 128 

squatarola 18,128 

Charitonetta  albeola 71,72 

Chen  caerulescens 83 

hyperborea 83 

nivalis 83 

Ciconiidae 20,88 

Clangula  hyemalie 73,  74 

Colymbus 131 

auritus 25,  132 

holboelli 25, 132 

nigricollis  californicus 133 

Coots 11,  97,  100 

American 100 

Black 79 

Butter-bill 79,80 

Gray 80 

Skunk-head 76,  77,  79,  SO 

White  winged 77,79 

Cormorants 16, 50, 54 

Common 54, 55 

Double  crested 54, 55 

Florida 54 

Mexican 64,55 

Courlans 18,95,96 

Cranes 18,95 

Sandhill 95 

Whooping 95 

Crymophilus  fulicarius 105 

Curlews 17, 102, 104, 107 

Esquimaux 122 

Hudsonian 122,123 

Jack 122,123 

Long-billed 123 

Sickle-bill 123 

Cygninse 15,60,84 


Daflla  acuta 64,  i 

Darters 16,  53 

Diomedeidje 12,22,46 

Diver,  Northern 134 

Dowitcher,  Long  billed 110,  116 

Dovekies 22,29,30 

Ducks 59,61 

American  Golden  eye 69,  73,  74,  76 

Bay 59,71 

Barrow's  Golden-eye 69,  74,  76 

Black 66,  07 

Black  head 73,  74 

Blue  hill 71,72,73,74 

Buflle-headed 69,71,72 


Ducks  —  Continued.  PAGE 

€anvas-back 68,76 

Creek 65 

Dipper 71 

Dusky 66 

Eider,  American 70,  77,  80 

"       Dresser's 77 

"       Greenland 79 

"        King 70,  79,  80 

"       Northern 70,77,80 

"       Steller's • 76 

Florida  Black 66,67 

Dusky 66 

Harlequin 69,  72,  73,  75 

Labrador 78 

Long-tailed 73,  74 

Mallard 66,67 

Masked 70,71 

Old  Squaw 69,73,74,75 

Pied 78 

Pintail 64,  65,  66,  68 

Pond 14,59,63 

Redhead ....     68,  74, 76 

Ring-necked 69,72,73 

River 14,59,63 

Ruddy 70,  71 

Scaup,  American 69 

Greater 72,73,74 

14        Lesser 69,71,72,73 

Scoter,  American 70 

Surf 70,  76 

White-winged 70 

Sea 14,59,71 

Shoveller 64,68 

Steller's 69,72,73,76 

Summer 64,65 

Whistler 74,76 

Wood 64,65,68 

Dunlin,  American  .    .    .* 112 

Dytes 132 


Egrets 19,89 

American 93,  94 

Reddish 93 

Snowy 91 

Eniconetta  stelleri 72,  73,  76 

Ereunetes  occidentals 108 

pusillus 108 

Erismatura  jamaicensis 71 


F. 

Flamingoes 14,  85 

Fratcrcula  arct!ca 29,  31 

Fraterculinae 21,30 

Fregata  aquila 58 

Fregatidse 16,58 


INDEX. 


139 


PAGE 

Frigate  Birds 16,  58 

Fulica  americana 100 

Fulicinae 11,100 

Fuligulinje 14,  59,  71 

Fulmars 12,  22,  46 

Fulmarus  glacialis 48 

G. 

Gadwall 65,  66,  67 

Gallinago  delicata 110, 117 

Gallinula  galeata 101 

Gallinule 97, 101 

Florida 19, 101 

Purple 19, 101 

Gallinulinre 19, 101 

Gannets 15,  50,  51 

Booby 51,52 

Blue-faced  Booby 51 

Gavia  arcticus 27,  29 

imber 27, 134 

lumme 27,  29 

Gaviidae 12,  27,  28,  133 

Geese 15,  59,  60,  61,  81 

Gelochelidon  nilotica 43 

Glaucionetta  clangula  americana  ....     73,  74,  76 

islandica 74,  76 

Godwit 102 

Hudsonian 119 

Marbled 120, 123 

Goose 81 

American  White-fronted 82,  83 

Barnacle 81 

Blue 83 

Cackling 81 

Canada 81 

Greater  Snow 83 

Lesser  Snow 83 

Snow 82 

Grebes 11,  25,  26, 131 

Holboell's 25,  131,  132 

Horned 25,  26, 132 

Pied  billed 25,26,131,133 

Greenshank 121 

GruidjB 18,95 

Grus  americana 95 

mexicana 95 

Guara  alba 87 

rubra 87 

Guillemots 21,  30 

Black 29 

Gulls 13,35,36,37 

American  Herring 38,  39,  40 

Black  Guillemot 29 

Bonaparte's 36,  37 

Franklin's 36 

Glaucous 38,  39,  40 

Great  Black-backed 38,39,40 

Iceland 38,39,40 

Ivory 37,38 


Gulls—  Continued.  PAGE 

Kittiwake 21,36,38 

Kumlien's 39,  40 

Laughing 36,37,38 

Mandt's 29,  31 

Ring-billed 38,  40 

Sabine's    . 


H. 

Haglet ..........  22-48 

Haematopodidaj 24, 103, 130 

Hasmatopus  palliatus 130 

Hell  Diver 25, 133 

Hen,  Mud 100 

Herons 19,59 

Great  White      .    . 94 

"     Blue 94 

Green 90 

Little  Blue 90,  91 

Louisiana 91 

Night 92,93 

Snowy 91 

Ward's 94 

Wuerdeman's 94 

Yellow-crowned  Night 92, 93 

Himantopus  mexicanus 107 

Histrionicus  histrionicus 72,  73 

Hydrochelidon  nigra  surinamensis 41 


Ibididaj 20,87 

Ibises 20,  87 

Glossy 87 

Scarlet 87 

White 87 

White-faced  Glossy 87 

Wood 20,88 

lonornis  martinica 101 


Jaigers 13,33,34 

Long-tailed 33 

Parasitic 33 

Pomarine     .    .  33 


K. 

Kittiwake  Gull 21,36 

Knot 118 


Laridse 13,21,35,36,41 

Larinie 13,35,36 

Lams  argentatus  smithsonianus    ....     38,  39,  40 

atricilla 36,38 

delawarensis 38, 40 


140 


THE   BIRDS   OF   EASTERN  NORTH   AMERICA. 


Larus  —  Continued.  PAGE 

franklinii 36 

glaucus 38,39,40 

leucopterus 38,  39,  40 

kumlieni 39,40 

ma ri  n ii - 38,  39,  40 

Philadelphia 36 

tridactyla 21,38 

Limicolje 102,104 

Limosa  fedoa 120, 123 

h.Titia-tira 119 

Limpkin 96 

Loons 12,  27,  28,  39,  133,  135 

Big 134 

Black  throated 27,  28,  29 

Common 134 

Red  throated 27,  29 

Lophodytes  cucullatus 61 


M. 

Macrorhamphus  griseus 110, 116 

scolopaceus 110,  116 

Mallard 66,67 

Man-of-war  Birds 16,  58 

Megalestris  skua 33 

Merganser  americana 63 

serrator 63 

Mergansers 14, 59, 61 

American 62,63,67 

Hooded 61,  62, 67 

Red  breasted 62,63,67 

Mergina; 14,59,61 

Micropalama  himantopus 109,116 

Mud  Hen 100 

Murres  - 21,29,30,31,32 

Brunuich's ...  31 


N. 

Nomonyx  dominicus 71 

Numenius  borealis 122 

hudsonicus 122 

longirostris 123 

Nycticorax  nycticorax  nsevius 92,  93 

violaceus  .... 


o. 

Oceanites  oceanicus 4(5 

Oceanodroma  leucorhoa 46 

Oidemia  americana  .  .  79,  80 

deglandi 77,79,80 

perspicillata 76,77,79,80 

Olor  buccinator 84 

columbianus 84 

Oyster-catchers 24,  30,  103,  130 

American 130 


P. 

PAGE 

Paludecolae 95 

Pagophila  alba 38 

Parrot,  Sea 29,31 

Pelagodroma  marina 46 

Pelecanidae 16,56 

Pelicans 16,50,56 

Brown 56,  57 

White 56 

Pelecanus  erythrorhynchos 56 

fuscus 56 

Petrels 12,22.46 

Black-capped 48,49 

Fulmar 48, 49 

Leach's 46, 47 

Stormy 46,47 

White-faced 46,47 

Wilson's , 46,47 

Phaethontidae 15,50 

Phaethon  aethereus 50 

americana 50 

Phalacrocorax  carbo 54 

dilophus 54 

Phalacrocoracidae 16,  54 

Phalarinae 21,  30 

Phalaropes 12, 102,  104 

Northern 105 

Red 104, 105 

Wilson's 104,  105 

Phalaropodidae 12, 102, 104 

Phalaropus  lobatus 105 

tricolor 105 

Philohela  minor .    . 110,118 

Phoenicopteridie 14, 85 

Phoenicopterus  ruber 85 

Pigeon,  Sea 29 

Plataleidaj 20,  86 

Plegadis  autumnalis 87 

guarauna 87 

Plovers 21,  103,  104,  124 

Belted-piping 125,1156 

Black-bellied 18,124,127,128 

Golden 128 

Killdeer 126,127,128 

Mountain 126,128 

Piping 124,  125,  126,  127 

Ring  neck 125,  127 

Semipalmated 124, 125 

Snowy 125,  126,  127 

Upland 117,121 

Wilson's 125, 127 

Podiclpida?      .    . 11, 25, 26, 131 

Podicipides 181 

Podilymbus  podiceps 25, 133 

Porzana  Carolina 98 

jamaicensis 97 

noveboracensis 97 

Procellaria  pelagica 46 

Procellaritdie 12, 22, 4<; 

Pullins    .  21,29,30,31 


INDEX. 


141 


PAGE 

Puflinus  auduboni 48 

borealis 48 

1'uliginosus 48 

major 48,  49 

puflinus 48 


Rails 18,95,1)7 

Black 97,100 

Carolina 98 

Clapper 99 

King 99,100 

Sora 98, 100 

Virginia 98,  100 

Yellow 97 

Rallidae 11,  IS,  !!>,  97,  100 

Railing 97 

Rallus  elegans 99,  100 

longirostris  crepitans 99 

virginianus 98 

Recurvirostrida? 1",  23,  102, 100 

Kecurvirostra  amcricana 106 

Rhj*nchops  nigra 45 

Rhynchopidae 13,45 

Rissa  tridactyla 38 


Sanderling 23,  107 

Sandpiper 17,  23,  102,  104,  107 

Baird's 115 

Bartramian 117,  121 

Buff-breasted 115, 118 

Curlew 113 

Least 107, 109 

Pectoral 114, 115, 118 

Purple 114 

Red-backed 112 

Sanderling 109,  115 

Seniipalmaied 108 

Solitary 109 

Spotted 108, 110 

Stilt 109,116 

Western 108 

White-rumped 114 

Scolopacidae 17,  23,  102,  107 

Scolopax  rusticola 120 

Scoter,  American 70,  79,  80 

Surf 70,77,79,80 

White- winged 70,  77 

Sea  Pigeon 29 

Parrot 29 

Shearwater 12,  22,  46 

Audubon's 48,49 

Cory's ' 48,  49 

Greater 48 

Manx 48 

Sooty 48 


PAGE 

Sheldrake 63 

.Skimmers 13, 45 

Black 45 

Skuas 13,33,34 

Snake  Birds 16,53 

Snipes 17,  102,  104, 107 

Jack 110,  117 

Red-breasted 110, 116 

Western  Red-breasted 116 

Wilson's 110,111,117 

Somateria  borealis 77,  79,  80 

drcsseri 77,  80 

spectabilis    . 79,80 

Sora 98,100 

Spatula  clype  t;i 64 

Spoonbills 20,  86 

Roseate 86 

Steganopodes     50 

Stercorariidie 131,33,34 

Stercorarius  longicaudus 33 

parasiticus 33 

pomarinus 33 

Sterna  anaethetti:; 43 

antillarum 41 

caspia 43 

dougalli 41 

forsteri     ....        41 

fuliginosa 43 

hirundo 41 

maxima 43 

paradisea 43 

sandricensis  acullavida 43 

Sterninaj 13,35,41 

Stilts 17,23,102,106 

Black-necked 107 

Storks 20,88 

Sula  bassana 51 

cyanops 51 

piscator 51 

sula       51 

Sulida; 15,51 

Swans 13,  5'J,  60,  61,  84 

Trumpeter ;    .        84 

Whistling 84 

Swimmers,  Lamellirostral      .         61 

Svmphemia  semipalmata 119, 121 

inornata    .    .  119 


T. 

Tantalus  leucolator 88 

Teal,  Blue  winged 63,  68 

Common 64,68 

Green-winged .     .    .      64, 68 

Terns 13,35,36,41 

Arctic 43 

Black 41 

Bridled 43,44 

•Cabot's 43 


142 


THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Terns—  Continued.  PAGE 

Caspian    .    .        43, 44 

Common 41,42,43 

Forster's  ...        41, 42 

Gull-billed 42,43 

Least 41,42 

Noddy 43,  44 

Roseate 41,42 

Royal 43,44 

Sooty 43,44 

Wilson's 41,43 

Thalassogeron  culminatus 46 

Totanus  flavipes 116 

melanoleucus 121 

nebularius 121 

solitarius 109 

Tringa  alpina  paciflca    . 112 

bairdii 115 

canutus 118 

ferruginea 113 

fuscicollis 114 

maculata 114, 115, 118 

maritima 114 

minutilla 107, 109 

Tropic  Birds 15,  50 

Red-billed 50 

Yellow-billed 50 

Tryngites  subruficollis 115, 118 

Turkey,  Water 53 

Turnstones 17,103,129 


Uria  lomvia    . 

troile     .    . 

Uriuator  imber 


PAGE 

31 

31,  32 
29 


Water  Witch  .    .    . 
Widgeon,  American 

European  .  . 
Whistler  .... 
Willet 

Western    .    . 
Woodcock  .... 

European  .  •  . 
Wood  Ibis  . 


....  132 
.  .  65,66,67 
....  67 
.  .  .  74,76 
.  102,  119,  121 
....  119 
102,  110,  111,  118 
....  120 
...  20,88 


Xemasabinii 35 


Y. 


Yellow-leg,  Greater 
Summer  .  .  . 
Winter  .  .  . 


121 
116 
121 


Under  Primary, Coverts 


Primaries 


• — ^Under  Tail  Coverts  or  Crissum 


/   \         Superciliary  Stripe 

Upper  Mandible  £,ores     ; 
\       ;  Forehead"   ~ 


Occiput 
-\-Auriculars  or  Ear  Coverti 

-Nape  Wing  of  Duck  showing  speculum. 


-  Malar  Region  or  Cheek 
Side  of  Neck          Back 

--'""'        \ 

CT""  Inter^pular  Reaion 


Sub-maxillary 
Lino 


Carpal  Joint  ~"\ 
Lesser  Wing  Coverts 
Middle  Wing  Coverts  -" 

Greater  Coverts" ^s 


Upper  Tail  Coverts 


Bill  of  Fulmar  Petrel.    Outer^Toe    \ 

Middle  Toe  - 

Inner  Toe 


Black-  breast  Plover. 


2'o« 


TOPOGRAPHY  OF  A  BIRD. 


THE  BIRDS 


OF 


EASTERN  NORTH  AMERICA 

KNOWN  TO  OCCUR  EAST  OF  THE  NINETIETH  MERIDIAN 


PART     II 


LAND  BIRDS 


KEY   TO  THE   FAMILIES  AND  SPECIES 


BY 

CHARLES   B.  CORY 

Curator  of  the  Department  of  Ornithology  in  the  Field  Columbian  Museum,  Chicago  ;    Vice- President  of 

the  American  Ornithologists'  Union  ;  Fellow  of  the  Linnaan  and  Zoological  Societies  of  London  ; 

Member  of  the  British  Ornithologists'   Union  ;    Honorary  Member  of  the  California 

Academy  of  Sciences  ;  Cor.  Member  New  York  Academy  of  Sciences,  etc.,  etc. 


AUTHOR  OF  "THE  BEAUTIFUL  AND  CURIOUS  BIRDS  OF  THE  WORLD,"  "THE  BIRDS  OF  THE  BAHAMA 

ISLANDS,"  "THE  BIRDS  OF  HAITI  AND  SAN  DOMINGO,"  "  THE  BIRDS  OF  THE  WEST  INDIES," 

"  A    NATURALIST    IN    THE    MAGDALEN    ISLANDS,"    "  HUNTING    AND    FISHING 

IN  FLORIDA,"  "  KEY  TO  THE  WATER  BIRDS  OF  FLORIDA,"  "  How  TO 

KNOW  THE  SHORE  BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,"  "  How  TO 

KNOW  THE  DUCKS,   GEESE,  AND   SWANS,"   ETC.,   ETC. 


SPECIAL  EDITION  PRINTED   FOR  THE 

FIELD   COLUMBIAN   MUSEUM,  CHICAGO,  ILL. 

1899 


COPYRIGHTED, 

CHARLES    B.    COST 

BOSTON, 


ALFRED  MUDGE  &  SON,  PRINTERS, 
24  FRANKLIN  STREET. 


TO 

JElartirx  &. 

VICE-PRESIDENT    OF    THE    FIELD    COLUMBIAN    MUSEUM 

AND 
PRESIDENT    OF    THE    BOARD    OF    TRUSTEES 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY    OF    CHICAGO 

IN    RECOGNITION    OF    HIS    MANY    SERVICES    TO    SCIENCE 
THIS    BOOK    IS    DEDICATED      • 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

TlTLEPAGE    . 1 

DEDICATION          ............  iii 

CONTENTS v 

How  TO  MEASURE  A  BIKD  ..........  viii 

INDEX  TO  KEY  TO  FAMILIES          .         .         .      -^. 131 

KEY  TO  FAMILIES  OP  LAND  BIRDS 133 

GROUP  1.     Birds  having  wings  less  than  1.75  inches  long;  measured  bend  of 

wing  (carpus)  to  tip  of  longest  feather 133 

GROUP  2.     Birds  having  wings  from  1.75  to  2.75  inches  long          .         .         .  133 

Section  1.     First  primary,  less  than  half  as  long  as  third      .         .  133 
Part  1.     Tip  of  upper  mandible  with  small  but  distinct  hook  or 

notch        .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .133 

Part  2.     Upper  mandible  without  notch  or  hook  at  tip           .         .  134 

Section  2.     First  primary  more  than  half  as  long  as  third     .          .  135 
Part  1.     Tip  of  upper  mandible  with  small  but  distinct  hook  or 

notch       . 135 

Part  2.     Tip  of  upper  mandible  not  notched  or  hooked          .         .  135 

GROUP  3.     Birds  having  wings  measuring  from  2.75  to  3.25  inches  long         .  136 

Section  1.     First  primary,  less  than  half  as  long  as  third      .          .  136 
Part  1.     A   small   but   distinct   hook   or  notch   at  tip   of   upper 

mandible           ........  136 

Part  2.     Tip  of  upper  mandible  not  notched  or  hooked          .         .  137 
Section  2.     First  primary,  not  short,  always  more  than  half  as 

long  as  third     .          ....•••  137 

Part  1.     Tip  of  upper  mandible  with  small  but  distinct  hook  or 

notch        .                   .         .                   v         .         •         •  137 

Part  2.     Tip  of  upper  mandible  not  notched  or  hooked                    .  138 

(v) 


Vi  .  BIRDS    OF   EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 

PAGE 

GROUP  4.     Birds  having  wings  from  3.25  to  9.50  inches  long          .  .  .  139 

Section  1.     Bill  with  strong  hook  claws  armed  with  talons  .  .  139 

Section  2.     Upper  mandible  with  distinct  hook  or  notch  at  tip, 

but  feet  not  armed  with  talons  .         .         .  .  .  140 

Section  3.     Upper  mandible  not  notched  or  hooked  at  tip  .  141 

Part  1.     First  primary  less  than  half  as  long  as  third  .  .  .  141 

Part  2.     First  primary  more  than  half  as  long  as  third  .  .  143 

GROUP  5.     Birds  having  wings  over  9.50  inches  long     .         .         .  .  .147 

KEY    TO    THE    SPECIES    OF    LAND    BlRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA  .  .  149 

FAMILY  TETRAONID.E.     GROUSE,  QUAIL,  ETC.         .                   .         .  .  .  149 

FAMILY  PHASIANID^:.     TURKEYS,  ETC.            .         .         .         .         .  .  154 

SUBFAMILY.     MELEAGRIN^E        .         .         .         .         .         .  .  .154 

FAMILY  COLUMBID^E.     PIGEONS  AND  DOVES  .         .         .         .         .  .  .  155 

FAMILY  CATHARTID^E.     AMERICAN  VULTURES          ......  158 

FAMILY  FALCONID^:.     HAWKS,  FALCONS,  EAGLES,  ETC.           .         .  ,  .160 

FAMILY  STRIGID^E.     OWLS .         .  .  .  181 

FAMILY  PSITTACID^E.     PARROTS     .         .         .         .         .                   .  ,  187 

FAMILY  CUCULID^E.     CUCKOOS       .         .         .      -"^         •         .         .  .  .  188 

FAMILY  ALCEDINID^E.     KINGFISHERS 189 

FAMILY  PICID.E.     WOODPECKERS  .         .         .         .         .         .         .  .  .  190 

FAMILY  CAPRIMULGID^E.     NIGHT-HAWKS,  WHIP-POOR-WILLS,  ETC.    .  .  .  198 

FAMILY  MICROPODID^:.     SWIFTS   .         .         .         .         .         .         .  .  .  199 

FAMILY  TROCHILID^E.     HUMMING-BIRDS          .         .         .         .         .  .  .  199 

FAMILY  TYRANNID^:.     FLYCATCHERS      .         .         .         .         .         .  .  •  200 

FAMILY  ALAUDID^E.     LARKS          .         .         . 208 

FAMILY  CORVID^E •  •         .         .         .  .  .  209 

SUBFAMILY  GARRULIN.E.     JAYS  AND  MAGPIES  .                   .  .  .  209 

SUBFAMILY  CORVINE.     CROWS  AND  RAVENS      .         .         .  .  .  211 

FAMILY  ICTERIDJE.     BLACKBIRDS,  ORIOLES,  MEADOW  LARKS,  ETC.  .  *  213 

FAMILY  FRINGILLID^E.     SPARROWS,  FINCHES,  CROSSBILLS,  BUNTINGS,  ETC.  .  226 

FAMILY  TANAGRID^E.     TANAGERS           .         .         .      -  .         .         .  .  .  263 

FAMILY  HIRUNDINIDJE.     SWALLOWS       .         .         .         .         .         .  .  .  265 

FAMILY  AMPELIDJE.     WAXWINGS  AND  CEDAR  BIRDS      .         .         .  .  .  269 

FAMILY  LANIID^E.     SHRIKES          .         .         .         •         .         *         .  .  •  270 

FAMILY  VIREONID^E.     VIREOS        .        V        .         .         •         •         •  *  .  271 


CONTENTS. 

FAMILY  COCREBIDJE.     HONEY  CREEPERS  .         . 

FAMILY  MNIOTILTIDJE.     WARBLERS  .  ...  275 

FAMILY  MOTACILLIDJE.     PIPITS  AND  WAGTAILS      .  ...  311 

FAMILY  TROGLODYTIDJE.     WRENS  AND  THRASHERS          .         ...         .  312 

SUBFAMILY  TROGLODYTINJE.     WRENS          .         .         .         .  .  312 

SUBFAMILY  MIMIN^E.     THRASHERS,  CAT-BIRDS,  MOCKING-B-IRDS,  ETC.  315 

FAMILY  CERTHIID^E.     CREEPERS    .  .*  316 

FAMILY  PARID^E.     NUTHATCHES,  TITMICE,  ETC.      .         .  .  317 

SUBFAMILY  SITTINGS.     NUTHATCHES .  317 

SUBFAMILY  PARING.     TITMICE  AND  CHICKADEES         .         .         .         .  318 

FAMILY  SYLVIID.*:.     KINGLETS  AND  GNATCATCHERS         .....  320 

FAMILY  TURDID.E.     THRUSHES,  BLUE-BIRDS,  ETC.  .         .         .         .  321 

A  LIST  OF  THE  BIRDS  OF  EASTERN  NORTH  AMERICA 325 


Vlll  BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


HOW  TO  MEASURE  A  BIRD. 


Wing.  —  Distance  from  carpal  joint  C  (bend  of  wing)  to  the  tip  of  the  longest 
primary  D.  See  cut  on  page  8. 

Length.  —  Distance  in  a  straight  line  from  the  end  of  the  bill  to  the  tip  of  the 
longest  tail  feather.  (Occasionally  the  middle  feathers  are  much  elong- 
ated, as  in  the  Old  Squaw  and  Pintail  Duck,  and  in  other  families  of 
birds,  such  as  Phaethon  and  Stercorarius.  In  such  cases  it  is  well  to 
give  the  length  from  bill  to  longest  tail  feather,  and  also  to  end  of 
outer  tail  feather.) 

Tail. — Distance  from  the  tip  of  the  longest  tail  feather  to  its  base  (the  point  where 
it  enters  the  body). 

Bill.  — The  distance  in  a  straight  line  from  where  the  bill  (upper  mandible)  joins 
the  skin  of  the  forehead  (A)  to  the  tip  (B) .  (There  are  a  few  excep- 
tions to  this  rule,  in  other  families,  such  as  birds  with  frontal  plate,  etc. 
Some  curved  bills  are  measured  along  the  curve  of  the  culmen,  and  ao 
times  it  is  advisable  to  measure  from  the  nostril  to  the  tip  of  the  bill, 
but  in  such  cases  it  should  always  be  so  stated.) 

Tarsus.  — Distance  in  front  of  the  leg  from  what  appears  to  be  the  knee  joint  (end 
of  tibia)  to  the  root  of  the  middle  toe.  All  measurements  are  given 
in  inches  and  fractions  of  an  inch. 


HOW   TO    MEASURE    A    BIRD. 


IX 


HOW   TO   MEASURE   A   BIRD. 

Length 


Wing 


Tarsus 


INDEX    TO    KEY    TO    FAMILIES. 


LAND    BIRDS. 


PAGE 


Group  1.      Birds  having  wings  less  than   1.75  inches  long  .         ,133 

Group  2.      Birds  having  wings  from   1.75  to  2.75  inches  long     .         .133 
Section  1.     First  primary  less  than  half  as  long  as  third     .         .       133 
Part    1.     Tip    of    upper    mandible    with    small    but 

distinct  hook  or  notch  .         .         .       133 

Part    2.     Upper   mandible    without    notch    or   hook 

at  tip 134 

Section  2.     First  primary  more  than  half  as  long  as  third          .       135 
Part    1.     Tip    of    upper    mandible    with    small    but 

distinct  hook  or  notch         .         .          .135 
Part    2.     Tip    of   upper    mandible    not    notched    or 

hooked     ' 135 

Group  3.      Birds    having   wings    measuring  from  2.75  to  3.25  inches 

long     .      '-•;,          .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .          .       136 

Section  1.     First  primary  less  than  half   as  long  as  third         .       136 
Part  1.     A  small  but  distinct  hook  or  notch  at  tip 

of  upper  mandible         .         .         .         .       136 

Part  2.     Tip   of   upper    mandible    not    notched    or 

hooked          .'  .         .  .      137 

Section  2.     First  primary  not  short,  always  more   than  half  as 

long  as  third      .         .  .  .         .      137 

Part    1.     Tip    of    upper   mandible    with    small   but 

distinct  hook  or  notch  .         .         .      137 

Part  2.     Tip   of  upper   mandible    not    notched    or 

hooked          .         .  .         .         .      138 

(131) 


132  INDEX   TO    KEY   TO    FAMILIES. 

Group  4.      Birds  having  wings  measuring   from   3.25   to   9.50  inches 


.....         ...  -139 

Section  1.     Bill  with  strong  hook,  toes  armed  with  talons         .  139 
Section  2.     Upper   mandible   with  more  or  less   hook,  but  toes 

not  armed  with  talons         .         .         .         .         .  149 

Section  3.     Tip  of  upper  mandible  not  notched  or  hooked        .  \±\ 
Part  1.     First   primary  less    than    half  as    long  as 

third,  sometimes  very  small  .          .         .  145 
Part  2.     First   primary  more  than    half  as  long  as 

third     .....          .          „  143 

Group  5.      Birds  having  wings  over  9.50  inches  long           .         .  j  j- 


»       ^v. 

SITY 


KEY    TO    FAMILIES 


LAND    BIRDS. 

GROUP   1. 
Birds  having  wings  less  than  1.75  inches  long.* 

(1.)  Smallest  of  our  birds ;  bill,  very  slender ; 
primaries,  10;  rectices,  10;  feet,  very  small  and 
weak. 

Family  TROCHILID/E.     Humming  Birds. 

See  page  199. 

(2.)     Tail,  rounded;  the  outer  feathers,  shorter  than  mid- 
dle ones ;  first  primary,  less  than  two  thirds  as  long  as  third ; 

^  •.  ;    second  primary,  murh  shorter  than  third;    tarsus,  scutellate. 

Family  TROGLODYTID/E.    Wrens,  Thrashers,  etc. 
Subfamily  TROGLODYTIN/C.    Wrens. 

See  page  312. 

GROUP  2. 

Birds  having  wings  from  1.75  to  2.75  inches  long.* 
Section  1.     First  primary,  less  than  half  as  long  as  third. 

Part  1.     Tip  of  upper  mandible,  with  small  but  distinct  hook  or  notch. 

(1.)     Toes,  joined  at  base.    Plain  colored  birds,  usually  greenish  or  grayish,  but  often 
show  a  faint  wash  of  yellow  on  underparts ;  tail,  always  without  white  spots. 


Family  VIREONID/C.    Vireos. 

See  page  171. 


*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  viii. 
(133) 


134  THE    BIRDS    OF   EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 

Part  2.     Upper  mandible  without  notch  or  hook  at  tip. 


(1.)     Bill,  as  illustrated ;  back,  gray  or  bluish  gray ; 
bill,  over  .50;  nostrils,  concealed  by  bristly  tufts ;  tarsus, 
scutellate;  tail  feathers,  not  stiff  or  pointed. 
Family  PARID>E. 
Subfamily  SITTING.    Nuthatches. 
See  page  317. 


(2.)  Bill,  as  illustrated;  back,  bluish  gray;  bill,  less 
than  .50 ;  size,  small;  length,  less  than  5.50;  first  primary, 
very  short.  Family  SYLVHD/C. 

Subfamily  POLIOPTILIN^E.    Qnatcatchers. 

See  pag  e  320. 


(3.)     Bill,  as  illustrated ;  throat,  black  ;  nostrils,  concealed 
by  tufts  of  bristly  feathers. 

Family  PARID/E.    Chickadees,  Titmice.    552 

See  page  318. 


(4.)     Bill,  as  illustrated;  back,  brown  or  brown  streaked;  tail  feathers,  not  sharp 

pointed  ;  outer  tail  feathers,  shortest ;  tarsus,  scutellate ;  first  primary,  short. 


557 


Wren. 


538 

Bill  of  Wren. 


Family  TROGLODYTID/E.    Wrens. 

See  page  312. 

(5.)     Bill,   as  illustrated;    back,   streaked;    tail 
feathers,  stiffened  and  sharply  pointed. 


Creeper. 

Family  CERTHIID>£.    Creepers. 

See  page  316. 


KEY    TO    FAMILIES. LAND    BIRDS. 


135 


(6.)  Bill,  as  illustrated  ;  back,  olive  green  ;  bill,  less  than 
.50  iuches  long.  Two  species  :  both  males  and  one  of  the  females 
have  brilliant  red  or  yellow  crown  patch;  the  other  female  has 
crown,  dull  green,  like  back. 

Family  SYLVIID^E.    Subfamily  REGULIN/E.    Kinglets. 

See  page  320. 


.-- 


Section  2.     First  primary,  more  than  half  as  long  as  third. 

Part  1.     Tip  of  upper  mandible,  with  small  but  distinct  hook  or  notch. 

(1.)     Bill,  flattened,  wide  at  base;  tip,  with  small  hook;   numerous  black  bristles  at 
base  of  bill;  back  of  tarsus,  rounded;  wings,  longer  than  tail;  first  primary,  never  very  short. 


Top  of  bill. 


Side  of  hill. 


Family  TYRANNID/E.     Flycatchers. 

See  page  200. 


(2.)  Bill,  very  slightly  hooked;  not 
wide  and  flat  at  base,  as  in  the  Flycatch- 
ers ;  toes,  joined  together  at  base.  Plain 
colored  birds,  usually  greenish  or  grayish, 
but  often  show  a  faint  wash  of  yellow 
on  underparts;  tail,  always  without  white 
spots ;  first  primary,  variable,  very  short  in 
some  species,  in  others  nearly  as  long  as 
second. 


Bill  of  Vireo. 


Family  VIREONID^E.    Vireos, 

See  page  271. 


Part  2.     Tip  of    upper    mandible,  not  notched  or  hooked. 


(1.)  Bill  curved  ;  back,  slaty  black;  rump,  bright  yellow.  West  Indian 
family:  Numerous  species,  one  common  in  Bahama  Islands,  accidental  in 
Florida;  not  recorded  elsewhere  in  United  States. 

Family  CCEREBID/E.     Honey  Creepers, 
See  page  274, 


136 


THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


(2.)     First  primary,  not  short,  never  less  than  two  thirds  as  long  as  second  or  third ;  bill, 
Stout  and  conical ;  nostrils,  high  near  the  eulmen ;  primaries,  9 ;  tarsus,  flattened  behind. 


Top  of  bill. 


Side  of  bill. 


Family  FRINQ1LLID/E.     Sparrows,  Finches,  Buntings,  etc. 

See  page  226. 

First  primary,  not  short,  never  less  than  two  thirds  as  long 
as  third,  and  often  nearly  the  same  length;  bill,  slender  and 
pointed  ;  back  of  tarsus,  thin  and  sharp,  not  rounded  as  in  front; 
hind  toe  and  claw,  not  longer  than  middle  toe  and  claw. 


522 


625  528 

Family  MNIOT1LT1D/E.     Warblers. 

See  page  275. 


GROUP    3. 

Birds  having  wings  measuring  from  2.75  to  3.25 

inches  long.* 

Section  1.     First  primary  less  than  half  as  long  as  third. 

Part  1.     A  small  but  distinct  hook  or  notch  at  tip  of  upper  mandible. 


Bill,  very  slightly  hooked ;  primaries, 
10,  the  first  often  very  short ;  toes,  joined 
together  at  base.  Plain  colored  birds, 
usually  greenish  or  grayish,  but  often  show 
a  faint  wash  of  yellow  on  underparts ;  tail, 
always  without  white  spots. 

Family  VIREONID/E.    Vireos. 

See  page  271. 


*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  viii. 


KEY    TO    FAMILIES.  —  LAND    BIRDS. 

Part  2.     Tip  of  upper  mandible,  not  notched  or  hooked. 


Bill,  as  illustrated;  back,  brown;  rump,  with 
concealed  white  spots;  outer  tail  feathers,  shortest; 
tarsus,  scutellate. 

Family  TROGLODYTID/E.    Wrens. 

See  page  312. 


137 


Bill,  as  illustrated  •,   back,  gray  or  bluish  gray;  nos- 
trils, concealed  by  tufts  of  bristly  feathers. 

Family  PARID/E. 

Subfamily  SITTIN/E.    Nuthatches. 

See  page  317. 


Bill,  as  illustrated;  throat,  black;  crown,  black 
and  no  rufous  brown  on  sides  (Chickadee),  or  forehead, 
black;  sides,  with  rufous  brown  (Titmouse). 

Family  PARID/E.    Chickadees  and  Titmice.      552 

See  page  318. 


Section   2.     First  primary,   not  short,   always  more  than 

half  as  long  as  third. 

Part  1.     Tip  of  upper  mandible,  with  small  but  distinct  hook  or  notch. 


Bill,  flattened  and  wide  at 
base;  numerous  black  bristles  at 
base  of  bill ;  back  of  tarsus,  rounded ; 
wing,  longer  thau  tail. 


Top  of  bill. 


353 

Side  of  bill. 


Family  TYRANNID/E.    Flycatchers, 

See  page  200. 


138 


THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


times,  with  wash  of  yellow  on  underparts ;  no  white  on  tail. 


Bill,  very  slightly 
hooked  or  notched  at  tip ; 
not  flattened  at  base,  as 
in  the  Flycatchers;  toes, 
joined  at  base.  Plain 
colored  birds,  usually 
greenish  or  grayish,  at 


Family  VIREONID/E.     Vireos. 

See  page  271. 


Part  2.     Tip  of  upper  mandible  not  notched  or  hooked. 

(1.)  Toes,  4;  nostrils,  opening  into  a  soft, 
fleshy  membrane;  tarsus,  usually  shorter  than 
toes.  — -s^ 

Family  COLUMBID/E.    Pigeons  and  Doves.         255    \ 

See  page  155. 


(2.)  Bill,  pointed;  first  primary,  not  short;  base  of  bill, 
extending  upon  and  dividing  the  feathers  of  the  forehead ; 
nostrils,  exposed;  outer  tail  feathers,  shorter  than  middle  feathers. 

Family  1CTERID/E.    Orioles. 

See  page  213. 


Family  FRINQILLID/E. 


primary,  not  short, 
never  less  than  two  thirds  as  long  as 
second  or  third ;  bill,  stout  and  coni= 
cal ;  nostrils,  near  the  culmen ;  prim- 
aries. 9 ;  tarsus,  flattened  behind. 
Finches,  Sparrows,  Crossbills,  and  Buntings. 

St>e  p:igi«  226. 


515  V  522 

(4.)  First  primary,  never  less  than  two  thirds  as  long  as 
third,  and  often  nearly  the  same  length ;  bill,  slender  and  pointed ; 
back  of  tarsus,  thin  and  sharp,  not  rounded,  as  in  front :  hind  toe 
and  claw,  not  longer  than  middle  toe  and  claw. 

Family  MNIOTILTID/E.    Warblers. 
See  page  275. 


KEY    TO    FAMILIES.  —  LAND    BIRDS. 


139 


Bill,  slender;  first  primary,  not  short,  the  first,  second  and  third,  being  about  equal  in 
length;  hind  toe  and  claw,  longer  than  middle  toe  and  claw;  hind  toe  nail,  long,  in  this 
somewhat  resembling  larks,  but  no  tufts  of  hair-like  feathers  over  nostrils. 


530 


Family  MOTACILLID/E.     Pipits,  Titlarks,  etc. 

See  page  311. 


GROUP  4. 

Birds  having  wings  from  3.25  to  9.50  inches  long.* 
Section  1.     Bill,  with  strong  hook;  toes,  armed  with  talons. 


Eyes,  not  surrounded  by  radial  disk  of  feathers,  as  in  the  Owls;  toes,  armed  with  talon   ; 
head,  not  bare.  Family  FALCONID/E.     Hawks,  Falcons,  Kites,  etc. 

See  page  162. 

Eyes,  surrounded  by  radiated  disk  of  feathers;  plumage,  soft;  bill,  hooked;  toes,  armed 
with  talons. 


Family  BUBONID/E.     Hoot  Owls,  Horned  Owls. 

See  page  186. 


For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  viii. 


140 


THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Section  2.  Upper  mandible,  with   distinct   notch  and  hook 
at  tip,  but  feet,  not  armed  with  talons. 


Toes,  four,  zygodactyle  (two  in  front, 
two  behind) ;  bill,  with  cere  (skin-like  cov- 
ering over  base  of  bill) . 

Family  PSITTACID/E. 
Parrots  and  Paroquets. 
See  page  187. 


318 


468 


Bill,  strong,  notched  near  the  end,  and  decidedly  hooked ;  tarsus,  scutel- 
late ;  tail,  rounded.  But  two  species  occur  writh  us,  both  grayish  birds  with 
blackish  wings  and  tail,  and  a  dark  stripe  through  the  eye. 

Family  LANIID/E.    Shrikes. 

See  page  270. 


Bill,  flattened,  wide  at  base;  tip,  with  small  hook;  numerous  black  bristles  at  base  of 
bill;  back  of  tarsus,  rounded;  wings,  longer  than  tail;  first  primary,  not  very  short,  usually 
longer  than  the  sixth. 


344          ^  353 

Family  TYRANNID^E.    Flycatchers. 

See  page  200. 


KEY    TO    FAMILIES. LAND    BIRDS. 


Ul 


Section  3.     Upper  mandible,  not  notched  and  hooked  at  tip. 

Part  1,     First  primary  less  than  one  half  as  long  as  third. 


Toes,  four,  two  in  front  and  two  behind ;  or  toes,  three,  two  in  front  and  one  behind ;  tail 
feathers,  stiff  and  pointed.  (If  tail  feathers  are  not  stiff  and  pointed,  see  Nuthatches,  next 
family.)  Order  PICL  Woodpeckers.  Family  PICID/E.  Woodpeckers. 

See  page  190. 


Bill,  as  illustrated;  nostrils,  concealed  by  bristly  tufts; 
tarsus,  scutellate;  first  primary,  very  short;  tail  feathers, 
not  stiff  and  pointed.     (If  tail  feathers  are  stiff  and  pointed, 
look  for  the  bird  under  Family  Picidre.) 
Family  PAR1D/E. 
Subfamily  SITTING.     Nuthatches. 
See  page  317. 


Bill,  as  illustrated;  nostrils,  concealed  by  bristly  tufts  of  hair-like 
feathers ;  first  primary,  short ;  forehead,  black ;  back,  gray ;  head,  with 
more  or  less  crest ;  sides  of  body,  washed  with  brown  (Tufted  Titmouse) . 

Family  PARID/E.    Titmice. 
See  page  318. 


First  primary,  about  one  half  as  long  as 
third;  feet,  zygodactyle  (toes,  two  in  front, 
two  behind)  ;  outer  tail  feathers,  very  much 
shorter  than  middle  feathers. 

Family  CUCULID/C.    Cuckoos. 
See  page  188. 


THE    BIRDS   OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Bill,  stout  and  strong;  the  nostrils  concealed  by  coarse  hair- 
like  feathers;  outer  tail  feathers,  shorter  than  middle  feathers; 
first  primary,  decidedly  less  than  half  as  long  as  third ;  tail,  over 
seven  inches  long  (Magpies)  ;  first  primary,  about  half  as  long  as 
third;  tail,  less  than  seven  iach.es  long  (Jays). 
Family  CORVID/C. 

Subfamily  GARRULIN/E.    Magpies  and  Jays. 

See  page  209. 


Tail,  rounded;  the  outer  feathers,  shorter  than  middle  ones;  first  primary,  less  than  two 
thirds  as  long  as  third;  second  primary,  much  shorter  than  third ;  tarsus,  scutellate. 


Family  TROGLODYTID/E. 

Subfamily  MIMIN/E.     Thrashers,  Cat-birds,  Mocking-birds,  etc. 

See  page  315. 


First  primary,  very  short ;  tarsus,  booted  (no  scales  showing,  except  near  the  toes) ; 
bill,  shorter  than  head;  wing,  over  3.50  inches  long. 


m 


Family  TURDID^E.    Thrushes,  Robins,  Bluebirds. 

See  page  321. 


KEY    TO    FAMILIES.  —  LAND    BIRDS. 


143 


Part  2.     First  primary,  more  than  half  as  long  as  third. 


Toes,  four,  hind  toe  not  elevated  above  the  rest ;  nostril,  opening  into  a  soft  fleshy  mem- 
brane ;  tarsus,  usually  shorter  than  the  toes. 

Family  COLUflBID/E.     Pigeons  and  Doves. 
See  page  155. 

Toes,  four,  the  hind  toe  elevated  above  the  rest;  bill,  rather  short  and  stout;  wing,  short 
and  somewhat  rounded,  the  outer  primaries  curved. 


235 


Family  TETRAONID/E.     Grouse  and  Quail. 

(a)     Tarsus  feathered;  wing,  over  5.50  inches  long. 

Subfamily  TETRAONIN/C.     Grouse. 


(6)     Tarsus,  bare ;  wing,  less  than  5.50  inches  long. 

Subfamily  PERDICIN/E.    Partridges.     Quail. 

See  page  149. 

Feet,  small  and  weak ;  front  toes,  sometimes  webbed  at  base ;  primaries,  ten ;  mouth,  large ; 
bill,  very  small,  in  comparison  with  size  of  bird;  middle  toe  nail,  with  comb-like  edge. 


Family  CAPRIMULGID/E.    Whippoor wills,  Night-hawks,  etc. 

See  page  108. 


144 


THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 


Bill,  small,  flattened,  and  somewhat  triangular  in  shape,  the  gape  very  wide;  wings,  very 

long,  usually  extending  beyond  the  tail.    (Chim- 
ney Swifts,  which  belong  to  a  very  different 
family,  are  often  mistaken  for  Swallows  when 
^^    :&Mv\  seen  flying  about;    they  are  smoky  black  and 

^^5§^f^  the  shafts  of  the  tail  feathers  extend  in  spines 

/--'-^.-.  -    j  beyond  the  webs.     See  next  Family.) 

Swallow. 


Swallow. 


Martin. 


Family  H1RUNDINID/E.     Swallows  and  Martins, 

See  page  265. 


Plumage,  smoky  black ;  shafts  of  tail  feathers,  extending  beyond  the  web  in  sharp  spines. 
Sometimes  mistaken  for  Swallows  by  persons  unfamiliar  with  birds. 


; 


Family  MICROPODID/E.    Swifts. 

See  page  199. 


First  primary,  about  half  as  long  as  third; 
feet,  zygodactyle  (toes,  two  in  front,  two  be- 
hind) ;  outer  tail  feathers,  very  much  shorter 
than  middle  feathers. 

Family  CUCULID/E.    Cuckoos. 


See  page  188. 


KEY   TO    FAMILIES.  —  LAND    BIRDS. 


145 


Feet,  syndaetyle ;  toes,  four,  the  middle  and  outer  ones  joined,  being  fastened  together  fc 
more  than  half  their  length. 


Family  ALCEDINID/E.    Kingfishers. 

See  page  189. 

First  primary,  much  shorter  than  second,  always  less  than  three  fourths  as  long 
as  third  ;  fourth,  or  fifth  primary,  longest ;  bill,  stout  and  strong ;  the  nostrils,  concealed  by 
coarse,  hair-like  feathers ;  outer  tail  feathers,  shorter  than  middle  feathers. 


360 


360 


Family  CORVID^E.    Subfamily  GARRULIN/E.    Jays. 

See  page  209. 

First  primary,  never  less  than  three  fourths  as  long  as  third;  base  of  bill,  extend- 
ing backward,  forming  a  point,  dividing  the  feathers  of  the  forehead;  nostrils,  exposed;  outer 
tail  feathers,  sborter  than  midd*le  feathers. 


Family  ICTERID/E.    Blackbirds,  Orioles,  Meadow  Larks. 

See  page  213. 


146 


THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


First  primary,  not  short,  never  less  than  two  thirds  as  long  as  second  or  third;  bill,  stout 
and  conical;  nostrils,  high,  near  the  cultnen;  primaries,  nine;  tarsus,  flattened  behind. 


V*' 


442 


443 


Family  FRINGILLID/E. 


388 


387 


Sparrows,  Crossbills,  Finches,  Buntings,  etc. 

See  page  226. 


Bill,  somewhat  fringilline,  but  having  a  small  "  tooth,"  near  the  middle  of 
the  edge  of  upper  mandible  ;  primaries,  nine  ;  tarsus,  scutellate.  But  two  species 
(a  third  accidental)  :  Males,  bright  red,  one  with  black  wings  ;  one  female  is 
olive  green  above,  and  yellowish  green  below;  the  other  is  olive  green  above, 
and  the  underparts,  dull  orange  yellow  or  buff  yel  low.  (If  bird  does  not  agree 


454 


with  above  description,  see  Fringillidse.) 


Family  TANAGRID/E.    Tanagers. 

See  page  263. 


Bill,  without  notch  ;  head,  with  crest  ;  primaries,  ten  ;  tarsus,  shorter 
than  middle  toe  and  claw  ;  a  black  stripe  from  forehead  through  the 
eye  ;  inner  primaries  and  tail  feathers,  often  tipped  with  little  hard  red 
bits,  like  minute  drops  of  sealing  wax  ;  general  plumage,  venaceus  gray 
brown  ;  tail,  tipped  with  yellow. 

Family  AflPELID^E.     Waxwings,  Cedar  Birds. 

See  page  139. 


Bill,  pointed,  and  somewhat  rounded;  back  of  tarsus, 
rounded;  hind  toe  nail,  elongated,  equal  or  longer  than  the 
toe;  nostrils,  nearly  or  quite  concealed  by  tufts  of  hair- 
like  feathers ;  wing,  over  4  inches  long. 

Family  ALAUDID/E.     Larks. 
See  page  208. 


KEY    TO    FAMILIES. LAND    BIRDS. 


147 


Bill,  slender ;  first  primaiy, 
not  short,  the  first,  second,  and 
third,  being  about  equal  in 
length;  hind  toe  nail,  long, 
in  this  somewhat  resembling 
the  larks,  but  no  tufts  of  hair- 
like  feathers  over  nostrils; 
wing,  less  than  4  inches  long. 


530 


Family  HOTACILLID^E.     Wagtails,  Pipits,  Titlarks,  etc. 

See  page  311. 

Small  birds,  wing,  less  than  3.75  inches  long;   first  primary,  not  short,  never  less  than 
two  thirds  as  long  as  third,  and  often  nearly  the  same  length;   bill,  slender  and  pointed;  back 
_^^^  of  tarsus,  thin  and  sharp,  not  rounded  as  in  front;  hind  toe  and 

7-  claw,  not  longer  than  middle  toe  and  claw. 


, 


525  515 

Family  MNIOTILTID/C.    Warblers. 

See  page  275. 


GROUP  5. 
Birds  having  wings  over  9.50  inches  long.* 


Grouse. 


Wing,  over  12  inches  long ;  toes,  four ;  hind  toe, 
elevated  above  the  rest;  bill,  stout;  wing,  rounded, 
the  outer  primaries  curved. 

Family  TETRAONID/C.    Grouse. 
See  page  149. 

Toes,  four,  the  hind 
toe  elevated  above  the 
rest;  bill,  rather  short 
and  stout ;  wing,  short 
and  somewhat  rounded, 
the  outer  primti  ries 
curved. 

Family 

PHASIANID/E. 
Subfamily 
HELEAQRIN^E. 
Turkeys. 

See  page  154. 

Turkey. 


*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  viil. 


148 


THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Eyes  not  surrounded  by  radiated  disk  of 
feathers;  plumage,  black  or  dark  brown; 
hind  toe,  short;  claws,  not  sharp;  head, 
bare  in  adult. 

Family  CATHARTID/C.    Vultures. 
See  page  158. 

Eyes  not  surrounded  by  radiated  disk  of  feathers,  as  in  the  Owls ;  toes,  armed  with  talons 
head,  not  barr. 


Hawks,  Eagles,  etc. 

See  page  161. 

Eyes,  surrounded  by 
radiated  disk  of  feathers; 
plumage,  soft;  bill, 
hooked;  toes,  armed  with 
talons. 

(a)  Middle  toe  nail  with  comb-like  edge. 

Family  STRIGID/E.     Barn  Owls. 

See  page  181. 

(b)  Middle  toe  without  comb-like  edge. 

Family  BUBONID/E.     Horned  Owls,  Hoot  Owls. 

See  page  186. 


Toes,  four,   two  in  front  and  two    behind   (zygodactyle) ;  tail 
feathers,  stiff  and  pointed.          Family  PICID^E.    Woodpeckers. 

See  page  191. 


Plumage,    glossy    black ;    first  primary,  much   shorter   than 
second,  not  exceeding  half  as  long  as  third ;  fourth,  or  fifth  primary, 
longest;  bill,  stout  and  strong;  the  nostrils,   concealed  by  coarse, 
hair-like  feathers ;  outer  tail  feathers,  shorter  than  middle  feathers. 
Family  CORVID/E.    Crows  and  Ravens. 
See  page  201. 


FAMILY    TETIIAONID^E.  —  GROUSE,    PARTRIDGES,    QUAILS,    ETC. 


149 


LAND   BIRDS. 

KEY    TO    THE    SPECIES. 


235 


FAMILY    TETRAONID/E. 
Grouse,  Partridges,  Quails,  etc. 

^^f  Toes,    four,    the    hind   toe   elevated   above   the   rest;    bill, 

rather  short  and   stout ;   wing,  short  and   somewhat  rounded, 
the  outer  primaries  curved ;    wing,  less  than   12  inches  long. 

Group  1.     Wing,  less  than  5  inches  long. 


Uuderparte,  white,  black,  and  rufous;  throat,  white  (male);   throat,  buff  brown 
(female). 

Quail.     Bob  White. 

Colinus  virginianus,  and  races. 
See  No.  235. 

The  Southern  race  (C.  v.  floridanus)  has  much  more  black  on  the  breast  and  the 
underparts  more  heavily  banded  than  the  Northern  bird. 


150 


KEY    TO   THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Group  2.     Wing,  more  than  5  inches  long. 

Section  1.    The  following  species  do  not  have  the  greater 
portion  of  the  primaries  white. 


A  tuft  of  black  feathers  on  sides  of  the  neck;  tarsus  not  entirely  feathered; 
axillary  plumes,  white  barred  with  brown. 

Ruffed  Grouse  «•  Partridge." 

Bonasa  umbellus,  and  races. 
See  No.  238. 

Tarsus,  entirely  feathered;    axillary  plumes,   entirely  white;    no  elongated 

tufts  of  feathers  on  sides  of  neck ;  tail,  pointed. 

Prairie  Sharp-tailed  Grouse. 

Pedioccetes  phadianellus  campestris. 
See  No.  247. 

Tarsus,  entirely  feathered;  axillary  plumes,  white;  sometimes  with  faint  bars 
near  tip ;  a  tuft  of  ten  or  more  elongated  feathers  on  each  side  of  the  neck; 
tail,  not  pointed;  the  ends  of  the  neck  plumes  are  not  pointed,  and  the  axillary 
plumes  are  very  rarely  barred  on  the  whole  feather,  as  in  the  Martha's  Vineyard 
species. 

Prairie  Hen.    Pinnated  Grouse. 
Tympanuchus  americanus. 
See  No.  245. 


FAMILY    TETIIAONID^E. GROUSE,  PARTRIDGES,  QUAILS,  ETC. 


151 


r 


Tarsus,  entirely  feathered;  axillary  plumes,  usually  strongly  barred  with 
slate  brown ;  a  tuft  of  less  than  ten  elongated  feathers  on  each  side  of  the 
neck;  scapulars,  tipped  with  buff;  tail,  not  pointed.  Confined  to  the  island 
of  Martha's  Vineyard,  Mass. 

Heath  Hen. 
Tympanuchus  ciipklo. 
See  No.  246 


152 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Tarsus,  entirely  feathered ; 
axillary  plumes,  smoky 
gray  with  white  shafts, 
and  tipped  with  white; 
the  male  has  the  breast 
black ;  the  female  has  the 
breast  tawny  brown,  black, 
and  white. 

Canada  Grouse. 

Spruce  Partridge. 

Dendrayapus  canadensis. 
See  No.  237. 


Section  2.    The  following  species  have  the  greater  portion 
of  the  primaries  white. 


Depth  of  bill  at  base,  .40  or  more ;  no  black  on  lores ;  shafts  of  secondaries,  not 
black. 

Willow  Ptarmigan, 

Lagopus  lagopus. 
See  No.  240. 


FAMILY  TETRAONID.E. GROUSE,   PARTRIDGES,  QUAILS,  ETC. 


153 


Depth  of  bill  at  base,  .40  or  more ;  no  black  011  lores ;   shafts  of  secondaries, 
black.    Newfoundland. 

Allen's  Ptarmigan. 

Lagopus  lagopus  alleni. 
See  No.  241. 


Depth  of  bill  at  base,  less  than  .40. 
Li  summer :  back,  gray,  mixed 
with  black,  or  tawny  buff,  or 
gray  and  white.  In  winter : 
plumage,  white;  lores,  usually 
(not  always)  black. 


Rock  Ptarmigan. 

Lagopus  rupestris,  and  races. 
See  No.  242. 


Similar  to  Lagopus  rupestris,  but  in  summer,  back,  more  heavily  barred.     Confined 
to  Northern  Labrador  and  Greenland. 

Reinhardt's  Ptarmigan. 

Lagopus  rupestris  reinhardti. 
See  No.  243. 


Depth  of  bill  at  base,  less  than  .40;  shafts  of  secondaries,  not  black.     Confined 
to  island  of  Newfoundland. 

Welch's  Ptarmigan. 

Lagopus  welchi. 
See  No.  244. 


154 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


FAMILY    PHASIANID^E. 

Pheasants,  Turkeys,  etc. 

SUBFAMILY   MELEAQRIN^E. 

Turkeys. 

Toes,  four,  the  hind  toe  elevated  above  the  rest ;  bill,  rather  short  and 
stout;  wing,  short  and  somewhat  rounded,  the  outer  primaries  curved; 
wing,  over  12  inches  long. 


Resembles  domestic   Turkey,  but  legs  usually  pink  red;    primaries,    broadly 
barred  with  white. 

Wild  Turkey. 

Meleagris  gallopavo. 
See  No.  248. 

Similar ;  but  primaries  with  irregular  white  marking.     Does  not  occur  north  of 
Florida. 

Florida  Wild  Turkey. 

Meleagris  gallopavo  osceola. 
See  No.  249. 


FAMILY  COLUMBIDA:. — PIGEONS  AISD  DOVES.  155 


FAfllLY   COLUMBID/E. 

Pigeons  and  Doves. 

Toes,  four,  hind  toe  not  elevated  above  the  rest ;  nostril,  opening  into 
a  soft  fleshy  membrane;  tarsus,  usually  shorter  than  the  toes;  wings, 
rather  long  and  flat. 

Group  1.     Wing,  less  than  5.50  inches  long. 


Primaries,  heavily  marked  with  rufous  brown;  underparts,  pinkish  brown  or 
vinaceous,  sometimes  grayish,  with  more  or  less  black  dots  on  breast;  wing 
coverts,  with  metallic  steel-blue  spots. 

Ground  Dove. 

Columbigallina  passerina  terrestris. 
See  No.  255. 


KEY   TO    THE    BIRDS    OF   EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Group  2.     Wing,  from  5.50  to  7.50  inches  long. 
Section  1.    Primaries,  dark  slaty  brown  or  blackish 


'f.S' 


Upper  parts,  grayish  olive ;  crown,  tinged  with  slate  color ;  sides  of  neck,  with 
purplish  metallic  reflections ;  a  bluish  black  spot  on  lower  edge  of  ear  coverts ; 
wing  coverts,  not  broadly  tipped  with  white;  tail,  pointed;  middle  tail 
feathers,  much  longer  than  outer  feathers. 

flourning  Dove. 
Zenaidura  macroura. 
See  No.  252. 


Wing  coverts,  broadly  tipped  with  white;  crown,  and  back  of  the  neck,  drab 
color;  tail,  square  not  pointed;  outer  feathers,  but  slightly  shorter  than  mid- 
dle ones;  terminal  fourth  of  tail  feather*,  ashy,  or  ash  gray. 

White-winged  Dove. 

Melopelia  leucoptera. 
See  No.  254. 


FAMILY   COLUMBID^E. — PIGEONS    AND    DOVES.  157 

Wing,  over  6.50  inches  long;  no  white  on  wings;  general  plumage,  slaty  blue, 
varying  in  shade ;  tail,  square ;  adult  birds  have  top  of  head,  white. 

White  Crowned  Pigeon. 

Columba  leucocephala. 
See  No.  254. 

Crown,  bluish  bordered  by  black ;  a  white  stripe  from  back  of  head,  under  eye  to 
chin;  throat  and  upper  breast,  black;  the  feathers,  more  or  less  marked  with 
blue.  Cuban  species  accidental  on  Florida  Keys? 

Blue-headed  Dove. 
Starncenas  cyanocephala. 
See  No.  258. 


Section  2.    Greater  portion  of  primaries,  rufous  brown, 


Belly  and  line  below  eye,  whitish.    West  Indian  species  accidental  on  Florida 
Keys. 

Key  West  Quail  Dove. 

Geotrygon  chrysea. 
See  No.  256. 

Belly,  cinnamon  or  vinaceous  buff;  spot  of  blue  black  beneath  eye.     West  Indian 

species  accidental  in  Southern  Florida. 

Zenaida  Dove. 

Zenaida  zenaida. 
See  No.  253. 

Belly  and  line  below  eye,  tawny  buff.     West  Indian  species  accidental  on  Florida 
Keys. 

Ruddy  Quail  Dove. 
rtountain   Dove. 

Geotrygon  montana. 
See  No.  257. 


158 


'  KEY    TO    THE    BIKDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 

Group  3.    Wing,  over  7.50  inches  long, 


Tail,  pointed  and  rather  long;  under  tail  coverts,  white. 


Tail,  square ;  under  tail  coverts,  gray  or  bluish  gray. 


Passenger  Pigeon. 

Ectopistes  migmtoriu*. 
See  Xo.  251 . 

White-crowned  Pigeon. 

Colnmba  leucocephala . 
See  No.  250. 


FAMILY  CATHARTID^E. 
American  Vultures. 

Plumage,  black  or  dark   brown ;   hind   toe,   short ;   claws,   not  sharp ; 
head,  bare  in  adult. 

Group  1.     Wing  from   14  to  21  inches  long. 
Section  1.     Wing,  less  than  17  inches  long. 

Head  and  foreueck,    bare;   skin    of    head,  blackish;    general   plumage,    black; 
primaries,  hoary  white  beneath. 

Black  Vulture. 
Carrion  Crow. 

Catharista  iirnbu. 
See  No.  260. 


FAMILY   CATHARTID^E.  —  AMERICAN    VULTURES. 


1 59 


Section  2.     Wing,  over  17  inches  long. 


General  plumage,  brownish  black  or  dark  brown;  bill,  whitish;  the  adult  has 
the  head  without  feathers,  the  skin  being  red;  immature  birds  have  the  head 
feathered. 


Turkey  Buzzard, 
Turkey  Vulture. 

Cathartes  aura. 
See  No.  259. 


160 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


FAMILY  FALCONID^. 


HAWKS,  FALCONS,  EAGLES,  ETC. 


GROUP  1.     Wing,  less  than  8.50  inches  long.     See  page  162. 
GROUP  2.    Wing,  8.50  to  9.50  inches  long.     See  page  163. 
GROUP  3.    Wing,  9.50  to  13  inches  long.     See  page  164. 

Section  1.     Species  having  second  primary  longest.     See  page  165. 

Section  2.     Species  having  third  primary  longest.     See  page  166. 

Section  3.    Species  having  fourth  primary  longest.    See  page  166. 
GROUP  4.    Wing,  13  to  15  inches  long.     See  page  167. 

Section  1.     Second  primary,  longest;  first  and  second  primaries,  emarginate  or  notched. 
See  page  167. 

Section  2.    Third  primary,  longest ;  face,  bare.     See  page  167. 

Section  3.    Fourth  primary,  longest ;  upper  tail  coverts,  white.     See  page  168. 

Section  4.     Fourth  primary,  longest ;  upper  tail  coverts,  not  white.     See  page  168. 
GROUP  5.    Wing,  15  to  17  inches  long.     See  page  170. 

Section  1.     Second  primary,  longest;  only  first  primary,  notched.    See  page  171. 

Section  2.     Second  primary,  longest;  first  and  second  primary,  notched.    See  page  171. 

Section  3.    Third  primary,  longest.     See  page  171. 

Section  4.     Fourth  primary,  longest;  four  or  five  outer  primaries,  notched;  upper  tail 
coverts,  white.    See  page  173. 

Section  5.    Fourth  primary,  longest;  four  or  five  outer  primaries,  notched;  upper  tail 
coverts,  not  white ;  no  feathers  on  the  tarsus.     See  page  173. 

Section  6.     Fourth  primary,  longest ;  four  or  five  outer  primaries,  notched ;  upper  tail 
coverts,  not  white ;  tarsus,  partly  feathered.    See  page  173. 

Section  7..  Fourth  primary,   longest;    four  or  five    outer  primaries,   notched;   tarsus, 
entirely  feathered.     See  page  174. 

Section  8.    Fourth  primary,  longest ;  three  outer  primaries,  notched.    See  page  174. 
GKOUP  6.    Wing,  17  to  21  inches  long.     See  page  174. 

Section  1.    Third  primary,  longest;  tarsus,  wholly  feathered.    See  page  174. 

Section  2.    Third  primary,  longest ;  tarsus,  not  wholly  feathered.    See  page  177. 

Section  3.     Fourth  primary,  longest;  tarsus,  without  feathers.    See  page  178. 

Section  4.    Fourth  primary,  longest ;  tarsus,  partly  feathered.     See  page  178. 

Section  5.    Fourth  primary,  longest;  tarsus,  entirely  feathered.     See  page  178. 
GROUP  7.     Wing,  over  21  inches  long.    See  page  179. 


FAMILY   FALCON11XE.  -  HAWKS,    FALCONS,    EAGLES,  ETC. 


First  primary,  emarginate  or  notched. 


First  two  primaries,  emarginate. 
Swallow -tailed  Kite 


First  three  primaries,  emarginate 
Swainson's  Hawk, 


First  four  primaries,  emarginate 
Rough-legged  Hawk 


First  live  primaries,  emarginate. 
Bald  Eagle. 


162 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


FAHILY  FALCONID^E. 
Hawks,   Falcons,   Eagles,   etc. 

Toes,  four,  three  in  front,  one  behind ;  toes,  with  strong,  curved  talons 
or  claws;  bill,  with  cere  (skin-like  covering  at  the  base);  bill,  strongly 
hooked. 

Group  1.     Wing,  less  than  8.50  inches  long. 


Male. 


Female. 


Rump  and  upper  tail  coverts,  rufous  brown ;  tail,  more  or  less  marked  with 
rufous  brown;  tarsus,  less  than  1.50;  second  primary,  longest. 

Sparrow  Hawk. 

Falco  sparverius. 
See  No.  295. 

Rump  and  upper  tail  coverts,  slaty  brown;  tarsus,  over  1.50;  fourth  primary, 
longest. 

Sharp-shinned  Hawk. 

Accipiter  velox. 
See  No.  266. 


FAMILY   FALCONID^E.  —  HAWKS,    FALCONS,    EAGLES,  ETC. 


163 


Rump  and  upper  tail  coverts,  dark  brown;   breast,  streaked  with  dark  brown ;  no 
rufous  brown  on  tail ;  second  primary,  longest. 

Pigeon  Hawk. 

Falco  columbarius. 
See  No.  292. 


Group  2.     Wing,  8.50  to  9.50  inches  long. 

Second  primary,  longest. 

Pigeon  Hawk. 

Falco  columbarius. 
See  No.  292. 

Fourth  primary,  longest ;  outer  tail  feather,   three  quarters  inch  or  more  shorter 
than  middle  feather;  tail,  usually  more  than  7.25  long. 

Cooper's  Hawk. 

Accipiter  cooperi. 
See  No.  267. 


164 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Fourth  primary,  longest ;  outer  tail 
feather,  less  than  three  quarter 
inch  shorter  than  middle  feather ; 
tail,  usually  less  than  7.25  long. 


Sharp-shinned  Hawk, 

Accipiter  velox. 

See  No.  266. 


Group  3.     Wing,  9.50  to  13  inches  long. 

Section  1.    The  following  species  have  the  second  primary 

longest. 


Upper  surface  of  inner  web  of  first 
primary,  without  bars;  breast 
and  belly,  white. 

White-tailed  Kite. 

Elanus  leucurus. 
See  No.  262. 


FAMILY  FALCONID^:.  HAWKS,  FALCONS,  EAGLES,  ETC.         165 

Upper  surface  of  inner  web  of  first  primary,  barred  with  white ;  breast  and 
belly,  streaked. 

Prairie  Falcon. 

Falco  mexicanus. 
See  No.  290. 

Upper  surface  of  inner  web  of  first  primary,  barred  with  pale  rufous  brown ; 
breast  and  belly,  streaked. 

Duck  Hawk. 
Peregrine  Falcon. 

Falco  peregrinus  anatitm. 
See  No.  291. 


Section  2.    The  following  species  have  the  third  primary 

longest. 


Belly,  slaty  gray  (adult),  or  bufty  streaked  more  or  less  with  pale  Drown  (imma- 
ture) ;  upper  tail  coverts,  not  white. 

flississippi  Kite. 
Ictinia  mississippiensi*. 
See  No.  263. 


166 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF   EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Section  3,     The  following  species  have  the  fourth  primary 

longest. 

Upper   tail  coverts,  white;  tarsus,   less  than   2.25.    Kare   north  of  Florida, 
where  it  is  a  permanent  resident. 

Everglade  Kite. 

JRostrhamns  sociabilis. 
See  No.  264. 


Marsh  Hawk. 

Upper  tail  coverts,  white;  tarsus,  over  2.25. 

Harsh  Hawk. 

Circus  hudsoniui*. 
See  No.  265. 

Fourth  outer  primary,  not  decidedly  notched ;  under  surface  of  primaries,  not 
barred  with  dark  brown  and  white ;  tail,  less  than  9.50 ;  upper  tail  coverts,  not 

white. 

Broad-winged  Hawk. 

Buteo  latissimus. 
See  No.  278. 

Fourth  outer  primaries,  decidedly  notched ;  under  surface  of  outer  primaries, 
not  heavily  barred  with  dark  brown  and  white;  tail,  9.50,  or  over;  wing, 
over  11.50. 

American  Goshawk. 

Accipiter  atricapillus. 
See  No.  268. 


FAMILY    FALCONIDJE. HAWKS,     FALCONS,    EAGLES,   ETC.  167 

Fourth  outer  primary,  decidedly  notched;  under  surface  of  outer  primaries,  not 
heavily  barred  with  dark  brown  and  white;  tail,  less  than  9.50;  upper 
surface  of  tail,  with  distinct  white  bars.  Red-shouldered  Hawk. 

Buteo  lineatus,  and  races. 
See  No.  275. 

Under  surface  of  primaries,  heavily  barred  with  dark  brown  and  white  ;  wing, 
under  11.50.  Cooper's  Hawk. 

Accipiter  cooper i. 

See  No.  2G7. 
or  - 

Belly,  white,  without  streaks  or  bars.  Short-tailed   Hawk. 

Buteo  brachy mils. 
See  No.  279. 

Belly,  black;  general  plumage,  black  (black  phase).  Short-tailed   Hawk. 

Butco  brachyurus. 
See  No.  279. 

Group  4.     Wing,  13  to  15  inches  long. 

. 
Section   1,     Second  primary,  longest;   first  and  second 

primaries,  emarginate,  or  notched. 

Length,  always  under  19  ;   primaries,  hoary  gray,  without  bands 

White-tailed  Kite. 

Elanus  leucurus. 
See  No.  262. 

First  primary,  pale  brown,  with  numerous  bands  on  inner  web;  length,  usually 
under  19  (some  females  are  longer).  Prairie  Falcon. 

Falco  mexicanus. 

See  No.290. 
Length,  always  over  19;  under  tail  coverts,  spotted,  or  washed  with  dusky. 

Gray  Qyrfalcon. 
Falco  rusticolus,  and  races. 
See  No.  287. 

Length,  always  over  19 ;  under  tail  coverts,  white,  without  spots.  White  Qyrfalcon. 

Falco  islandus. 
See  No.  286. 

Section  2.     Third  primary,  longest ;   face,  bare. 

Basal  portion  of  tail,  white,  barred  with  black,  or  brown ;  end  of  tail,  black. 

Audubon's  Caracara. 

Polyborus  cheriway. 
See  No.  297. 


168  KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 

Face,  not  bare;  upper  surface  of  tail,  grayish  brown,  with  numerous  bars; 
three  outer  primaries  emarginate  or  notched.  Swainson's  Hawk. 

Buteo  swainsoni. 
See  No.  277. 

Section  3.     Fourth   primary,   longest ;   upper  tail   coverts, 

white. 

Under  surface  of  tail,  whitish  at  base ;  one  broad  subterminal  baud  of  dark  brown, 
tipped  with  grayish  white ;  upper  mandible  elongated  (see  cut).  Not  recorded 
north  of  Florida. 

Everglade  Kite. 

Elanoides  forjicatus. 
See  No.  261. 

Upper  mandible,  more  hawk-like  (see  cut) ;  under  surface  of  tail,  white  or  pale 
rufous,  with  several  bands  of  dark  brown. 

Harsh  Hawk. 

Circus  hudsonius. 
See  No.  265. 

Section   4.     Fourth   primary,    longest;    upper   tail  coverts, 

not  white. 

Upper  surface  of  tail,  bright  rufous  brown,  with  or  without  bands  (adult). 

Red-tailed  Hawk 

Buteo  borealis,  and  races. 
See  No.  271. 

Upper  surface  of  inner  webs  of  outer  tail  feathers,  barred  with  brown  and  white ; 
tail  feathers,  more  or  less  tinged  with  pale  rufous ;  primaries,  not  tinged  with 
rufous  (immature).  Red-tailed  Hawk. 

Buteo  borealis. 
See  No.  271. 

Upper  surface  of  inner  web  of  outer  tail  feathers,  barred  with  brown  and  white ; 
tail  feathers,  more  or  less  tinged  with  pale  rufous;  primaries,  more  or  less 
tinged  with  rufous  (immature) . 

Red-shouldered  Hawk. 
Buteo  lineatus. 

See  No.  275. 
Upper  surface  of  tail,  dark  brown,  barred  with  white  (adult) . 

Red-shouldered  Hawk. 
Buteo  lineatus,  and  races. 
See  No.  275. 

Face,  bare  ;  basal  portion  of  tail,  white,  barred  with  black  or  dark  brown ;  end 
of  tail  black ;  thighs,  black  or  dark  brown.  Audubon's  Caracara. 

Polyborus  cheriway. 
See  No.  297. 


FAMILY    FALCONID^E.  HAWKS,    FALCONS,    EAGLES,  ETC. 


169 


Adult.       Swainson's  Hawks.       Immature. 

Throat,  white;  breast,  dull  brown;  thighs,  barred  rufous  brown  and  white; 
three  outer  primaries  emargiuate  or  notched  (adult)  Swainson's  Hawk. 

Buteo  swainsoni. 
See  No.  277. 

Throat,  butt'  or  butt*  white ;  breast,  heavily  marked  with  dark  brown ;  thighs,  pale 
rufous  or  buff  with  or  without  bars  ;  three  outer  primaries  emarginate  or  notched 
(immature).  Swainson's  Hawk. 

Buteo  swainsoni. 
See  No.  277. 

Throat  and  underparts  fineiy  barred  with  gray  and  dull  white,  the  feathers  with 
dark  shafts;  thighs,  barred  and  mottled  with  gray  and  white;  tail,  9.50  or  over; 
wing,  over  11.50  (adult).  Goshawk. 

Accipiter  atricapillus. 
See  No.  268. 

Throat  and  underparts  and  thighs,  white,  or  tawny  white,  streaked  with  dark 
brown;  tail,  strongly  barred  (immature).  Goshawk. 

Accipiter  atricapillus. 
See  No.  26$. 


170 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Group  5.     Wing,   15  to  17  inches  long. 

Section    1.    Second   primary,  longest;   only   first   primary, 

emarginate,  or  notched. 


Duck  Hawk. 

Length,  under  19-  primaries,  dark  brown,  banded  on  inner  web  with  pale  rufous. 

Duck  Hawk. 

Falco  peregrinus  anatum. 

See  No.  291/ 
Length,  over  19 :  under  tail  coverts,  white,  without  spots. 

White  Qyrfalcon. 

Falco  islandus,  and  races. 
See  No.  286. 

Length,  over  19 :  under  tail  coverts,  marked  with  dusky  or  spotted. 

Gray  Qyrfalcon. 

Falco  rusticolus. 
See  No.  287. 


FAMILY  FALCONID^E.  —  HAWKS,  FALCONS,  EAGLES,  ETC.  171 

Section  2.    Second  primary,  longest;   first  and  second 
primaries,  emarginate  or  notched. 

Back,  entirely  brown;  belly,  white,  without  streaks;  under  tail  coverts,  pure 
white;  tarsus,  nearly  bare. 

Fish  Hawk. 

Pandion  haliaetus  carolincnsis. 
See  No.  298. 

Back,  brown  ;  belly,  bro«vn ;  under  tail  coverts,  »^t  white. 

Black  Qyrfalcon. 

Falco  rusticolus  obsoletus. 
See  No.  289. 

Back,  slaty  brown  and  white;  under  tail  coverts,  spotted  or  marked  with  dusky. 

Gray  Gyrfalcon. 

Falco  rusticolus,  and  races. 
See  No.  287. 


Back,  white,  or  white  streaked  with  slaty  brown ;  under  tail  coverts,  white. 


White  Gyrfalcon. 

Falco  islandus. 
See  No.  286. 


Section  3.     Third  primary,  longest. 

Four  outer  primaries,  notched;  basal  portion  of  inner  webs  of  primaries,  largely 
white,  without  bars  ;  thighs,  tawny  or  buff,  more  or  less  barred;  tarsus, 
thickly  feathered. 

American  Rough-legged  Hawk. 

Archibuteo  lagopus  sancti-johannis. 
See  No.  281. 

Four  outer  primaries,  notched;  basal  portion  of  inner  webs  of  primaries,  largely 
white,  without  bars  ;  thighs,  tinged  with  deep  rufous,  heavily  barred  ;  tarsus 
thickly  feathered. 

Ferruginous  Rough-legged  Hawk. 

Archibuteo  ferrugineus. 

See  No.  282. 

General  plumage,  entirely  sooty  brown,  or  black ;  four  outer  primaries,  notched ; 
primaries  and  tail,  with  more  or  less  white,  or  gray ;  tarsus,  thickly  feathered. 

American  Rough-legged  Hawk  (black  plumage). 

Archibuteo  lagopus  sancti-johannis. 
See  No.  281. 


172 


KEY   TO   THE   BIRDS    OF   EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 


Caracara. 


Four  outer  primaries,  emargiuate,  but  not  decidedly  notched;  a  part  of  inner  web 
of  outer  primaries,  white,  showing  numerous  imperfect  bars  ;  thighs,  black,  or 
dark  brown  ;  face,  bare. 


Three  outer  primaries,  notched;   belly  and  thighs,  not  white. 


Audubon's  Caracara, 

Polyborus  cheriway. 
See  No.  297 


Swainson's  Hawk. 

Buteo  swainsoni. 
See  No.  277. 


Three  outer  primaries,  notched ;  a  part  of  inner  web  of  outer  primaries,  white, 
showing  numerous  imperfect  bars;  belly  and  thighs,  pure  white;  back,  dark 
brown. 


Fish  Hawk. 

Pandion  haliaetus. 
See  No.  298. 


Two  outer  primaries,  notched;  primaries,  dark  slaty  blue,  showing  greenish 
tinge  when  held  in  the  light;  tail,  long  and  forked;  underparts  and  thighs, 
white. 


Swallow-tailed  Kite. 

Elanoides  forficatus. 
See  No.  261. 


FAMILY  FALCONIM:. — HAWKS,  FALCONS,  EAGLES,  ETC.  173 

Section  4.  Fourth  primary,  longest;  four  or  five  outer 
primaries,  emarginate  or  notched;  upper  tail  coverts, 
white. 

Under  surface  of  tail,  whitish  at  base ;  one  broad  subterminal  band  of  dark  brown, 
tipped  with  grayish  white;  upper  mandible,  long  and  curved  (see  cut).  Not 
recorded  north  of  Florida. 

Everglade  Kite. 
Eostrhamus  sociabilis. 
See  No.  264. 

Upper  mandible,  hawk-like  (see  cut)  ;  under  surface  of  tail,  white  or  pale  rufous 
with  several  bands  of  dark  brown. 

Harsh  Hawk. 

Circus  hudsonius. 
See  No.  265. 


Section  5.  Fourth  primary,  longest,  four  or  five  outer 
primaries  emarginate  or  notched  ;  upper  tail  coverts, 
not  white ;  no  feathers  on  tarsus. 

Face,  bare;  back,  brown;  thighs,  black  or  dark  brown.  Audubon's  Caracara. 

Polyborus  cheriway. 
See  No.  297. 


Section  6.  Fourth  primary,  longest,  four  or  five  outer 
primaries,  emarginate  or  notched ;  upper  tail  coverts, 
not  white;  tarsus,  partly  (but  not  entirely)  feathered. 

Tail,  bright   rufous   brown    (adult) ;    tail,   whitish  or  grayish,   with   numerous 

brown  bars  (immature). 

Red-tailed  Hawk. 

Buteo  borealis,  and  races. 
See  No.  271. 

General  plumage,  dark  sooty  browrn,  sometimes  with  underparts  pale,  more  or 

less  streaked  and  spotted. 

Marian's  Hawk. 

Buteo  borealis  harlani. 
See  No.  274. 


174  KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 

Section  7.  Fourth  primary,  longest;  four  or  five  outer 
primaries,  emarginate  or  notched ;  tarsus,  entirely 
feathered  ;  upper  tail  coverts,  not  white. 

Thighs,  tawny,  more  or  less  streaked  or.  barred 

American  Rough-legged  Hawk. 

Archibuteo  lagopus  sancti-johannis. 
See  No.  281. 

General  plumage,  sooty  brown  or  black  (black  plumage). 

American  Rough-legged  Hawk. 
Archibuteo  lagopus  sancti-johannis. 

See  No.  281. 
Thighs,  tinged  with  deep  rufous  with  numerous  bars. 

Ferruginous  Rough-legged  Hawk. 
Archibuteo  ferruginous. 

See  No.  282. 

Section  8.     Fourth  primary,  longest ;  three  outer  primaries, 

emarginate  or  notched. 

Tarsus,  partly  feathered;  throat,  white  (adult)  ;  throat,  tawny  or  buff  (immature). 

Swainson's  Hawk. 
Buteo  swainsoni. 
See  No.  277. 


Group  6.    Wing,  17  to  21  inches  long. 

Section  1.     Third  primary,  longest;   tarsus,  wholly 

feathered. 

Basal  portion  of  inner  web  of  primaries,  largely  white,  without  bars ;  thighs, 
tawny  or  buff,  more  or  less  barred  ;  tarsus,  thickly  feathered. 

American  Rough-legged  Hawk. 

Archibuteo  lagopus  sancti-johannis. 
See  No.  281. 

Basal  portion  of  inner  web  of  primaries,  largely  white,  without  bars ;  thighs, 
tinged  with  deep  rufous  heavily  barred. 

Ferruginous  Rough-legged  Hawk. 

Archibuteo  ferrugineus. 

See  No.  282. 


FAMILY    FALCON1I)*:.— HAWKS,    FALCONS,    EAGLES,  ETC. 


Broad-winged  Hawk. 


Ospray. 


Ked-shouldered  Hawk. 


176 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA, 


Goshawk. 


Gyrfalcon. 


FAMILY  FALCONID^K.  —  HAWKS,  FALCONS,  EAGLES,  ETC. 


177 


General  plumage,  entirely  sooty  brown  or  black ;  primaries  and  tail,  with  more 
or  less  white  or  gray. 

American  Rough-legged  Hawk  (black  plumage). 

Archibuteo  layopus  sancti-johannis. 
See  No.  281. 


Section  2.    Third  primary,  longest ;  tarsus,  not  wholly 

feathered. 

\Ving,  less  than  19;  a  part  of  inner  web  of  outer  primaries,  white,  showing 
numerous  imperfect  bars ;  thighs,  black  or  dark  brown ;  face,  bare. 

A udu bon's  Caracara. 
Polyborus  cheriway. 
See  No.  297. 

Win^,  from  16.90  to  21;  apart  of  inner  web  of  outer  primaries,  white,  showing 
numerous  imperfect  bars ;  three  outer  primaries,  notched  ;  belly  and  thighs, 
pure  white ;  back,  dark  brown.  Fish  Hawk. 

Pandion  haliaetus  carol ine.nsis. 
See  No.  285. 


Wing,  less  than  19;  primaries,  dark  slaty  blue,  showing  greenish  tinge  when  held 
in  the  light;  two  outer  primaries,  notched ;  tail,  long  and  forked;  underparts 
and  thighs,  pure  white.  Swallow-tailed  Kite. 

Elanoides  forficatus. 
See  No.  261. 


178  KEY   TO   THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 

Wing,  always  over  18.50;  belly  and  thighs,  never  white  ;  only  adult  birds  have 

the  hood  and  tail,  white. 

Bald  Eagle. 

Haliaetus  leucocephalus. 
See  Xo.  285. 

Section  3.     Fourth  primary,  longest;   tarsus,  without 

feathers. 

Back,  brown ;  face,  bare. 

Audubon's  Caracara. 

Polyborus  cheriway. 
See  No.  297. 

Section  4.    Fourth   primary,  longest;   tarsus,   partly  (not 

entirely)  feathered. 

Tail,  rufous  brown  (adult) ;  tail,  whitish  or  grayish,  with  numerous  brown  bars 
(immature). 

Red-tailed  Hawk. 
Buteo  borealis,  and  races. 
See  No.  271. 

General  plumage,  dark  sooty  brown,  sometimes  with  pale  underparts,  more  or 

less  streaked  and  spotted. 

Marian's  Hawk. 

Buteo  borealis  harlani. 
See  No.  274. 

Wins:,  always  over  18.50:  only  adults  have  head  and  tail  white. 

Bald  Eagle. 

Haliaetus  leucocephalus. 
See  No.  285. 

Section  5.     Fourth  primary,  longest;  tarsus,  entirely 

feathered. 

Thighs,  tawny,  more  or  less  streaked  or  barred.  American  Rough-legged   Hawk. 

Archibuteo  lagopiis  sancti-johannis. 
See  No.  281. 

General  plumage,  sooty  brown  or  black  (black  plumage). 

American  Rough-legged  Hawk. 

Archibuteo  lagopus  sancti-johannis. 
See  No.  281. 

Thighs,  tinged  with  deep  rufous  with  numerous  bars. 

Ferruginous  Rough-legged  Hawk. 

Archibuteo  ferrugineus. 
See  No.  282. 


FAMILY    FALCON  IDyE.  —  HAWKS,    FALCONS,    EAGLES,    ETC. 


179 


Group  7.     Wing,  over  21  inches  long. 


Golden  Eagle. 
Tarsus,  entirely  feathered ;  head  and  tail,  never  white. 


Golden  Eagle. 

Aquila  chrysaetoi 
See  Xo.  283. 


180 


KEY    TO    THE   B1KDS    OF   EASTEKN    KOKTH    AMERICA. 


Tarsus,  not  entirely  feathered;  head  and  tail,  more  or  less  white  in  old  birds; 
younger  birds,  have  no  white  on  head. 

Bald  Eagle. 

Haliaetus  leucoccphali 
See  No.  285. 


FAMILY   STRIGID^E.  —  OWLS. 


181 


FAMILY  STRIQID/E. 

Owls. 

Radiated  disk  of   feathers   surrounding  the   eye;    plumage,  soft;  toes, 
armed  with  strong  curved  talons. 

Group  1.     Wing,  less  than  8.50  inches  long. 
Section  1.    Toes,  thickly  feathered. 


Richardson's  Owl. 


Saw-whet  Owl. 


Wing,  less  than  6.10;  tipper  plumage,  dark  cinnamon  brown,  more  or  less 
marked  with  white;  uuderparts,  whitish,  streaked  with  brown;  immature  birds 
have  much  white  about  the  face. 

Saw-whet  Owl. 
Acadian  Owl. 
Nyctala  acadica. 
See  No.  306. 

Wing,  over  6.10;  upper  plumage,  dark  cinnamon  brown,  more  or  less  marked 
with  white ;  underparts,  brown  and  white. 

Richardson's  Owl. 

Nyctala  tengmalmi  richardsoni. 
See  No.  305. 


182 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 


Section  2.    Toes,  nearly  bare,  or  but  thinly  feathered. 


Screech  Owl. 
About  one  quarter  natural  size. 

Tarsus,  thickly  feathered;  head  with  two  horn-like  tufts  of  feathers;  general 
plumage,  sometimes  gray,  sometimes  rufous  brown,  more  or  less  streaked  and 
spotted.  Screech  Owl. 

Megascops  asio,  and  races. 
See  No.  307. 

Tarsus,  scantily  feathered,  usually  nearly  bare,  especially  on  the  lower  part; 
head,  without  horn=like  tufts  of  feathers.  Occurs  only  in  Florida. 

Florida  Burrowing  Owl. 

Speotyto  cunicularia  floridana. 
See  No.  315. 


Group  2.     Wing,  8.50  to  11  inches  long. 


Primaries,  dark  brown,  more  or  less  marked  with  tawny  brown. 


Long=eared  Owl. 

Asio  wilsonianus. 
See  No.  300. 

Primaries,  dark  brown,  more  or   less   marked  with  pure  white;   no  horn-like 
tufts  of  feathers  on  head.  Hawk  Owl. 

Surnia  ulula  caparoch. 
See  No.  313. 


FAMILY    STKIGID^E. OWLS.  183 


Group  3.     Wing,  11  to  13  inches  long. 

General    plumage,    brown,   mottled,   and    streaked;    underparts,   streaked  and 
barred  with  brown :  toes,  feathered. 

Barred  Owl. 
Syrnium  nebulosum. 

See  No.  302. 
Underparts,  streaked  and  barred  with  brown ;  toes,  nearly  bare. 

Florida  Barred  Owl. 
Syrnium  ndtnloxitm  alleni. 
See  No.  303. 


Barn  Owl. 
About  one  seventh  natural  size. 

Underparts,  white,  or  tawny  white,  with  more  or  less  small  spots  of  brown ;  middle 

toe  nail,  with  comb-like  edge. 

Barn  Owl. 

Strixpratincola. 
See  No.  299. 

Group  4.     Wing,  13  to  15  inches  long. 
Section  1.     Second  primary,  decidedly  shorter  than  fourth. 

Uuderparts,  white,  barred  and  streaked  with  brown;  toes,^  more  or  less  feathered. 

Barred  Owl. 

Syrnium  nebulosum. 
See  No.  302. 


184 


KEY   TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Barred  Owl. 


Snowy  Owl. 


FAMILY    STRIGID^E.  OWLS.  185 

Underparts,  white,  barred  and    streaked  with  brown ;  toes,  nearly  bare.     Occurs 
in  Florida  and  Gulf  States  only. 

Florida  Barred  Owl. 

Syrnium  ncbulosum  aUeni. 

See  No.  303. 

• 

Section  2.     Second  primary,  about  equal  in  length  to 

fourth. 

Two  large,  ear-like  tufts  of  feathers  above  the  eyes. 

Great  Horned  Owl. 

Bubo  virginianus,  and  races. 
See  No.  309. 

Section  3.     Second  primary,  decidedly  longer  than  fourth. 


Short-eared  Owl. 
Underparts,  streaked ;  feet,  thickly  feathered. 


Short-eared  Owl. 

Asio  acdpitrimts. 
See  No.  301. 


Underparts,  white  or  buff  white,  more  or  less  spotted  ;  feet,  nearly  bare. 

Barn  Owl. 

Strix  pratincola. 
See  No.  299. 


18(5 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Group  5.     Wing,  over  15  inches  long. 

Bill,    black;    general    plumage,   tawny  black    and    white;    horu-likc  tufts  of 
feathers  over  the  eyes. 

Great  Horned  Owl. 

Bubo  virginianus,  and  races. 
See  No.  309. 

Bill,   black;  general  plumage,  white,  usually  more  or  less  marked   with   slate 
brown,  or  dark  brown  ;  no  horn-like  tufts  of  feathers  over  the  eyes. 

Snowy  Owl. 

Ntjctea  nyctea. 
See  Xo.  312. 

Bill,  yellowish ;  no  horn-like  tufts  of  feathers  over  eyes ;  general  plumage,  gray 
mixed  with  white  and  dark  brown. 

Great  Gray  Owl. 

Scotiaptex  cinerca. 
See  No.  304. 


Great  Gray  Owl. 


Great  Horned  Owl. 


FAMILY    PSITTACIDJC.  —  1'AlittOTS. 


187 


FAHILY  PSITTACID^E- 

Parrots. 

Toes,  four,  two  in  front  and   two   behind ;   bill,  with  cere  (a  skin-like 
covering  over  base  of  the  bill). 


General  plumage,  green,  more  or  less  yellow  about  the  head. 


Carolina  Paroquet. 

Conurus  carolinensi*. 

See  No.  316. 


Once  common  in   Southern  States;   apparently  now  restricted  to  Florida  and 
Indian  Territory. 


188 


KEY    TO    THK    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 


FAMILY  CUCULID/E. 

Cuckoos. 

Feet,  zygodactyle  (two  toes  in  front,  two  behind), 


Under  mandible,  yellow  ;  greater  portion  of  primaries,  rufous  brown,  tipped 
with  grayish  olive;  underparts,  dull  white;  outer  tail  feathers,  black,  tipped 
with  white. 

Yellow=billed  Cuckoo. 

Coccyzus  americanus. 
See  No.  320. 

Under  mandible,  yellow,  tip,  black;  primaries,  grayish  olive,  not  rufous 
browu ;  belly,  tinged  with  pale  rufous. 

flangrove  Cuckoo. 

Coccyzus  minor,  and  races. 
See  No.  318. 

Bill,  black;  no  rufous  brown  on  primaries;  underparts,  dull  white;  outer  tail, 
like  back  in  color. 

Black-billed  Cuckoo. 

Coccyzus  erythrophthalmus. 
See  No.  321. 

General  plumage,  black  ;  bill,  black.  West  Indian  species,  recorded  from  Florida ; 
accidental  in  the  United  States.  Bill  very  different  from  that  of  true  Cuckoo, 
being  thin  and  "  Parrot  like."  Ani. 

Crotophaga  ani. 
See  No.  317. 


FAMILY    ALCEDINID^E. KINGFISHERS. 


189 


FAMILY  ALCEDINID/E. 

Kingfishers. 

Feet,  syndactyle ;   toes,  four,  the   middle  and   outer  ones  joined,  being 
fastened  together  for  more  than  half  their  length. 


Back,  bluish  gray ;  throat  and  belly,  white ;  a 
band  of  bluish  gray  on  the  breast  (male) ; 
underparts,  without  chestnut  brown;  sides 
of  the  body  and  a  band  on  the  belly,  chestnut 
(female). 

Belted  Kingfisher. 

Ceryle  alcyon. 
See  No.  322. 


190  KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


FAMILY  PICID^E. 

WOODPECKERS. 

GROUP  1.     Wing,  less  than  4.25  inches  long.     See  page  191. 
GROUP  2.     Wing,  4.25  to  5.50  inches  long.     See  page  191. 

Section  1.     Toes,  three;  no  trace  of  red  on  crown  or  nape.     See  page  191. 

Section  2.     Toes,  four ;  no  trace  of  red  on  crown  or  nape.     See  page  192. 

Section  3.    Toes,  four ;  more  or  less  red  on  crown  or  nape.     See  page  193. 
GROUP  3.     Wing,  5.50  to  8.00  inches  long.     See  page  195. 
GROUP  4.     Wing,  over  8.00  inches  long.     See  page  196. 


FAMILY    PICID^E.  WOODPECKERS. 


191 


FAMILY   PICID^E. 

Woodpeckers. 

Tail  feathers,  stiff  and  pointed;    bill,  strong  and  sharp.     Woodpeckers 
are  commonly  seen  climbing  about  on  trunks  of  trees. 

Group  1.     Wing,  less  than  4.25  inches  long. 

Hack,  black,  streaked  with  white ;  crown, 
with  red  nuchal  patch  (male)  ;  without 
red  nuchal  patch  (female) ;  tail  feath- 
ers, stiff  and  pointed ;  toes,  four, 
two  in  front,  two  behind. 

Downy  Woodpecker. 
Dryobates  piibescens. 
See  No.  326. 


Group  2.     Wing,  4.25  to  5.50  inches  long. 

Section  1.     The  following  species  have  three  toes;  no  trace 
of  red  on  the  crown  or  nape. 


Toes,  three;  crown,  yellow;   back,  black,  without  white  (male). 


Arctic  three-toed  Woodpecker. 

Picoides  arcttcus. 

See  No.  328. 


192 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Toes,  three;  crown, 
black ;  back,  black, 
without  white. 

Arctic  Three=toed  Woodpecker. 

Picoides  arcticus  (female}. 
See  No.  328. 


Toes,  three;  crown,  yel- 
low ;  back,  black  and 
white. 

American  Three-toed  W  odpecker. 
Banded-backed  Woodpecker. 

Picoides  americanus  (male). 
See  No.  329. 


Toes,  three ;    crown,  black,  marked  with  white ;  back,  black  and  white. 


American  Three-toed  Woodpecker. 
Banded=backed  Woodpecker. 

Picoides  americanus  (female}. 
See  No.  329. 


Section  2.    The  following  species  have  four  toes ;  no  trace 
of  red  on  crown  or  nape. 


Ear    coverts,    black;     no 

white  on  inner  web  of  two 
middle  tail  feathers ;  mid- 
dle of  back,  more  or  less 
white,  but  not  heavily 
banded  as  in  borealis ; 
lower  rump  and  upper 
tail  coverts,  black. 


Hairy  Woodpecker. 

Dryobates  villosus  (female}. 
See  No.  324. 


FAMILY    PICID.E.  — WOODPECKERS. 


193 


Ear  coverts,  white;  no  white  on  inner  web  of  two  middle  tail  feathers;  back, 
heavily  banded  with  white  and  black;  upper  tail  coverts,  black. 

Red-cockaded  Woodpecker. 

Dryobates  borcalis  (male). 
See  No.  327. 

Rump  and  upper  tail  coverts,  pure  white ;  greater  portion  of  tertials  and 
secondaries,  white  ;  the  shafts,  black  ;  inner  webs  of  two  middle  tail  feathers, 
not  marked  with  white. 

Red-headed  Woodpecker. 

Melanerpes  frythrocephalus  (immature). 
See  No.  332. 

Inner  webs  of  two  middle  tail  feathers,  heavily  marked  with  white;  belly, 
usually  tinged  with  pale  yellow. 

Yellow-bellied  Woodpecker. 

Sphyrapicus  varius  (immature). 
See  ITo.  330. 


Section  3.     The  following  species  have  four  toes,  and  more 
or  less  red  on  crown  or  nape. 

Crown,  black ;  a  patch  of 
red  on  the  occiput  (back 
of  the  head) ;  ear  cov- 
erts, black;  no  white 
on  inner  webs  of  two 
middle  tail  feathers ; 
back,  black,  with  white 
patch  in  middle,  but 
not  heavily  banded 
with  black  and  white; 
wings,  with  round 
white  spots ;  upper 
tail  coverts,  black. 

Hairy  Woodpecker. 

Dryobates  villosus  (male). 
See  No.  324. 

Crown,  black ;  a  narrow  patch  of  red  on  either  side  of  the  occiput  (back  of 
the  head);  ear  coverts,  white;  no  white  on  inner  webs  of  two  middle  tail 
feathers;  back,  banded  black  and  white;  upper  tail  coverts,  black. 

Red-cockaded  Woodpecker. 

Dryobates  borealis  (male). 
See  No.  327. 


194 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 


Crown,  red;  throat,  red  (male);  crown,  red;  throat,  white  (female);  belly, 
tinged  with  yellow ;  two  middle  tail  feathers,  heavily  marked  with  white  on 
the  inner  webs;  a  patch  of  black  on  the  breast,  varying  in  size,  according 

to  age  and  season. 

Yellow-bellied  Woodpecker. 

Sphyrapicus  varius  (adult}. 
See  No.  330. 


Red-bellied  Woodpecker. 

Crown,  red  (male) ;  crown,  ashy  gray,  nape,  red  (female)  ;  throat  and  under- 
parts,  pale  ash  gray,  the  belly  tinged  with  red  or  buff,  according  to  season. 


Red-bellied  Woodpecker. 

Melanerpes  carolinus. 
See  No.  333. 


Rump  and  upper  tail  coverts,  pure  white;  greater  part  of  secondaries  and 
tertials,  white,  with  black  shafts  (sometimes  with  one  brown  band  near 
tip);  entire  head  and  throat,  red  (adults);  immature  birds  have  the  head 
brownish  gray,  speckled  and  marked  with  dull  black,  but  usually  showing  more 

or  less  red  in  places. 

Red-headed  Woodpecker. 

Melanerpes  erythrocephalus. 
See  No.  332. 


FAMILY   PICID^E. WOODPECKERS. 

Group  3.    Wing,  5.50  to  8.00, 


195 


Golden-Avinged  Woodpecker. 

Under  surface  of  wings  and  tail,  yellow;  a  band  of  red  on  the  nape,  and  a  black 
molar  stripe  (male)  :  similar  but  without,  the  black  molar  stripe  (female). 


Golden-winged  Woodpecker. 
Flicker. 

Colaptes  auratus. 

See  No.  334. 


Rump  and  upper  tail  coverts,  pure  white; 
greater  portion  of  tertials,  white,  the  shafts, 
black ;  middle  tail  feathers,  not  marked  with 
white ;  belly,  white. 

Red-headed  Woodpecker. 
Melanerpes  erythrocephahts. 
See  No.  333. 


Red  headed  Woodoecker. 


196 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF   EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 


Throat,  red  or  white,  not  gray;   belly,  tinged   with 
yellow.  Yellow-bellied  Woodpecker. 

Spyrapicus  varius. 

See  No.  330. 


Yellow  bellied  Woodpecker. 

Riddle  tail  feathers,  marked  with  white ;  underparts,  ashy,  tinged  with  red 
or  buff  on  the  belly.  Red-bellied  Woodpecker. 

Melanerpes  carolinus. 
See  No.  33^. 


Group  4.    Wing,  over  8.00. 


-  ^$'nHW*-lX"">  5-— ' 

Bill,  dark  slaty,  or  blackish;  upper  plumage,  blackish;  basal  half  of  wing 
feathers,  white;  whole  crown,  scarlet  red  (male);  front  of  cro\vn,  not  red 
(female).  Pi  I  eat  ed  Woodpecker. 

Ceophlceus  pileatus. 
See  No.  331. 


FAMILY    PICIDyE.  WOODPECKERS. 


197 


Ivory-billed  Woodpecker. 

Bill,  yellowish  white;  greater  portion  of  plumage,  black;  greater  portion  of 
secondaries,  and  tips  of  inner  primaries,  white;  a  white  stripe  extends  down 
sides  of  the  neck  to  the  back;  crest,  bright  red  (male) ;  crest,  black  (female). 
Occurs  in  Florida,  and  in  a  few  localities  along  the  Gulf  coast.  Rare. 


Ivory-billed  Woodpecker. 

Campephilus  prmcipalis. 
See  No.  323. 


198 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


FAMILY    CAPRIMULQID^E. 
Night-hawks,    Whip=poor=wills,    etc. 

Feet,    small   and    weak;    mouth,    very   large;    bill,   small;    middle   toe 
nail,  with  fine  comb-like  edge;   front  toes,  connected  at  base. 


A  band  of  white  on  the  wing ;  tail  feathers,  not  tipped  with  white. 

Night-hawk. 

Chordeiles  mryinianus,  and  races. 
See  No.  337. 

Xo  white  on  the  wing;   primaries,  banded  with  rufous  brown  ana  black;    wing, 
over  7.50.  Chuck=wiIPs=widow. 

Antrostomu*  carolinensis. 
See  No.  335. 


Chuck-will'H-widow 


No  white  on  wing; 
outer  tail  feathers, 
broadly  tipped 
with  white :  wing, 
under  7  .50. 

Whip-poor-will. 
Antrostomus  vociferiis, 
See  No.  336. 


FAMILY    TKOCHILID^E. HUMMING-BIRDS. 


199 


FAMILY  niCROPODID^E, 
Swifts. 


General  plumage,  sooty  brown,  showing  a  faint  greenish  tinge  on  the  upper 
parts;  throat,  ashy  white;  tail  feathers,  with  sharp  spines,  or  points  formed 
by  the  shafts  of  the  feathers,  extending  beyond  the  webs.  The  Swifts  are 
widely  separated  geuerically  from  the  Swallows ;  but  persons  unfamiliar  with 
birds  might  look  for  them  under  the  same  family. 

Chimney  Swift. 

Chcetura  pelagica. 

See  No.  340. 


FAMILY    TROCHILID^E. 
Humming-birds. 

Smallest  of  Birds.     Wing  less  than  1.75  inches  long 

(carpus  to  tip). 


Throat,  ruby  red;  back,  golden  green 
(male)  ;  no  red  on  throat  (female 
and  young  male). 

Ruby-throated   Humming-bird. 

Trochilus  Colubris. 

See  No.  341. 


200 


KEY    TO    THE    BIKDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


FAHILY  TYRANNID/E. 

Flycatchers. 
Group  1.     Wing,  from  2.13  to  2.37  inches  long. 

Bill,  broad  and  flattened,  with  numerous  small  black  bristles  at  base ; 
tip,  with  small  but  distinct  hook. 


353 

Top  of  bill.  Side  of  bill. 

Bill,   with  small  hook  at  tip,  flat  and  wide  at 
base;    back,  olive  green;  belly,  not  yellow, 

or  only  faintly  tinged  with  yellow. 

Least  Flycatcher. 

Empidonax  minimus. 
See  No.  355. 


Back,  olive  green;  belly,  clear  yellow. 


Yellow-bellied  Flycatcher. 

Empidonax  flaviventris. 
See  No.  352. 


Group  2.     Wing,  2.37  to  2.75  inches  long. 

Under  inaudible,  yellowish  white  ;  throat,  whitish  ;  breast  and  belly,  dull  white, 
tinged  with  pale  yellow;  back,  olive  green. 

Arcadian  Flycatcher. 
(ireen=crested  Flycatcher. 

Empidonax  virescens. 
See  No.  353. 


.     L 


FAMILY    TYRANNISE.  —  FLYCATCHERS. 


201 


Under   mandible,  yellowish  white;    throat  and  underparts,  greenish   yellow;    back,  olive 
green. 

Yellow=bel!ied  Flycatcher. 

Empidonax  Jlaviventris. 
See  No.  352. 


Flycatcher. 

Under  mandible,  pale  yellowish  white,  or  brownish  white ;  back,  tinged  with 
olive  brown  ;  wing,  over  2.60. 

Traill's  Flycatcher. 

Empidonax  traillii  alnorum. 
See  No.  354. 


Under  mandible,  usually  pule  brown  or  brownish 
white ;  wing,  under  2.60. 

Least  Flycatcher 

Empidonax  minimus, 
See  No.  355. 


202 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Group  3.     Wing,  2.75  to  3.25  inches   long, 


Bill,   flat   and  wide,  with  small  hook  at  tip,   and 
black  bristles  at  base. 


Wing,  under  3.05 ;  under  mandible,  yellowish  white ;  throat  and  underpants, 
pale  greenish   yellow  ;   back,  olive  green. 

Yellow-bellied  Flycatcher. 

Empidonax  flaviventris. 
See  No.  352. 

Wing,  usually  under  3.05  ;   under  mandible,  yellowish  white ;  throat,  white  ; 
breast  and  belly,  whitish,  faintly  tinged  with  yellow;   back,  dull  olive  green. 

Arcadean  Flycatcher. 

Empidonax  rirescens. 
See  No.  353. 

Wing,  under  3.05;  upper  parts,  tinged  with  olive  brown  ;  throat,  white;  under 
mandible,  yellowish  white ;  eye-ring  and  wing  bars,  pale  tawny. 

Traill's  Flycatcher. 

Empidonax  trailli  alnorum. 
See  No.  354. 


FAMILY    TYRANNISE.  —  FLYCATCHERS 


203 


Group  4.     Wing,  3.25  to  3.75  inches  long, 


Both  mandibles,  blackish;  back,  brownish  olive. 


Phoebe  Flycatcher. 

Sayornis  phcebe. 
See  No.  348. 


Under  mandible,  pale,  usually  yellowish,  or  yellowish  brown;  back,  dull  olive. 


Wood  Pewee. 

Cantopns  virens. 
See  No.  351. 


204 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Group  5.     Wing,  3.75  to  4.25  inches  long 

Bill,   with   small    hook   at  tip,   and    black    bristles   at   base;    back   of 
tarsus,  rounded. 


•  > 


Flycatcher. 

Throat,  grayish;  belly,  yellow;  back,  dull 
olive;  more  or  less  rufous  brown  on  the  tail 
feathers. 

Crested  Flycatcher. 

Myiarchus  crinitus. 
See  No.  347. 

Throat,  grayish  olive;  belly,  pale  rufous  brown;   upper  parts,  olive  gray. 

Say's  Phoebe. 

Sayornis  say  a. 
See  No.  349. 

Throat,  and  middle  of  belly,  white,  sometimes  tinged  with  yellow;  under 
mandible,  pale  at  base ;  upper  parts,  brownish  olive ;  greater  portion  of  breast, 
and  sides  of  the  body,  brownish  olive ;  upper  mandible,  black ;  a  tuft  of  whitish 
feathers  on  the  flanks. 

Olive-sided  Flycatcher. 
Contopus  borealis. 
See  No.  350. 

Throat  and  underparts,  white;  a  very  long  forked  tail;  crown,  black,  with 
yellow  patch  in  centre ;  back,  gray. 

Fork-tailed  Flycatcher. 

Milvulus  tyrannus. 
See  No.  342. 


FAMILY    TYRANNID^E. FLYCATCHERS. 


205 


Group  6.    Wing,  4.25  to  4.75  inches  long, 


344 


Back,  blackish;   a  concealed 
patch  of  fiery  red  on  crown ; 

tail,  tipped  with  white ;  belly, 


white. 


King  Bird. 

Tyrannus  tyrannus. 
See  No.  344. 


Back,  dull  ash  gray;   a  concealed  patch  of  orange  red  on  crown;   tail,  not 
tipped  with  white ;  belly,  white. 

Gray  King  Bird. 

Tyrannus  dominicensis. 
See  No.  345. 

Crown  and  back,  dull  olive ;  throat,  gray; 
belly  and  under  tail  coverts,  yellow ; 

tail  feathers,  heavily  marked  with  rufous. 

Crested  Flycatcher. 

Myiarchus  crinitus. 
See  No.  347. 


Crown,  dull  olive  gray;  throat,  olive  gray; 
belly,  rufous  brown ;  tail,  black. 

Say's  Phoebe  Flycatcher, 

Sayornis  say  a. 

See  No.  349. 


206 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Upper  plumage,  brownish  olive,  or  dull,  grayish  olive;  throat  and  middle  of 
belly,  white,  sometimes  tinged  with  pale  yellow ;  breast  (except  middle)  and 
sides  of  body,  dull  grayish  olive ;  under  mandible,  pale. 

Olive=sided  Flycatcher. 

Cantopus  borealis. 
See  No.  350. 


Crown  and  back,  ashy ;  throat  and  breast,  ashy  white ;  sides  of  breast  and 
body,  orange  red  ;  tail,  very  long,  rarely  less  than  four  and  one  half  inches. 

Scissor=tailed  Flycatcher. 

Milvulus  forficatus. 
See  No.  343. 

Crown,  black,  with  concealed  patch  of  yellow;  back,  gray;  underparts,  white; 
tail,  very  long,  usually  more  than  four  and  one  half  inches. 

Fork-tailed  Flycatcher. 

Milvulus  tyrannus. 
See  No.  342. 


FAMILY  TYRANNISE.  — FLYCATCHERS. 


207 


Group  7.    Wing,  4.75  to  5.50  inches  long. 


Top  of  bill. 


Back,  blackish ;  a  concealed  patch  of  fiery  red  on  the  crown ;  tail,  tipped 
with  white  ;  belly,  white.  Kjng  Bird. 

Tyrannus  tyrannus. 
See  No.  344. 

Back,  dull  ash  gray ;  a  concealed  patch  of  orange  red  on  the  crown ;  tail,  not 
tipped  with  white ;  belly,  white.  Gray  King-bird. 

Tyrannus  domimcensis. 
See  No.  345. 

Back,  olive  gray;  a  concealed  orange  patch  on  the  crown;  throat,  gray;  belly, 
yellow ;  outer  web  of  outer  tail  feather,  white ;  a  western  species  which 
has  occasionally  been  taken  east  of  the  Mississippi.  Arkansas  Flycatcher. 

Tyrannus  verticalis. 
See  No.  346. 

Crown  and  back,  ashy;  throat  and  breast,  ashy  white;  sides  of  breast  and 
body,  orange  red ;  tail,  very  long,  rarely  less  than  four  and  one  half 
inches.  A  southwestern  species,  several  examples  of  which  have  been  taken  in 
Eastern  North  America,  from  Ontario  to  Florida.  Scissor-tailed  Flycatcher. 

Milvulus  forficatus. 
See  No.  343. 

Crown,  black,  with  concealed  patch  of  yellow  ;  back,  gray  ;  underparts,  white; 
tail,  very  long  and  forked,  usually  over  four  and  one  half  inches.  South 
American  species,  stragglers,  have  been  taken  in  Eastern  North  America. 

Forked-tail  Flycatcher. 

Milvulus  tyrannus. 
See  No.  342. 


208 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


FAMILY    ALAUDID/E. 
Larks, 

Bill,  pointed,  and  somewhat  rounded ;  back  of  tarsus,  rounded ;  hind 
toe  nail,  elongated,  equal  or  longer  than  the  toe;  nostrils,  more  or  less 
concealed  by  tufts  of  hair=Iike  feathers  ;  wing,  3.75  to  4.50. 


Horned  Lark. 


Upper  throat  and  line  over  the  eye,  yellow,  or  yellowish  white ;  a  stripe  from  bill 
below  the  eye,  and  a  patch  on  breast,  black,  or  blackish ;  belly,  white ;  upper 
parts,  brownish,  more  or  less  streaked;  hind  toe  nail,  long,  and  nearly  straight; 
greater  portion  of  outer  web  of  outer  tail  feather,  white.  In  immature  and 
winter  birds,  the  horn-like  tuft  of  feathers  is  lacking,  or  indistinct. 

Horned  Lark. 
Shore  Lark. 

Otocoris  alpestris,  and  races. 
See  No.  357. 


FAMILY    COKVIDvE.  JAYS,    CROWS,    ETC. 


209 


FAfllLY  CORVID^E. 

Jays,  Crows,  etc. 

SUBFAMILY    GARRULIN/E. 
Jays  and  flagpies. 

First  primary,  much  shorter  than  second,  always  less  than  three  fourths 
as  long  as  third ;  fourth  or  fifth  primary,  longest ;  bill,  stout  and  strong ; 
the  nostrils,  concealed  by  coarse  hair-like  feathers;  outer  tail  feathers, 
shorter  than  middle  feathers. 

Group    1.    Wing,  3.75  to  4.75  inches  long. 


Top  and  sides  of  head,  wings  and  tail,  dull  blue;  back  and  belly,  ash  gray 
Occurs  only  in  Florida. 


Florida  Jay. 

Aphelocoma  floridana, 
See  No.  362. 


KEY    TO   THE    BIRDS    OF   EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 


Group  2.     Wing,  4.75  to  5.50  inches  long. 


Upper  parts,  pale  blue  or  purplish  blue;  tail,  bright  blue, 
barred  with  black  and  (except  middle  feathers),  tipped  with 
white;  wings,  blue,  marked  with  white;  underparts,  ashy 

white ;  breast  with  black  band. 

Blue  Jay. 

Cyanocitta  cristata,  and  races. 
See  No.  360. 


No   blue   on   plumage   any- 
where;   greater    part    of 
*  crown,  dusky;  breast  and 
belly,     gray  ;      throat, 
lighter. 

Canada  Jay. 

Ferisoreus  cauadensts,  and  races. 
See  Nos.  463  and  464. 


FA31ILY    COKVID.E. JAYS,    CROWS,    ETC. 


211 


Group  3.     Wing,  5.50  to  6.50  inches  long. 

Upper  parts,  pale  blue,  or  purplish  blue;  tail,  bright  blue,  barred  with  black,  and 
(except  middle  feathers)  tipped  with  white;  wings,  blue,  marked  with  white; 
uuderparts,  ashy  white;  breast,  with  black  band.  Blue  Jay. 

Cyanocitta  cristata. 
See  No.  360. 

Forehead,  throat,  and  sides  of  head,  dull  white;  back  of  crown  and  nape,  black- 
ish ;  back,  gray ;  uuderparts,  ashy,  palest  on  the  throat. 

Canada  Jay. 

Perisoreus  canadensis,  and  races. 
See  No.  363. 


Group  4.     Wing,  6.50  to  8.50  inches  long. 

Head  and  breast,  black ;  tail,  long,  showing  more  or  less  green  and  purple  reflec- 
tions. American  flagpie. 

Pica  pica  hndsonica. 
See  No.  359. 

SUBFAMILY   CORVIINME. 

Crows  and  Ravens. 
Group  5.     Wing,  9.50  to  15  inches  long. 


Plumage,  black ;  wing,  over 
11.50;  tarsus,  over  2.10; 
bill,  over  1.80. 


Crow. 

Corvus  aniericanus,  and  races. 
See  No.  366. 


212  KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 

Plumage,  black;  wing,  under  11.50;  tarsus,  under  2.10;  bill,  under  1.80. 


Fish  Crow. 

Corvus  ossifrayus. 
See  No.  368. 


Group  6.    Wing,  over  15  inches  long. 


Raven. 


General  plumage,  black. 


Raven. 

Corvus  comx  principalis. 
See  No.  365. 


FAMILY    ICTERID^E. BLACKBIRDS,    OiilOLES,    MEADOW    LAKKS,    ETC.        2  1.3 


FAMILY   ICTERID^E. 


BLACKBIRDS,    ORIOLES,    MEADOW   LARKS,    ETC. 

GROUP    1.     Wing,  less  than  3.75  inches  long.     See  page  214. 

Section  1.     Underparts,  more  or  less   marked  with  3'ello\\,  orange,  or  chestnut  brown. 
See  page  214. 

Section  2.     Underparts,  black  or  heavily  streaked  with  black  or  dark  brown.     See  page  85. 
GROUP  2.     Wing,  3.75  to  4.25  inches  long.     See  page  216. 

Section  1.     Underparts,  more  or  less  yellow.     See  page  217. 

Section  2.     No  yellow  on  underparts.     See  page  218. 
GROUP  3.     Wing,  4.25  to  4.75  inches  long.     See  page  219. 
GROUP  4.     Wing,  4.75  to  5.50  inches  long.     See  page  222. 
GROUP  5.     Wing,  5.50  to  6.50  inches  long.     See  page  224. 
GROUP  6.     Wing,  over  6.50  inches  long.     See  page  225. 


214 


KEY    TO   THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


FAMILY   ICTERID^E. 

Blackbirds,  Orioles,  Meadow  Larks,  etc. 

First  primary,  not  short;  base  of  bill  slightly  dividing  the  feathers  of 
the  forehead  ;  nostrils,  exposed  ;  outer  tail  feathers,  shorter  than  middle 
feathers. 

Group  1.     Wing,  less  than  3.75  inches  long. 

Section  1.  The  following  species  have  the  underparts 
more  or  less  marked  with  either  yellow,  orange,  or  chestnut 
brown. 

Head  nnd  throat,  black;  underparts,  orange  yellow  ;  back,  black.  Baltimore  Oriole. 

Icterus  yalhula  (male). 
See  No.  379. 

Head,  more  or  less  marked  with  black;  back,  blackish;  underparts.  orauge,  paler 
than  the  male.  Baltimore  Oriole. 

Icterus  galbula  (female}. 
See  No.  379. 

Crown  and  back,  dull  olive,  faintly  tinged  with  yellow  on  rump;  underparts,  pale 
yellow,  usually  with  faint  orange  tinge;  wing,  over  3.45.  Baltimore  Oriole. 

Icterus  galbula  (immature). 
See  No.  379. 


Head  and  back,  black;  rest  of  under- 
parts, chestnut  brown. 

Orchard  Oriole. 

Icterus  spurius  (male). 
See  No.  378. 

Crown  and  back,  greenish,  without 
stripes;  underparts,  yellow  (not 
orange) ;  wing,  under  3.45. 

Orchard  Oriole. 

Icterus  spurius  (female), 
See  No.  378. 

Crown,  with  yellow  buff  in  centre, 
bordered  by  black;  back,  streaked 
with  black;  underparts,  pale  yel- 
low, tinged  with  buff;  tail  feathers, 

BoboHnk.     Rice  Bird. 

Dolichonyx  oryzivorus  (female), 
See  No.  370. 


On-hard  Oriole. 


FAMILY  ICTERIM;. — BLACKBIRDS,  ORIOLES,  MEADOW  LARKS,  ETC.     215 

Section    2.      The  following    species   have    the    underparts 
black,  or  heavily  streaked  with  black,  or  dark  brown. 


Underparts,  black,  often  showing  more  or  less  whitish  on  tips  of  feathers;  head, 
black;  back  of  neck,  tawny,  or  tawny  white;  back,  black,  shading  into  gray 
and  white  on  ruinp  and  upper  tail  coverts. 

Bobolink. 
Rice  Bird. 

Dolichonyx  oryzivorus  (male) , 
See  No.  370. 


Underparts,   whitish   or   buffy,   streaked 
with  black. 

Red-winged  Blackbird. 

Agelaius  phceniceus,  and  races  (female), 
See  No.  373. 


216 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Group  2,    Wing,  3.75  to  4.25  inches  long. 

First  primary,  never  less  than  three  fourths  as  long  as  third. 


Blackbird. 


379 


Grackle,  or  Crow  Blackbird.        Oriole. 


Meadow  Lark. 


375 


FAMILY    ICTERID^:. BLACKBIRDS,    ORIOLES,    MEADOW   LARKS,    ETC.       217 


Section    1.     The   following   species    have    underparts   with 

more  or  less  yellow. 


379 


Head  and  back,  black ;   throat,  black  ;    rest  of  underparts,  orange. 

Baltimore  Oriole. 

Icterus  galbula  (male). 
See  No.  379. 

Head  and   back,  brownish   black;    throat,  black;   rest  of  underparts,  paler 
than  the  mule. 

Baltimore  Oriole. 

Icterus  galbula  (female). 
See  No.  379. 

Upper  plumage,  dull  brownish  olive ;   rump,  yellowish  olive ;   entire  under- 
parts, yellowish  white  or  pale  buffy  yellow,  faintly  tinged  with  orange. 

Baltimore  Oriole. 

Icterus  galbula  (immature'). 
See  No.  379. 


Underparts,   pale    buff    yellow    or 

tawny  yellow ;  whitish  on  chin ; 
sides,  streaked  with  black;  crown, 
blackish,  with  tawny  stripe  in  cen- 
tre ;  back,  streaked  ;  tail  feathers, 
very  pointed. 

Bobolink. 

Dolichonyx  oryzworus  (female), 
See  No.370r 


218 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Throat  and  underparts,  yellow;   breast,  with  more  or  less  black;   crown 
brownish  black,  with  buft  white  stripe  in  centre. 

Meadow  Lark. 

Sturnclla  rnayna. 
See  No.  370. 

Section  2.    The  following  species   have  no  yellow  on  the 

underparts. 


Underparts,  heavily  streaked  with  black;  throat,  tinged  with  tawny. 


Red-winged  Blackbird. 

Agelaius  phcenicetts  (female). 
See  No.  373. 


Underparts,  black,  generally  with  more 

or  less  feathers  tipped  with  dull  white ; 

.  crown,    black;     back    of    the    neck, 

tawny  ;  tail  feathers,  very  pointed. 


Bobolink. 

Dolichonyx,  oryzivorus. 
See  No.  270. 


Head  and  throat,  brown  ;   rest  of 
plumage,  glossy  greenish  black. 

Cow  Bird. 

Molothrus  ater  (male), 
See  No.  371. 

Underparts,  brownish  gray ;  upper 
parts,  pale  grayish  brown. 

Cow  Bird. 

Molothrus  ater  (female)- 
See  No.  371. 


FAMILY    ICTERUS. BLACKBIRDS,    ORIOLES,    MEADOW    LARKS,    ETC.       219 


Group  3.     Wing,  4.25  to  4.75  inches  long. 

First  primary,  never  less  than  three  fourths  as  long  as  third. 


371 


General  plumage,  nlack ;  a  patch  of  scarlet  on  the  shoulder. 


Red-winged  Blackbird. 

Afjelaius  phceniceus  (maZe),  and  races. 
See  No.  373. 


General  plumage,  black;  no  red 
shoulder  patch ;  head,  not 
tinged  with  purple. 

Rusty  Blackbird. 

Scolecophayus  carolinus. 
See  No.  381. 


220 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


General  plumage,  black,  glossed  on  the  head  with  purplish  or  violet  black,  and 
back  and  underparts,  tinged  with  metallic  green  ;   no  red  on  shoulder. 

Brewer's  Blackbird. 

Scolecophagus  cyanocephalus  {male}. 
See  No.  382. 

General  plumage,  black,  tinged  with  brown  on  the  crown  and  back ;  the 

feathers  on  the  underparts,  tipped  with  rusty  brown ;  underparts,  not  streaked ; 
no  red  on  shoulder. 

Rusty  Blackbird. 

Scolecophagus  carolinus  (immature}, 
See  No.  381. 

General  plumage,  black,  more  or  less  streaked  and  marked  with  brown, 
buff,  and  dull  white;   lesser  wing  coverts  (shoulder),  dull  red. 

Red= winged  Blackbird. 

Agelaius  phcenicrus  (young  male}. 
See  No.  373. 


Underparts,  streaked  with  black ;   no 

red  patch  on  shoulder. 

Red-winged  Blackbird. 

Agelaius  phceniceus  (female},  and  races, 
See  No.  373. 


Head  and  breast,  chocolate  brown  ;   rest  of  plumage,  glossy  black. 


Cow  Bird. 

MolothniK  ater  (tn,alej 
See  No.  371. 


FAMILY    ICTERID.E. BLACKBIRDS,    ORIOLES,    MEADOW    LARKS,    ETC.       221 

General  plumage,  gray ;   palest  on  the  throat. 

Cow  Bird. 

Molothrus  attr  (female). 
See  No.  371. 

Throat,  yellow  ;  belly,  black  ;  adult  males  have  the  entire  head  yellow;  females 
and  immature  birds  have  the  crown  often  blackish. 

Yellow-headed  Blackbird. 

Xanthocephalus  xanthocephalus  ( female). 
See  No.  372. 


Throat  and  belly,  yellow ;   breast,  with  more  or  less  black. 


Meadow  Lark. 

Sturnella  mayna. 
See  No.  375. 


General  plumage,  dark  slate  or  brownish  slate  color;   underparts,  inclining  to 
plumbeous. 

Rusty  Blackbird. 

Scolecophagus  carolinus  (female)  (adult  in  summer') 
See  No.  381. 


222 


KEY    TO   THE    BIRDS    OF   EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 


Group  4.     Wing,  4.75  to  5.50  inches  long. 

First  primary,  not  short ;  base  of  bill,  dividing  the  feathers  of  the  fore- 
head ;  nostrils,  exposed  ;  outer  tail  feathers,  shorter  than  middle  feathers. 


General  plumage,  metallic  blue, 
green,  purple,  and  bronze. 

Crow  Blackbird. 
Purple  Crackle. 

Quiscalus  quiscula,  and  races. 
See  No.  383. 


Upper  plumage,  dark  brown,  or  blackish ;  crown,  brown ;  underparts,  brown= 

ish  gray,  shading  to  brownish  white  or  buffy  white  on  the  throat. 


Boat-tailed  Crackle. 

Quiscalus  major  (female}. 
See  No.  386. 


General  plumage,  black;  a 
patch  of  scarlet  red  on 
the  shoulder. 

Red=winged  Blackbird. 

Agelaius  phoeniceus  (adult  male). 
See  No.  3^3. 


FAMILY    JCTERID^E.  BLACKBIRDS,    ORIOLKS,    MEADOW    LARKS,    ETC.       223 


General  plumage,  black,  more  or  less  streaked  and  marked  with  buff,  brown,  and 
dull  white;  traces  of  more  or  less  red  on  the  shoulder  (lesser  wing  coverts). 

Red- winged   Blackbird. 
Agelaius  phceniceus,  and  races  (immature). 
See  No.  373. 

Adult  birds  entirely  dull  black;  no  red  shoulder  patch. 
Immature  birds  have  the  upper  parts  more  or  less  brown, 
and  the  feathers  on  the  underparts,  tipped  with  rusty 
brown.  Rusty  Blackbird. 

Scolecophagus  carolinus  (male,  and  immature'). 
See  No.  381. 

General  plumage,  dark  slate  or  brownish  slate  color  ;  underparts,  plumbeous 
slate  color.  Rusty  Blackbird. 

Scolecophagus  carolinus  (female,  in  summer}. 
See  No.  381. 

General  plumage,  black,  glossed  on  the  head  with  purplish  or  violet  black; 
the  back  and  underparts,  tinged  with  metallic  green;  no  red  on  shoulder. 
Western  species  rare  in  Eastern  United  States. 

Brewer's  Blackbird. 

Scolecophagus  cyanocephalus  (male). 
See  No.  382. 


Throat,  yellow ;   belly,  black ;    amount  of  yellow  on  head  varies  according  to 

age  and 'season. 

Yellow-headed  Blackbird. 

Xanthocephalus  xanthocephalus  (female). 
See  No.  372. 


224 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA, 


Throat  and  belly,  yellow  ;   breast,  with  more  or  less  black. 


Meadow  Lark. 
Marsh  Quail. 

Sturnella  magna,  and  races. 
See  No.  375. 


Group  5.     Wing,  5.50  to  6.50  inches  long. 


General  plumage,  black,  showing 
metallic,  reflections  of  blue 
green,  purple,  and  bronze,  when 
held  in  the  light. 


Purple  Qrackle. 

Quiscalus  qniscula,  and  races. 
See  No.  383. 


FAMILY    ICTEKHXa-;.  BLACKBIRDS,    ORIOLES,    MEADOW    LARKS,    ETC.        225 

Upper  plumage,  dark    brown  or  blackish;  crown,  brown;   underparts,  brownish 
gray,  shading  to  brownish  white,  or  buffy  white  on  the  throat  (female). 

Boat-tailed  Crackle. 

Qidscalus  major. 
See  No.  386. 


Throat,  yellow;  belly,  black. 


Throat,  yellow  ;  belly,  yellow. 


Yellow-beaded  Blackbird. 

Xanthocephalus  xanthocephalus. 
See  No.  372. 

fleadow  Lark. 

Sturnella  magna,  and  races 
See  No.  375. 


Group  6,    Wing,  over  6.50  inches  long. 


Boat-tailed  Giackle. 


General  plumage,  black. 


Boat-tailed  Crackle. 

Qttiscalits  major. 
See  No.  386. 


226  KEY   TO   THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA, 


FAMILY 

SPARROWS,    FINCHES,    CROSSBILLS,   BUNTINGS,    ETC. 

GROUP    1.     Wing,  1.75  to  2.13  inches  long.     See  page  228. 

GROUP  2.     Wing,  2.13  to  2.37  inches  long.     See  page  230. 

Part  1.     Breast,  more  or  less  streaked;  carpal  joint,  edged  with  yellow.     See  page  230. 
Part  2.    Breast,  more  or  less  streaked;  carpal  joint,  not  yellow.     See  page  231. 
Part  3.    Breast,  not  streaked;  carpal  joint,  edged  with  yellow.     See  page  231. 
Part  4.    Breast,  not  streaked;  carpal  joint,  not  edged  with  yellow.     See  page  232. 

GROUP  3.     Wing,  2.37  to  2.75  inches  long.     See  page  233. 

Part  1.     Throat  or  underparts,  more  or  less  blue,  red,  dull  green,  or  bright  yellow. 

See  page  233. 
Part  2.     Throat  or  underparts,  not  marked  with  red,  blue,  yellow,  or  green ;  breast, 

distinctly  streaked;  carpal  joint,  edged  with  yellow.     See  page  234. 
Part  3.     Underparts,  not  marked  with  red,  blue,  yellow,  or  green;  breast,  distinctly 

streaked ;  carpal  joint,  not  edged  with  yellow.     See  page  236. 
Part  4.    Underparts,  not  marked  with  red,  blue,  yellow,  or  green ;  breast,  not  streaked ; 

bend  of  wing  (carpal  joint),  edged  writh  yellow.     See  page  237. 
Part  5.     Underparts,  not  marked  with  red,   blue,   yellow,   or  green;   the  breast,  not 

distinctly  streaked,  and  no  yellow  on  bend  of  wing.     See  page  238. 

GROUP   4.     Wing,  2.75  to  3.25  inches  long.     See  page  239. 

Part  1.     Throat  or  underparts,  more  or  less  red,  blue,  green,  or  yellow.     See  page  239. 
Part  2.     No  blue,  red,  green,  or  yellow  on  the  underparts ;  more  or  less  of  throat,  black 

(sometimes  only  the  chin)  ;  breast  and  sides,  not  distinctly  streaked.     See 

page  243. 
Part  3.     No  blue,  red,  green,  or  yellow  on  the  underparts;  throat  or  chin,  not  black; 

breast  or  sides,  not  distinctly  streaked;  tail  feathers,  marked  with  more  or 

less  white.     See  page  244. 


FAMILY    FRINGILLID.'E. SPARROWS,    FINCHES,    CROSSBILLS,    BUNTINGS.       227 

Part  4.  No  blue,  red,  green,  or  yellow  on  the  underparts;  throat  or  chin,  not  black; 
breast  or  sides,  not  distinctly  streaked;  no  white  on  tail  feathers.  See 
page  245. 

Tart  5.  No  red,  blue,  green,  or  yellow  on  the  underparts;  throat,  more  or  less  (some- 
times only  the  chin)  black;  breast  or  sides,  distinctly  streaked.  See 
page  247. 

Tart  6.  No  red,  blue,  green,  or  yellow  on  the  underparts;  throat  or  chin,  not  black; 
breast,  distinctly  streaked  or  spotted.  See  page  248. 

GROUP  5.     Wing,  3.25  to  3.75  inches  long.     See  page  251. 

Part  1.     More  or  less  of  either  red,  blue,  yellow,  or  green  on  the  underparts.     See 

page  251. 
Part  2.     No  red,  blue,  yellow,  or  green  on  the  uuderparts.     See  page  254. 

GROUP  6.     Wing,  3.75  to  4.25  inches  long.     See  page  257. 

Part  1.    More  or  less  red  on  the  underparts.     See  page  257. 

Part  2.     More  or  less  yellow,  orange,  or  green  on  the  underparts.     See  page  258. 

Part  3.    No  red,  yellow,  orange,  or  green  on  the  underparts.     See  page  259. 

GROUP   7.     Wing,  4.25  to  4.75  inches  long.     See  page  201. 


228 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


FAMILY  FRINQILLID^E. 

Sparrows,  Finches,  Crossbills,  etc. 

First  primary,  not  short,  never  less  than  two  thirds  as  long  as  second 
or  third ;  bill,  stout  and  conical ;  nostrils,  high,  near  the  culmen ;  pri- 
maries, 9 ;  tarsus,  flattened  behind. 

Group  1.     Wing,   1.75  to  2.13  inches  long. 


Top  of  head,  blackish,  with  tawny  stripe  in  middle, 

and  tawiiy  stripe  over  each  eye. 

Leconte's  Sparrow. 

Ammodramus  leconteii. 
See  No.  413. 


Ammod  amus  lecoiiteii. 


Ammodramus  caudacutue. 


(Coturniculus)  henslowi. 


FAMILY    FRINGILLID^E.  SPARROWS,    FINCHES,    CROSSBILLS,    ETC. 


229 


Top  of  head  and  nape,  pale  olive  green,  mixed 
with  black;   no  tawny  stripe  over  eye. 


Henslow's  Sparrow. 

Ammodramus  henslowii. 
See  No.  412. 


Top  of  head,  brownish  and  slate  color ;  a 
tawny  stripe  over  each  eye ;  no  tawny  stripe 
on  middle  of  crown. 


Sharp-tailed  Sparrow. 
Sharp-tailed  Finch. 

Ammodramus  caudacntus  and  races. 
See  No.  414. 


;   ,,*.      —.. 


Phompara  bicolor. 


Back  and  rump,  olive  green ;  throat  or  sides  of  neck, 
black  (male),  or  gray  (female).  West  Indian  species, 
accidental  on  Florida  Keys. 

Black-faced  Finch  or  Grassquit. 

Euetheia  bicolor. 

See  No.  449. 


Back  and  rump,  olive  green;  sides  of  neck,  yellow  (male),  or  throat,  chestnut 
brown  (female).     West  Indian  species  accidental  on  Florida  Keys. 

Cuban  Finch,  or  Helodious  Grassquit. 

Euetheia  canora. 

See  No.  450. 


230 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Group  2.    Wing,  2.13  to  2.37  inches  long. 

Part  1 .     The  following  species  have  the   breast  more  or  less  streaked ; 
carpal  joint  (bend  of  wing),  edged  with  yellow :- 


Bill,  dark;  sides  of  head,  tawny  buff  enclosing 
a  patch  of  gray  behind  the  eye ;  heavy  tawny 
buft'  superciliary  stripe. 

Sharp=tailed  Sparrow. 
Ammodramus  eaudacutus^  and  varieties. 
See  No.  414. 


Ammodramus  maritimus. 

Bill,  dark;  a  small  spot  of  yellow  in  front  of  the  eye;  no  tawny  superciliary 
stripeo 

Sea=side  Sparrow. 

Ammodramus  maritimus,  and  varieties. 
See  No.  417. 


FAMILY    FRINGILLID^E.  SPARROWS,    FINCHES,    CROSSBILLS,    ETC.  231 


Bill,    dark;    back,    black;    underparts,   white,   streaked   sharply   with  black. 
Occurs  in  Eastern  Florida  only. 

Dusky  Sea-side  Sparrow. 

Ammodramus  nigrescent. 
See  No.  419. 


Bill,  pale  horn  color ;  sides  of  head  and  nape,  tinged 
with  olive  green. 

Hens  low's  Sparrow. 

Ammodramus  henslowii, 
See  No.  412. 


Part  2.     The  following  species  have  the  breast  more  or  less  streaked  ; 
carpal  joint  (bend  of  wing),  not  yellow:  — 

Breast,  very  faintly  streaked;  middle  tail  feathers, 
rufous  brown,  with  black  stripe  in  middle,  includ- 
ing the  shaft ;  wing  coverts  and  secondaries,  edged 
with  rufous  brown. 

Swamp  Sparrow. 
Melospiza  georgiana. 

See  No.  438. 
Melospiza  georgiana. 


Breast,  sharply  streaked  with  black ;  shafts 
of  tail  feathers,  not  black. 

Lincoln's  Sparrow. 

Melospiza  Uncolnii. 
See  No.  437. 


Meloepiza  lincolnii. 

Part  3.    The   following   species    have   the   breast   not  streaked  (in  the 
adult*);  carpal  joint  (bend  of  wing),  edged  with  yellow :- 

Top  of  head,  black  with  tawny  stripe  in  centre ;    an  orange  brown  spot  over,  and 
somewhat  in  front  of,  the  eye.  Yellow-winged  Sparrow. 

Grasshopper  Sparrow. 

*  Ammodramus  savannarum  passerinus. 

See  No.  411. 


*  In  several  species,  very  young  birds  in  first  plumage  have  the  breast  streaked. 


KK1      TO    TIIK     ItlltDS    OF    MASTI.KN 


\Mi;m<A. 


I  op  of  liratl   and   hack,  chest  nut   anci    black; 

"I-  "im-limr        \\llli     Itl.icU     MpOU.        Ocnii 

only  IIH  Cur  IIH  known  In  Florida  tind  Sonilx-i  n 


Pine-  woods  .Sparrow. 

I'l'iicmi     n  -.In-ill  h.. 

Hoc  No.  484. 


Top  of  linud  HIM)  hm-k,  rnfoiiM  brown  with  morn  or  I«-HH  ^ruy  on  r«uth«rn;  dldos, 

WlMlOIlt  MpOtN. 

liachinan'M  Sparrow. 

WHttvali*  bnchmnntt. 
See  No,  485, 


Part  4.     The  following  species  have  the  breast  not  streaked  (In  the 
ndult);  airpul  Joint  (bend  of  wing),  not  edged  with  yellow  :  — 


covorU  and  H«tM>mlarlrH, 
hrown;  MunkM,  hrownUh  ollvo. 


with   mfoiiH 

Swamp  Sparrow. 

onj)iz(t  ycor(/i<t) 

Srr   No.    I.1S. 


Wln^  (MivortN  and  Hot*ondiirl«K,  od^od  with  pulo  tawny 
luilV;  tall   fiMittici'H,   brown,  narrowly  edgod  with 

IMMXMM  i,  \xi,,i,-     n.,,,1.     ,,.,!,.  bnll    whito. 


Field  Sparrow, 

Kpiwlld  im 

Srr   No. 


i  AMII.Y    iriUNUiLLii)*:.  —  MPAititows,   L'INCIII:S,  CKOHSHII.LH,   I.TC. 


Group  3.    Wing,  2.37  to  2.75  inches  long. 


400 


41H 


409 


Part  I.     The  following  species  have  the  throat  or  underparts   more  or 
less  marked  with  either  blue,  red,  dull  green,  or  bright  yellow:  — 


i  n.i.-i|,..ii  ,  entirely  yellow  (mulo),  or  throat,  \.-n..\\  .  undorparU,  dull  ollvo 
••i.i\  (Female);  \\ni--  •  and  tail,  i.l.i.-i.,  i.i.nl,.-.!  \vltli  \\lni.-  yollow  on  iiudor- 
c  M  i  \.ui.-  much,  according  to  airo  and  HOIIMOII. 

Yellowblrd. 

American  (loldflnch, 


I   iidn  |».-iriH,  bright  rrd,  or  tln^rd  with  rod;   l>aok, 


HI  >i  mix  tn'nHn. 

S<-r  No,  400, 


rrosvn, 


Nonpareil  Painted  Bunting, 

rtrl*  (ma/n). 
H«w  No,  44H. 


UnderpartH,  g;reoulMh;  hack, 


Painted   Bunting. 

<'trfn  (/.///• 
\,,    1 1 


234 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF   EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 


Uuderparts,  blue;  general  plumage,  blue;  wings 
and  tail,  black,  edged  with  blue. 

Indigo  Bird. 
Indigo  Bunting. 

Passerina  cyanea  (male}. 
See  No.  446. 


Underparts,  more  or  less  blotched  with  blue. 


Indigo  Bird. 

Passerina  cyanea  (immature), 
See  No.  446. 


Part  2.  The  following  species  have  the  underparts  not  marked  with 
red,  blue,  yellow,  or  green ;  breast,  distinctly  streaked ;  carpal  joint  (bend 
of  wing),  edged  with  yellow:  — 


Breast  and  flanks,  tawny;  a  tawny  stripe  over  the  eye;  outer  tail  feathers, 
decidedly  shorter  than  middle  ones. 

Sharp-tailed  Sparrow. 

Ammodramus  caudactus,  and  varieties. 
See  No.  414. 

Breast,  white,  heavily  streaked  with  black;  back,  black,  the  feathers 
edged  with  olive  and  gray ;  outer  tail  feathers,  shortest.  Occurs  only  in 
Florida. 

Dusky  Seaside  Sparrow. 

Ammodramus  nigrescens. 
See  No.  419. 


FAMILY    FRINGILLID^E.  —  SPARROWS,    FINCHES,    CROSSBILLS,    ETC.  235 

Breast  and  flanks,  grayish  (sometimes  faintly  tinged  with  buff)  ;  a  small  yellow 
spot  in  front  of  the  eye;  no  tawny  stripe  over  the  eye;  rump,  grayish 
olive ;  undertail  coverts,  not  white ;  outer  tail  feathers,  shortest. 

Seaside  Sparrow. 

Ammodramus  maritimus,  and  varieties. 
See  No.  417. 


Seaside  Sparrow. 


Breast  and  flanks,  white  streaked  with  brown;  a  yellow  spot  in  front  of  eye 
(absent  in  some  plumages)  ;  rump,  pale  brown,  marked  with  dark  brown  ;  outer 
tail  feathers,  not  shorter  than  middle  ones;  under  tail  coverts,  white. 

Savanna  Sparrow. 

Ammodramus  sandwichensis  savanna. 
See  No.  410. 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Part  3.  The  following  species  have  the  underparts  not  marked  with  red, 
blue,  yellow,  or  green ;  breast,  distinctly  streaked  ;  carpal  joint  (bend  of 
wing),  not  edged  with  yellow  :  — 


Forehead,  reddish  brown ;  crown,  brown, 
with  imperfect  gray  streak  in  middle,  and 
blackish  dots ;  no  yellow  in  front  of  eye ; 
breast,  white,  heavily  streaked  with  dark 
brown ;  outer  tail  feathers,  shortest. 

Song  Sparrow. 

Melospiza  fasciata. 
See  No.  436. 


Crown,  brown,  streaked  with  black ;  breast, 
buff,   streaked    with    black;    back, 

streaked ;  outer  tail  feathers,  shortest. 


Lincoln's  Sparrow, 

Melospiza  lincolnii. 
See  No.  437. 


Crown,  Mack,  streaked  with  pale  brown  ;  a  yellow  spot  in  front  of  eye  (want- 
ing in  some  plumages) ;  breast,  white,  streaked  with  dark  brown ;  back, 
streaked;  outer  tail  feathers,  not  shorter  than  middle  ones. 

Savanna  Sparrow. 

Ammodramus  sandwichensis  savanna. 
See  No.  410. 


Wings  and  tail,  dark  brown,  more  or 
less  margined  with  yellow ;  the  bases 
of  the  feathers,  pale  yellow;  under- 
parts, heavily  streaked  with  brownish 
black ;  crown  and  back,  brownish  olive, 
heavily  streaked  with  black. 

Pine  Finch. 

Spinus  spiniis. 

See  No.  402. 


FAMILY    FHINGILLID^E.  —  SPARROWS,    FINCHES,    CROSSBILLS,    KtC. 


237 


Crown  and  back,  brown  without  streaks ;  underparts,  pale  huff  brown,  faintly 
streaked  on  breast  and  sides. 

Indigo  Bunting. 

Passerina  cyanea  (female). 
See  No.  446. 


Part  4.  The  following  species  have  the  underparts  not  marked  with  red, 
blue,  yellow,  or  green,  and  the  breast  not  distinctly  streaked,  but  have  the 
carpal  joint  (bend  of  wing),  edged  with  yellow :  — 

Crown,  black,  with  pale  tawny  buff  stripe  on  middle ;  ear  coverts,  tawny  buff; 
middle  back,  blackish;  feathers,  edged  with  buff:  tail  feathers,  very  pointed; 
tail,  less  than  2.25  long. 

Grasshopper  Sparrow. 
Yellow-winged  Sparrow. 
Ammodramus  savannariim  passerinus. 
See  No.  411. 


Crown,  grayish,  without  tawny  stripe  in 
middle ;  ear  coverts,  gray ;  back,  olive  and 
gray;  a  distinct  superciliary  stripe  of  buff  or 
yellowish. 

Sharp- tailed  Sparrow. 
Ammodramus  caudacutus,  and  races. 
See  No.  414. 


Crown  and  back,  rufous  brown,  the  feathers, 
more  or  less  marked  with  black,  and  edged 
with  gray ;  not  tawny  stripe  on  middle  of 
crown  ;  tail  feathers,  not  pointed ;  tail,  over 
2.25  long. 

Pine- woods  Sparrow. 
Peuccea  cestivalis,  and  races. 
See  No.  434. 


•238 


KEY   TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Part  5.  The  following  species  have  the  underparts  not  marked  with  red, 
blue,  yellow,  or  green  ;  the  breast,  not  distinctly  streaked,  and  no  yellow  on 
the  carpus  (bend  of  the  wing):  — 


Crown  and  back,  the  same  color,  brown  without  streaks. 


Crown  and  back,  bright  olive  green,  without  streaks. 


Indigo  Bunting. 

Passerina  cyanea  (female). 
See  No.  446. 


Painted  Bunting. 

Passerina  ciris  (female). 
See  No.  448. 


Back,  streaked  with  black ;  rump,  olive  brown,  streaked  with  black ;  wing  coverts 
and  secondaries,  broadly  edged  with  rufous  brown;  sides  of  body,  clear  olive 
brown  ;  middle  of  belly,  whitish. 


Swamp  Sparrow. 

Melospiza  georgiana. 


Bill,  black  or  dark  brown;  back,  streaked  with 
black ;  rump,  slate  gray ;  adult  birds  have  the 
crown  rufous. 

Chipping  Sparrow. 

Spizella  socialis. 
See  No.  425. 


Bill,  reddish  brown;  crown  and  back,  rufous 
brown;  back,  streaked  with  black;  rump,  pale 
grayish  brown. 

Field  Sparrow. 

Spizella  pusilla. 
See  No.  428. 


Bill,  pale  brown  (not  reddish  brown) ;  underparts, 
dull  white  (not  grayish  on  sides  as  in  socialis) ; 
crown  and  back,  pale  grayish  brown,  streaked 
with  black  ;  rump,  grayish  brown  (not  slate  gray 
as  in  socialis) . 

Clay-colored  Sparrow. 
/Spizella  pallida. 
See  No.  426, 


FAMILY    FRINGILLTD^E.  SPARROWS,    FINCHES,    CROSSBILLS,    ETC.  239 


Group  4.     Wing,  2.75  to  3.25  inches  long. 


410 


440 


396 


Part  1 .     The  following  species  have  the  throat,  or  underparts,  more  or 
less  red,  blue,  green  or  yellow :  — 


flandibles,  crossed  ;  general  plumage,  dull  red;  wings,  brownish;  no  white  on 
wings  (male). 

American  Crossbill. 

Loxia  curvirostra  minor. 
See  No.  392. 


240  KEY   TO   THE    BIRDS    OF   EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 

Mandibles,  crossed ;   no  white  on  wings  ;   uuderparts,  greenish. 

American  Crossbill. 

Loxia  curvirostra  minor  (female). 
See  No.  392. 

Mandibles,  crossed;  more  or  less  red  on  uuderparts,  head,  and  back;   wing  bars, 

white. 

White-winged  Crossbill. 

Loxia  leucoptera  (male). 
See  No.  393. 

Mandibles,  crossed;   wing  bars,  white ;   underparts,  greenish. 

White-winged  Crossbill. 

Loxia  leucoptera  (female). 
See  No.  393. 


Mandibles,  not  crossed;  breast  and  crown, 
rose  red;  back,  brown,  tinged  with  red; 
chin,  not  black. 

Purple  Finch. 

Carpodacus  purpureus  ^ 
See  No.  389. 


Mandibles,  not  crossed;  chin,  blackish  ;  breast,  rose  red;  front  crown,  metallic 
red;  rump,  streaked. 

Red-poll. 

Acanthis  linaria,  and  races. 
See  No.  396. 

Mandibles,  not  crossed;  chin,  blackish;  underpart,  whitish,  with  faint  tinge  of 
pink  on  breast;  rump,  white,  without  streaks,  sometimes  tinged  with  rose 
color. 

Greenland  Red-poll. 
Acanthis  hornemannii,  ana  races* 
See  No.  394. 


FAMILY    FR1NGILLIDJS. SPARROWS,    FINCHES,    CROSSBILLS,    ETC.  241 


Mandibles,  not  crossed;  underparts,  yellow;   back,  yellow;   wings  and  tail, 
black,  marked  witb  white. 

American  Goldfinch. 
Yellowbird. 

Spinus  tristis  (male) . 
See  No.  400. 

Mandibles,  not  crossed;   throat,  yellow;   rest  of  underparts,  grayish  olive;  tail 
and  wings,  black,  marked  with  white. 

American  Goldfinch. 
Yellowbird. 

Spinus  tristis  (female) . 
See  No.  400. 


Mandibles,  not  crossed ;  chin,  white ;  throat,  black ;  breast,  yellow ;  belly,  white ; 
back,  streaked  with  black ;  shoulder,  chestnut. 

Dickcissel. 
Black-throated  Bunting. 

Spiza  americana. 
See  No.  451. 


242 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 


Mandibles,  not  crossed ;   underparts,  red ;   crown  ai  d  sides  of  head,  blue ;   back, 
green. 

Nonpareil. 
Painted  Bunting. 

Passerina  ciris  (male) , 
See  No.  448. 


Mandibles,  not  crossed ;  underparts,  tinged  with  red ;  upper  parts,  bright  olive 
green;  no  white  on  wings  or  tail. 

Painted  Bunting. 

Passerina  ciris  (young  male). 
See  No.  448. 


Mandibles,  not  crossed;   underparts,   greenish   yellow;    upper  plumage,   bright 
olive  green ;   no  white  on  wings  or  tail. 

Painted  Bunting. 

Passerina  ciris  (female), 
See  No.  448. 


Mandibles,   not    crossed;    general    plumage,   blue, 
with  black  wings  and  tail,  edged  with  blue. 


Indigo  Bunting. 
Indigo  Bird. 

Passerina  cyanea  (adult  male). 
See  No.  446. 


Mandibles,  not  crossed;  general  plumage,  brownish,  blotched  with  blue. 


Indigo  Bunting. 
Indigo  Bird. 

Passerina  cynanea  (young  male), 
See  No.  446. 


FAMILY    FRINGILLID.E. SPARROWS,    FINCHES,    CROSSBILLS,    ETC.  243 

Part  2.  The  following  species  have  no  red,  blue,  green,  or  yellow  on 
the  underparts ;  more  or  less  of  the  throat,  black  (sometimes  only  the 
chin);  breast  and  sides,  not  distinctly  streaked:  — 


Head,  back,  throat,  and  upper  breast, 
black  ;  sides  of  body,  rufous  brown  ; 

wings  and    tail,   black,   marked   with 
white ;  bill,  dark. 

Towhee  Bunting. 

Pipilo  erythrophthalmus  (waZe),  and  races. 
See  No.  440. 


Throat,    black;    crown,    gray;     malar    region,   white;     occiput,    chestnut 
brown  ;   rump,  olive  gray ;   bill,  black. 

English  Sparrow. 

Passer  domesticus 
See  No.  390. 


Chin,  black;  throat,  white,  slightly  tinged  with  tawny;  rest  of  under- 
parts, white  ;  crown,  fiery  red  ;  rump,  white,  not  streaked. 


Greenland  Red-poll. 

Acanthis  hornemannii. 
See  No.  394. 


244 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Throat,  smoky  gray;  belly,  white;  back  and 
rump,  grayish  brown ;  bill,  pale ;  outer  tail 
feather,  entirely  white. 

Snow  Bird. 
Junco. 

Junco  hyemalis. 
See  No.  430. 


Part  3.  The  following  species  have  no  red,  blue,  green,  or  yellow,  on 
the  underparts ;  throat  or  chin,  not  black ;  and  the  breast  or  sides,  not 
distinctly  streaked ;  tail  feathers,  marked  with  more  or  less  white :  — 


Throat,  grayish   brown  ;  sides  of  body,   deep  rufous   brown ;    back,   not 
streaked  ;  belly,  white ;  bill,  black. 

Towhee. 
Towhee  Bunting. 

Pipilo  erythrophthalmus. 
See  No.  440. 


Throat,  gray  ;  belly,  white ;  back  and  rump, 
grayish  brown ;  back,  not  streaked. 

Snow  Bird. 
Junco. 

Junco  hyemalis^  and  races. 
See  No.  430. 


FAMILY    FRINGILLID.E. — SPARIJOWS,    PINCHED,    CROSSBILLS,    ETC.  245 

Throat,  white;   crown,  brown,  with  whitish  stripe  through  middle;   back, 
streaked  ;  tail  feathers,  broadly  tipped  with  white. 

Lark  Finch. 

Chondestes  gramwacus, 
See  No.  420. 


Throat,  ashy  white ;  belly,  white,  tinged  with  pale  buff  on  sides ;  crown,  bright 
rufous  ;  tail  feathers,  very  narrowly  edged  with  white ;  upper  mandible,  black- 
ish; lower  mandible,  pale  yellowish  white,  with  dark  tip ;  back,  streaked. 

Tree  Sparrow. 

Spizella  monticola. 
See  No.  424. 

Throat  and  underpants,  pale  buffy  white  or  ashy  white;  crown  and  back, 
dull  brown ;  back,  streaked  with  blackish ;  tail,  very  narrowly  edged  with 
buffy  white;  bill,  reddish  brown;  rump,  brownish. 

Field  Sparrow. 

Spizella  pusilla. 
See  No.  428. 

Throat,  white ;  crown,  rufous  ;  a  white  stripe  over  the  eye ;  outer  tail  feather, 
very  narrowly  edged  with  whitish  on  inner  web;  bill,  black;  back,  streaked; 
rump,  slaty  gray. 

Chipping  Sparrow. 

Spizella  socialis. 
See  No.  425. 

Part  4.  The  following  species  have  no  red,  blue,  green,  or  yellow  on 
the  underparts;  throat  or  chin,  not  black,  and  the  breast  or  sides,  not 
distinctly  streaked ;  no  white  on  the  tail  feathers :  — 

Crown,  green,  like  back;  throat  and  underparts,  pale  buff;  back,  green, 
without  streaks. 

Nonpareil. 
Painted  Bunting. 

Passerina  ciris  (immature). 
See  No.  448. 


246 


KEY   TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 


Crown,  brown,  like  back;  throat  and  underparts,  pale  brown;  whitish  on 

belly;  breast,  usually  with  indistinct  streaks ;  back,  brown,  without  streaks. 

Indigo  Bird. 
Indigo  Bunting. 

Passerina  cyanea  (female"). 
See  No.  446. 

Crown,  black,  with  white  stripe  in  centre ;  stripe  over  eye,  white ;  usually 
more  or  less  yellow  in  front  of  eye;  throat,  white;  breast,  grayish;  carpal 
joint  (bend  of  wing),  pale  yellow  ;  back,  streaked. 

White=throated  Sparrow. 

albicollix. 
See  No.  423. 


Crowu,  black,  with  white  stripe  in  centre;   no  distinct  white  patch  on  throat; 
carpal  joint  (bend  of  wing),  not  yellow;   back,  streaked. 

White=crowned  Sparrow 

Zonotrichia  leucophrys. 
See  No.  422. 

Crown,  brown,  with  grayish  brown  centre ;   nape,  gray;  bill,  reddish  brown; 

back,  streaked:  wing  coverts,  tipped  with  white. 

White-crowned  Sparrow. 

Zonotrichia  leucophrys  (immature] 
See  No.  422. 

Crown,  light  chestnut  brown  (streaked  with  black  in  young  birds) ;   rump, 
slaty  gray;   bill,  black;   back,  streaked.    Young  birds  in  fall  have  the  bill 

brownish. 

Chipping  Sparrow 

Spizella  socialis. 
See  No.  425. 

Crown,  rufous  brown  ;   rump,  pale  olive  brown ;   upper  mandible,  black ; 

under  mandible,  pale,  with  dark  tip ;  back,  streaked. 

Tree  Sparrow. 

Spizella  monticola. 
See  No.  424. 


FAMILY   FRINGILLIDJE. — SPARROWS,    FINCHES,    CROSSBILLS,    ETC.  247 


Crown,  pale  chestnut  brown ;  rump,  olive  brown  ; 
bill,  reddish  brown  ;  buck,  streaked. 


Field  Sparrow. 

Spizella  pusilla,  and  races. 
See  No.  428. 


Part  5.  The  following  species  have  no  red,  blue,  green,  or  yellow  on 
the  underparts ;  throat,  more  or  less  (sometimes  only  chin)  black,  and  the 
breast  or  sides  distinctly  streaked :  — 


A  black  spot  on  the  chin ;  crown,  with  more  or  less  metallic  red ;  rump,  streaked ; 
bill,  yellowish,  with  dark  tip.  Common  on  Atlantic  coast. 

Red-poll. 

Acanthis  linaria,   and  races. 
See  No.  396. 

A  black  spot  on  the  chin;  crown,  with  more  or  less  metallic  red;  rump,  white, 
usually  without  streaks ;  bill,  yellowish,  with  dark  tip ;  plumage,  much  whiter 
than  linaria.  Rarely  occurs  south  of  Labrador. 

Greenland  Red-poll. 

Acanthis  horncmannii,   and  races. 
See  No.  394. 


248  KEY    TO    THE    BIKDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 

Part  6.  The  following  species  have  no  red,  blue,  green,  or  yellow  on 
the  underpants  ;  throat  or  chin,  not  black,  and  the  breast,  distinctly  streaked 
or  spotted :  — 


Crown  feathers,  blackish,  narrowly  edged  with  light  brown ;  an  imperfect 
buff  white  line  through  centre  of  crown;  tail,  usually  under  2.20;  wing, 
usually  under  2.90  (more  or  less  yellow  over  and  in  front  of  eye  in  some 
plumages)  ;  outer  tail  feathers,  not  shorter  than  middle  ones ;  a  black  streak 
on  sides  of  upper  throat ;  back,  streaked ;  breast,  streaked  with  dark  brown ; 
outer  web  of  outer  tail  feather,  edged  with  dull  white. 

Savanna  Sparrow. 

Ammodramus  satidtcichcnsis  savanna. 
See  No.  410. 

Rump  and  upper  surface  of  tail  feathers,  rufous  brown. 

Fox  Sparrow. 

Passerella  iliaca. 
See  No.  439. 

Wing,  usually  over  2.90;  tail,  usually  over  2.20;  breast,  streaked  with  pale 
brown ;  crown  feathers,  with  small  black  centres  edged  with  buff  and 
gray;  outer  tail  feathers,  not  shorter  than  middle  ones;  no  black  streak  on 
sides  of  upper  throat;  back,  pale  brown,  tinged  with  gray  and  more  or  less 
streaked;  very  little  or  no  white  on  outer  tail  feathers. 

Ipswich  Sparrow. 
Ammodramus  princeps. 
See  No.  409. 


FAMILY    FRINGILLID^E. SPARKOWS,    FINCHES,    CROSSBILLS,    ETC. 


249 


Bill,  large;  depth  of  bill  at  base,  about  equal 
to  length  of  culmen ;  crown  and  back, 
brownish  olive,  streaked  with  blackish ; 

throat,  streaked  dark  olive  brown,  not  black; 
outer  tail  feathers,  not  shorter  than  middle 
ones. 


Purple  Finch. 

Carpodacus  pwpureus  (female} 
See  No.  389.  ' 


Outer  tail  feathers,  decidedly  shorter 
than  middle  ones;  crown,  dull  rufous 
brown,  streaked  with  black  and  showing 
a  grayish  stripe  in  the  centre;  under- 
parts,  white ;  the  breast,  heavily  streaked 
with  black;  carpal  joint,  not  edged  with 
yellow ;  outer  tail  feathers,  not  half  white 
(the  breast  and  sides,  often  faintly  tinged 
with  tawny  and  black  striping  on  breast, 
often  mixed  with  more  or  less  rufous 
brown) ;  back,  streaked. 


Song  Sparrow. 

Melospiza  fasciata. 
See  No.  436. 


250 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Shoulder  (lesser  wing  coverts),  rufous  brown;   at  least  half  of  outer  tail 
feathers,  white ;  back,  streaked. 

Vesper  Sparrow. 

Pooccetes  gramineus. 
See  No.  408. 


Back,  tinged  with  rufous  brown,  and 
streaked  with  black  ;  carpal  joint  (bend 
of  wing) ,  edged  with  pale  yellow;  tail, 
over  2.50 ;  usually  an  indication  of  yellow 
in  front  of  the  eye ;  no  white  on  tail 
feathers. 

White-throated  Sparrow. 
Zonotrichia  albicollis. 
See  No.  423. 

Bill,  sharp;  tail,  under  2  inches;  entire 
upper  plumage,  olive  buff,  streaked 
with  black ;  under  plumage,  buffy 
white,  or  ashy  white,  heavily  streaked 
with  black;  more  or  less  yellow  on 
edge  and  base  of  wing  feathers,  and 
base  of  tail  feathers. 

Pine  Siskin.     Pine  Finch. 
Spinus  pinus. 

See  No.  402. 

Crown  and  back,  dull  brown,  without 
streaks  ;  underparts,  brownish,  whitish 
on  belly;  breast  streaks,  not  very  pro- 
nounced, often  indistinct  (female). 

Indigo  Bird.    Indigo  Bunting. 
Passerina  cyanea. 

See  No.  446. 


Pine  Finch. 


FAMILY    FRINGILLID^E.  —  SPARROWS,    FINCHES,    CROSSBILLS,    ETC.  251 


Group  5.     Wing,  3.25  to  3.75  inches  long. 

Part  1.     The  following   species   have  more   or  less  of  either  red,  blue, 
yellow,  or  green  on  the  underparts*  :  — 


General  plumage,  red;  crown  and  underparts,  bright  red;  crown,  with  crest; 
throat,  black  ;  wings,  not  black  (male). 

Cardinal  Grosbeak. 

Cardinalis  cardinalis. 
See  No.  442. 


General  plumage,  red;  back,  streaked;  belly,  whitish  (male). 


Purple  Finch. 

Carpodacus  puipureus. 
See  No.  389. 


*  If  bird  is  red  or  olive  green,  with  wing  measuring  between  3.35  and  4  inches  long  (carpus  to  tip),  and  cannot 
be  found  in  this  section,  see  Family  Tanagridiv.    The  bill  of  a  Tanager  somewhat  resembles  that  of  a  Finch. 


252 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF   EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 


Crown,  rump,  and  underparts,  rose  red ;   more  or  less  white  on  wing ;   man- 
dibles, crossed. 

White-winged  Crossbill. 

Loxia  leucoptera  (male}. 
See  No.  393. 


Crown,  rump,  and  greater  part  of  under  plu- 
mage, dull  red ;  no  white  on  the  wing ; 
mandibles,  crossed. 

American  Crossbill. 

Loxia  curvirostra  minor  (male}. 
See  No.  392. 


Wings,  with  more  or  less  white;  general  plumage,  gra>ish  olive,  or  olive 
green,  more  or  less  strongly  tinged  with  yellowish  green  on  rump ;  mandi- 
bles, crossed. 

White-winged  Crossbill. 

Loxia  leucoptera  (female). 
See  No.  392. 


Underparts,  tinged  with  green,   or  olive  green;   yellowish  green  on  rump;   no 
white  on  wings:  mandibles,  crossed. 

American  Crossbill. 

Loxia  curvirostra  minor  (female), 
See  No.  392. 


FAMILY   FRINGILLID^E.  —  SPARROWS,    FINCHES,    CROSSBILLS,    ETC. 


253 


Crown,  olive  gray ;  chin,  white ;  throat, 
black;  breast,  yellow;  belly,  white; 
shoulder  (wing  coverts),  chestnut 
brown;  back,  streaked  with  black; 
more  or  less  yellow  over  the  eye. 


Black-throated  Bunting. 
Dickcissel. 

Spiza  americana. 

See  No.  451. 


Underparts,  dull  buffy  yellow ;  more  or  less  black  streaks  on  sides ;  crown,  black- 
ish, with  tawny  buff  stripe  through  centre;  back,  heavily  streaked  with  black; 
tail  feathers,  very  pointed.  (This  bird  belongs  in  Section  8,  as  it  is  not  a 
Tanager  or  a  Finch,  but  the  bill  might  appear  Friugilline  to  beginners.) 

Bobolink. 

Dolichonyx  oryzworus  (female), 
See  No.  370. 


General  plumage,  more  or  less  blue. 


Blue  Grosbeak. 

Guiraca  ccerulea. 
See  No.  445. 


Underparts,  brownish  white,  tinged  with  blue  on  the  breast;  head,  rump, 

and  lesser  wing  coverts,  usually  tinged  with  blue. 

Blue  Grosbeak. 

Guiraca  ccerulea  (female). 
See  No.  445. 


254 


KEY  TO  THE  BIRDS  OF  EASTERN  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Part  2.     The  following  species  have  no  red,  blue,  yellow,  or  green  on 
the  underparts :  -•- 

Underparts,  brownish  white;  crown  and  back,  brownish  gray,  usually  tinged 
with  more  or  less  blue  on  the  head,  rump,  and  lesser  wing  coverts ;  middle 
wing  coverts,  edged  with  rufous  brown. 

Blue  Grosbeak. 

Guiraca  ccerulea  (immature). 
See  No.  445. 


Towhee  Bunting. 

Crown  and  back,  black  ;  throat,  black ;  sides  of  body,  rufous  brown ;  belly, 
white. 

Towhee  Bunting. 

Pipilo  erythrophthalmus  (male). 
See  No.  440. 

Head  and  entire  underparts,  black;  a 
tawny  white  patch  on  the  back  of  the 
neck;  back,  black;  rump,  whitish. 
(This  species  belongs  in  the  family 
Icteridas  (see  Section  8),  but  to  the 
uninitiated  the  bill  has  a  slight  re- 
semblance to  birds  in  this  class.) 

Bobolink. 

Dolichonyx  oryzivorus. 
See  No.  370. 

Crown,  black,  mixed  with  buffy  white;  a  nuchal  collar  (back  of  neck),  chestnut; 
back,  streaked;  breast,  more  or  less  marked  with  black;  belly,  white;  hind 
toe  nail,  long. 

Lapland  Longspur. 

Calcarius  lapponicus. 
See  No.  404. 


FAMILY    FRINGILLID^E.  —  SPARROWS,    FINCHES,    CROSSBILLS,    ETC 


255 


Top  and  sides  of  the  head,  black;  ear  coverts  and 
superciliary  stripe,  white ;  back,  streaked;  un- 
derparts,  buff  ;  hind  toe  nail,  long. 

Smith's  Longspur. 

Calcarius  pictus. 
See  No.  405. 


Top  of  head,  black ;  wing  coverts,  heavily  marked 
with  chestnut;    throat  and  belly,  white;   a 

large  patch  of  black  on  the  breast;   most  of 
the  tail  feathers,  white,  tipped  with  dark  brown. 


McCown's  Longspur. 

Rhynvhophanes  mccownii, 
See  No.  407. 


Crown,  chestnut,  with  stripe  of  white  in  centre  (male),  or  dull  olive,  streaked 
with  blackish  (female) ;  back,  streaked ;  underparts,  white  (pale  brownish  olive 
on  sides  of  body)  ;  a  short  streak  of  dark  brown  or  black  on  each  side  of  white 
throat ;  tail  feathers,  tipped  with  white. 

Lark  Sparrow. 
Lark  Finch. 
Chondestes  grammacus. 
See  No.  420. 


25G 


RET   TO    THE    BIRDS    OP    EASTERX   NORTH   AMERICA, 


fir- 


Crown,  black,  with  white  stripe  in  middle ;  underparts,  ashy,  shading  to  pale  buff 
on  the  flanks ;  no  white  on  tail  feathers. 

White=crowned  Sparrow, 

Zonotrichia  leucophrys. 
See  No.  422. 


Crown  and  back,  grayish  or  bufty,  streaked  with  black ;  shoulder  (lesser  wing 
coverts),  rufous  brown;  breast,  streaked;  greater  part  of  outer  tail  feather, 

including  outer  web,  white. 

Vesper  Sparrow. 

Bay=winged  Bunting. 
Grass  Finch. 

Pooccetes  graminens. 
See  No.  408. 

Crown  and  back,  slaty  brown,  or  dull 
rufous  brown ;  rump,  and  upper  sur- 
face of  tail  feathers,  light  rufous 
brown;  underparts,  white,  heavily 
streaked  and  spotted  on  breast  and  sides 

with  rufous  brown. 

Fox  Sparrow. 

Passerella  iliaca. 
See  No.  439. 


FAMILY    FRINGILLID^E. — SPARROWS,    FINCHES,    CROSSBILLS,    ETC.  257 

Crown  and  back,  dark  brown,  with  indistinct  streaks ;   no  white  on  tail ;  under- 
parts,  white,  with  numerous  brown  spots  or  streaks  (female).  Purple  Finch. 

Carpodacus  pwpureiis. 

Crown,  with  crest  of  red  feathers  ;  back,  olive ;  underparts,  tawny,  shading 
to  olive  on  the  sides;  under  surface  of  wing,  red  (female).  Cardinal  Grosbeak. 

Cardinalis  cardinalis. 
See  No.  442. 

Crown,  with  fiery  red  patch  ;    a  black  spot  on  the  chin;  belly,  white;  rump, 
white.  Greenland  Redpoll. 

Acanthis  hornemannii. 
See  No.  394. 


Group  6.     Wing,  3.75  to  4.25  inches  long. 

Part  1.    The  following  species   have   more  or  less   red   on  the  under- 
parts * :  — 

General    plumage,  rose  red,  usually 
mixed   with    more   or    less    gray ; 

wing    coverts,    edged    with    pinkish 

white.  Pine  Grosbeak. 

Pinicola  enudeator. 
See  No.  388. 


Throat  and  base  of  bill, 
black ;  general  plumage, 
red;  crown,  with  more 
or  less  of  a  crest ;  wings 
and  tail,  not  black  (male) . 


Cardinal  Grosbeak. 

Cardinalis  cardinalis. 
See  No.  442. 


*  If  bird  is  red  or  olive  green,  with  wing  between  3.35  and  4  inches  long  (bend  of  wing  to  tip),  see  Family 
Tanagridse.    The  bill  of  a  Tanager  somewhat  resembles  that  of  a  Finch. 


258 


KEY   TO    THE    BIKDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Head  and  back,  black  ;  breast  and 
under  wing  coverts,  rose  red  ; 
belly,  white  (male). 


Rose-breasted  Grosbeak. 

Habia  ludomciana. 
See  No.  443. 


Part  2.     The   following  species   have    more   or   less  yellow,  orange,  or 
green  on  the  underparts:  — 


m. 


Forehead,  yellow;    crown,  black; 

rump,  greenish  yellow;  tertials, 
heavily  marked  with  white  ;  uuder- 
parts,  dark  olive  yellow  on  belly  (male) . 


Evening  Grosbeak. 

Coccothraustes  respertimis, 
See  No.  387. 


Underparts,  gray,  faintly  tinged  with 
greenish  yellow;  back,  gray,  more 
or  less  tinged  with  green ;  wings  and 
tail,  black,  marked  with  white. 


Crown  and  sides  of  head  and  chin,  black;  underparts,  orange  brown,  or 

pale  orange  chestnut;  middle  of  belly  and  under  wing  coverts,  bright  yellow; 
wings  and  tail,  black,  marked  with  white  (male) . 

Black-headed  Grosbeak. 

Habia  melanocephala. 
See  No.  444. 

Underparts,  pale  tawny  yellow,  more  or  less  streaked  with  black  on  sides  of 
body ;  crown,  black,  with  brownish  buff  stripe  in  centre ;  tail  feathers,  sharp 
pointed.  [This  species  belongs  in  Family  Icteridye,  but  might  be  looked  for 
under  this  section  (female).] 

Bobolink. 

Dolochonyx  oryzivorus. 
See  No.  370. 


FAMILY    FRINGILLU^E. SPARROWS,    FINCHES,    CROSSBILLS,     ETC. 


259 


Part  3.     The   following  species   have  no   red,   yellow,   orange,  or  green 
on  the  u nder parts  :  — 


Underparts,  gray ;  upper  parts,  gray, 
tinged  with  green;  wings  and  tail, 
black,  heavily  marked  with 
white;  bill,  yellowish. 

Evening  Grosbeak. 

Coccothraustes  vespertinus  (female), 
See  No.  387. 


General  plumage,  gray ;  crown  and 
rump,  tinged  with  yellowish  green ; 
bill,  dark ;  no  white  on  tail  feathers ; 

wing  coverts  and  tertials,  edged  with 
white. 

Pine  Grosbeak. 

Pinecola  enucleator  (female), 
See  No.  388. 


Crown,  brownish  black,  with 
whitish  streak  in  centre ;  un- 
der wing  coverts,  orange 
yellow ;  breast,  streaked 
with  dark  brown. 


Rose-breasted  Grosbeak. 

Habia  ludoviciana  (female). 
See  No.  443. 


Head  and  entire  underparts.  black;  back  of  neck,  tawny  buff;  back,  black,  mixed 
with  buff;  rump,  gray;  tail  feathers,  very  pointed.  (This  species  belongs  in 
Family  Icteridse  (Section  9),  but  might  be  looked  for  under  this  section.) 


Bobolink. 

Dolichonyx  oryzivorus  (male). 
See  No.  370. 


260 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Head  and  throat,  dull  chocolate  brown  ;  rest  of  plumage,  greenish  black ;  no 
white  on  wings  or  tail.  (See  Section  9,  Family  Icteridce,  where  it  belongs.) 

Cow  Bird. 

Molothrus  ater  (male}, 
See  No.  371. 

General  plumage,  brownish  gray  ;   no  white  on  wing  coverts  or  tail  feathers. 

(This  species  belongs  in  Family  Icteridae,  but  the  bill  is  somewhat  Finch-like 
in  appearance,  and  the  bird  might  be  looked  for  under  this  section.) 

Cow  Bird. 

Molothrus  ater  (female*). 
See  No.  371. 

Head,  with  crest ;  breast,  grayish  buff  or  light  tawny  ;  back,  olive  gray,  without 
streaks ;  rump  and  upper  surface  of  tail,  not  rufous  brown. 

Cardinal. 

Cardinales  cardinalis  (female*) . 
See  No.  442. 

Crown,  brown,  with  white  stripe  in  middle ;  a  black  stripe  on  each  side  of 
throat ;  uudcrparts,  soiled  white ;  tail  feathers,  broadly  tipped  with  white ;  rump 
and  upper  surface  of  tail,  not  rufous  brown. 

Lark  Sparrow. 
Lark  Finch. 
Chondestes  grammicus. 
See  No.  420. 

Rump  and  upper  surface  of  tail  feathers,  rufous  brown ;  underparts,  white, 
more  or  less  spotted  or  streaked  with  brown. 

Fox  Sparrow. 

Passer ella  iliaca. 
See  No.  439. 

Entire  head  and  back,  brown  or  black;  belly,  white;  sides  of  body,  bright, 
rufous  brown. 

Towhee  Bunting. 

Pipilo  erythrophthalmus. 
See  No.  440. 


Underparts,  white,  often 
tinged  with  light  brown  on 
the  breast;  greater  part  of 
outer  tail  feathers,  white. 

Snow  Bunting. 
Snow  Flake. 

Plectrophenax  nivalis, 
See  No.  403. 


Snow  Bunting. 


FAMILY    F1UNGILLII>/E.  — 8PAKKOW8,    FINCHKS,    CROSSBILLS,    ETC. 


261 


Group  7.     Wing,  4.25  to  4.75  inches  long. 

First  primary,  not  short,  never  less  than  two  thirds  as  long  as  second  or 
third ;  bilfl,  stout  and  conical ;  nostrils,  high,  near  the  culmen ;  primaries, 
nine  ;  tarsus,  flattened  behind. 


Throat,  brownish  olive,  shading  to 
yellowish  green  on  the  belly  ;  wing, 
black,  with  patch  of  white ;  bill,  yel- 
lowish ;  forehead,  yellow ;  crown,  black 
(male)  ;  forehead  and  crown,  grayish 
(female) . 

Evening  Grosbeak. 
Ooccothraustes  vevpertinus. 
See  No.  387. 


387 


General  plumage  of  body,  rose  red, 

more  or  less  mixed  with  gray;  tail, 
dark  brown;  wings,  brown,  the  cov- 
erts and  tertials,  edged  with  white. 

Pine  Grosbeak. 

Pinicola  enucleator 
See  No.  388. 


General  plumage,  gray;   the  crown   and  rump,  tinged  with  yellowish  olive; 
wings,  dark  brown;  the  coverts  and  secondaries,  edged  with  white. 

Pine  Grosbeak. 

Pinicola  enucleator  (female). 
See  No.  388. 


262 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 


Underparts,  white;   breast,  usually  more  or  less  tinged  with  pale  brown  in 


winter. 


Snow  Bunting. 
Snowflake. 

Plectrophenax  ntvalis. 
See  No.  403. 


Head,  chocolate  brown;  rest  of  plu- 
mage, greenish  black  (male)  ;  general 
plumage,  gray,  palest  on  the  throat; 
no  white  on  wing  coverts ;  crown  and 
rump,  like  back  (female) .  This  species 
belongs  in  Section  10,  under  Family 
Icteridae,  but  might  be  looked  for 
under  this  family  by  mistake. 

Cow  Bird. 

Holothrus  ater. 
See  No.  371. 


Cow  Bird.    See  Family  Icteridce. 


FAMILY    TANAGRID^E.  —  TANAGERS. 


263 


454 


FAMILY  TANAQRID^E. 

Tanagers. 

Bill,  somewhat  fringilline,  but  having  a  small  "tooth" 
near  the  middle  of  the  edge  of  upper  mandible  ;  primaries,  9; 
tarsus,  scutellate  ;  males,  bright  colored. 


Group  1.     Wing,  3.25  to  4.25  inches  long. 

Part  1.     The  following   species    have    more  or  less  of  either  red,  blue, 
yellow,  or  green  on  the  underparts :  — 


Louisiana  Tanager. 

Head  and  throat,  orange  red;  bright  red  on  crown;  rest  of  underparts,  bright 

yellow ;  back,  wings,  and  tail,  black ;  rump,  yellow  (male) . 

Louisiana  Tanager. 

Piranya  ludovicianx. 
See  No.  453. 


264  KBIT   TO   THE   BIRDS   OF   EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 


General  plumage,  scarlet  red:  wings  and  tail, 
black;  throat,  not  black  (male). 

Scarlet  Tanager. 

Pira  nga 

See  No.  454. 


General  plumage,  red;  no  black  on  throat;  wings  and  tail,  not  black;  back, 
not  streaked  ;  belly,  not  whitish  (male). 

Summer  Tanager. 

Piranga  rubra. 
See  No.  455. 

Underparts,  yellowish  green,  or  greenish  yellow ;  back,  grayish  ;  greater  wing 
coverts  and  tertials,  edged  with  dull  white,  or  yellowish  white ;  mandibles, 
not  crossed  (female). 

Louisiana  Tanager. 

Piranga  ludoviciana. 
See  No.  453. 

Underparts,  yellowish  green,  or  greenish  yellow;  back,  light  olive  green;  no 

white  on  wing  coverts ;  wings  and  tail,  fuscous  brown  (female) ;  wings  and 
tail,  black  (young  male) ;  inner  webs  of  inner  primaries  and  secondaries,  edged 
with  white;  mandibles,  not  crossed  (female). 

Scarlet  Tanager. 

Piranga  erythromelas. 
See  No.  454. 

No  white  on  wing  coverts;  underparts,  pale  orange  yellow;  upper,  parts, 
olive  green,  with  faint  tinge  of  orange ;  mandibles,  not  crossed  (female) . 

Summer  Tanager. 

Piranga  rubra. 
See  No.  455. 

Underparts,  bright  yellow  ;  throat,  reddish  orange;  crown  and  sides  of  head, 
orange  red ;  back,  wings,  and  tail,  black ;  rump,  yellow  (male) . 

Louisiana  Tanager. 

Piranga  ludoviciami. 
See  No.  453. 


FAMILY    HIRUNDINIDJS. SWALLOWS. 


265 


FAHILY   HIRUNDINID^E. 

Swallows. 

Bill,  small   and   flattened,  somewhat  triangular   in  shape;   gape,  very 
wide ;  wings,  long,  usually  extending  beyond  the  tail. 

Group  1.     Wing,  3  25  to  4.75  inches  long. 


Bank  Swallow. 

Throat  and  belly,  white;    a  band  of   grayish   brown   on  the  breast;   upper 
plumage,  brownish  gray. 

Bank   Swallow. 

Clavicola  riparia- 
See  No.  463. 


Underparts,  brownish  gray,  shading  into  whit- 
ish on  the  belly ;  upper  parts,  grayish  brown ; 
no  distinct  breast  band. 

Rough-winged  Swallow. 

Stelgidopteryx  serripennis. 
See  No.  464. 


266 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Tree  Swallow. 


Entire  underparts,  white ;  upper  plumage,  metallic  steel  blue ;   young  birds 
have  the  upper  plumage  brownish  gray,  but  the  under  plumage  is  pure  white. 


White-bellied  Swallow. 
Tree  -Swallow. 

Tachycineta  bicolor. 
See  No.  462. 


Upper  throat  and  sides  of  the  head,  chestnut 
brown;  belly,  whitish;  forehead,  whitish; 
crown  and  back,  dark  steel  blue;  upper  tail 
coverts,  pale  rufous  brown. 

Cliff  Swallow. 
Petrochelidon  lunifrun*. 
See  No.  458. 


Throat,  chestnut;  belly,  pale  brown;  entire 
upper  plumage,  steel  blue;  tail,  forked;  upper 
tail  coverts,  steel  blue. 

Barn  Swallow. 

Chelidon  erythrog astro, . 
See  page  461. 


FAMILY    HIRUNDINIDJ5. — SWALLOWS. 


2(>7 


Group  2.     Wing,  4.75  to  5.50  inches  long. 


Male:  General  plumage  (including belly),  bluish  black,  or  dark  steel  blue. 
Female:   Back,  like  male;    underparts,    grayish  brown,   shading  into  dull 
white  on  the  belly.     Immature  birds  have  the  upper  plumage,  brownish;  under- 
parts, brownish  on  the  breast ;  dull  white  on  the  belly. 

Purple  Martin, 
Progne  subis. 
See  No.  456. 


Back,  steel  blue;  belly,  white. 


Tree  Swallow. 
White-bellied  Swallow, 

Tachycineta  bicolor. 
See  No.  462. 


KEY    TO   THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 


Back,  steel  blue;  underparts,  cinnamon  brown;  tail,  very  deeply  forked. 

Barn  Swallow. 

Chelidon  erythrogastra. 
See  No.  461. 


General  plumage,  sooty  brown ;  showing 
a  faint  greenish  tinge  on  the  upper  parts ; 
throat,  ashy  white;  tail  feathers,  with 
sharp  spines,  or  points  formed  by  the 
shafts  of  the  feathers,  extending  beyond 
the  webs.  The  swifts  belong  to  the 
Family  Micropodidse  and  are  widely  sepa- 
rated generically  from  the  swallows ;  but 
persons  unfamiliar  with  birds  might  look 
for  them  under  the  same  family. 

Chimney  Swift, 

Chcetura  pelagica. 

See  No.  340. 


FAMILY    AMPELIlXffi. — WAXWINOS    AND    CEDAR    BIRDS. 


269 


FAMILY  AMPELID/E, 

Waxwings  and  Cedar  Birds. 

Bill,  without  notch  ;  head,  with  crest ;  primaries,  ten ;  tarsus,  shorter 
than  middle  toe  and  claw;  a  black  stripe  from  forehead  through  the  eye; 
inner  primaries  and  tail  feathers,  often  tipped  with  little  hard  red  bits,  like 
minute  drops  of  sealing  wax. 


Cedar  Bird. 


Upper  parts,  grayish 
brown ;  crown  and 
breast,  pale  choco- 
late brown;  a  black 
streak  in  front  of 
eye ;  tail,  tipped 
with  yellow;  belly, 
yellowish;  wing, 
less  than  4.20 
inches  long. 

Cedar  Waxwing. 

Cedar  Bird. 

Cherry  Bird. 

Ampelis  cedontm. 
See  No.  466. 


General  plumage,  pale  chocolate 
brown;  forehead,  tinged  with  rufous; 
chin,  black ;  under  tail  coverts,  rufous ; 
tail,  tipped  with  yellow  ;  wing,  over 
4.20  inches  long. 

Bohemian  Waxwing. 
Ampelis  garrulus. 
See  No.  465. 


270 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


FAMILY   LAN1ID/E. 

Shrikes. 

Bill,  strong,  notched  near  the  end,  and  decidedly  hooked;  tarsus, 
scutellate;  tail,  rounded.  But  two  species  occur  with  us,  both  grayish 
birds  with  blackish  wings  and  tail  and  a  stripe  through  the  eye. 


Crown  and  back,  gray;  underparts, 
white;  a  patch  of  black  011  the  sides 
of  the  head;  wing  less  than  4.15 
inches  long. 

Loggerhead  Shrike. 

Lanius  ludovicianus. 

See  No.  468. 


Upper  plum- 
age, ash  gray 

or  gray  tinged 
with  buff;  un- 
468  '^\  der  parts, 
ashy  white,  the  feathers  show- 
ing numerous  faint  narrow 
black  bars ;  a  black  streak  from 
bill  through  the  eye;  wing, 
more  than  4.15  inches  long. 


Northern  Shrike 

Lanius  borealis. 
See  No.  467. 


FAMILY     VIREOKID^E.  — VIKEOS. 


271 


FAMILY  VIREONID^C. 

Vireos. 

Upper  mandible,  with  very  small  hook  at  tip ;  first  primary,  very  short 
in  some  species,  in  others  nearly  as  long  as  second ;  toes,  joined  at  base. 
Plain  colored  birds,  usually  greenish  or  grayish,  but  often  showing  a  faint 
wash  of  yellow  on  underparts ;  tail,  always  without  white  spots. 

Group   1.    Wing,  less  than  2.37  inches  long. 


Crown,  grayish;  orbital  ring  and  lores,   dull   white.     Rarely  occurs   east  of 
Illinois. 

Bell's  Vireo. 

Vireo  bellii. 
See  No.  480. 

Crown,  grayish,  often  tinged  with  olive;  orbital  ring  and  lores, 
yellow. 

White-eyed  Vireo. 

Vireo  noveboracensis,  and  races. 
See  No.  478. 


272 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Group  2.    Wing,  2.37  to  2.75  inches  long, 


First  primary,  very   short;  lores  and  eye  ring,   whitish;  throat,  whitish; 
breast  and  sides,  faintly  tinged  with  yellow ;  no  wing  bars. 

Warbling  Vireo. 

Vireo  gilvus. 
See  No.  473. 


First  primary,  short,  but  longer  than  in  V. 
gilvus ;  lores  and  eye  ring,  yellow  ;  back, 
olive ;  wing  coverts,  edged  with  white. 


White=eyed  Vireo. 

Vireo  noveboracensis,  and  races. 
See  No.  478. 


First  primary,  not  short ;  lores  and  eye  ring,  dull  white ;  imderparts,  washed 

with  very  pale  greenish  yellow ;  no  wing  bars. 

Philadelphia  Vireo. 

Vireo  philadelphicus. 
See  No.  472. 


FAMILY    VIKEONID^.  VIKEOS. 


273 


Group  3.     Wing,  from  2.75  to  3.25  inches  long. 

Bi41,    with   small    but   distinct    hook ;    no   streaks   on    back  or  breast ; 
breast  or  throat,  never  spotted. 


First  primary,  longer  than  fourth;  back  and  rump,  olive;  crown,  plumbeous 
gray,  or  bluish  gray ;  no  dusky  streak  from  base  of  bill  on  sides  of  throat ; 
underpants,  white,  tinged  with  pale  yellowish  green  on  sides  of  body. 

Red-eyed  Vireo. 

Vireo  olivaceus. 
See  No.  470. 


Similar  to  Vireo  olivaceus,  but  having  a 
dusky  streak  or  line  extending  from 
base  of  lower  mandible  on  side  of 
throat. 

Black-whiskered  Vireo. 
Vireo  calidris  barbatulus. 
See  No.  469. 


First  primary,  very  short  and  narrow;  crown  and  back,  grayish  olive;  under- 
parts,  dull  white,  faintly  tinged  with  olive,  or  yellowish  on  sides ;  no  white 
wing  bars. 

Warbling  Vireo. 
Vireo  gilvus. 
See  No.  473. 


274 


KEY   TO   THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


First  primary,  short ;  crown,  gray ;  back,  olive ; 
rump,  olive  green;  throat  and  belly,  white; 
sides  of  body,  greenish  yellow ;  lores,  white ; 
sides  of  head,  gray;  wing  bars,  white. 


Solitary  Vireo. 

Vireo  solitarhts,  and  races. 
See  No.  475 


First  primary,  not  short;  lores  and  eye  ring,  yellow;  throat  and  breast,  yel- 
low ;  belly,  white ;  wing  bars,  white. 

Yellow-throated  Vireo. 

Vireo  flavifrons. 

See  No.  474. 

First  primary,  equal  to  fifth ;  lores  and  orbital  ring,  dull  white ;  upper  plu- 
mage, light  olive,  tinged  with  ashy  on  the  crown ;  underparts,  washed  with 
very  pale  yellow  ;  no  white  wing  bars. 

Philadelphia  Vireo. 

Vireo  philadelphicm. 
See  No.  472. 


FAMILY   CCEREBID/e. 

Honey  Creepers. 

Bill,  curved ;  wing,  about  2.50 ;  length,  about  4.50. 


Throat,  white;  lower  breast,  yellow; 
rump,  yellow ;  crown  and  back,  slaty 
black.  A  Bahama  Island  species  of  rare  and 
accidental  occurrence  in  Florida,  not  re- 
corded elsewhere  in  the  United  States. 


Bahama  Honey  Creeper. 

Ccereba  bahamensis. 
See  No.  481. 


FAMILY    MNIOTILTID.E. WARBLERS.  275 


FAMILY   MNIOTILTID^B. 

WARBLERS. 

GROUP   1.    Wing,  less  than  2.87  inches  long.     See  page  277. 

Part  1 .     Throat,  breast,  and  belly,  yellow ;  breast,  more  or  less  streaked ;  some  tail  feathers, 

marked  with  white.     See  page  278. 
Part  2.     Throat,  breast,  and  belly,  yellow ;  breast,  more  or  less  streaked ;  no  white  on  tail 

feathers.    See  page  278. 
Part  3.    Throat,  breast,  and  belly,  yellow,  without  streaks;  some  tail  feathers,  marked 

with  white.     See  page  279. 
Part  4.    Throat,  breast,  and  belly,  yellow,  without  streaks ;  no  white  on  tail  feathers.    See 

page  279. 
Part  5.    Throat,  yellow ;  belly,  not  yellow  ;  tail  feathers,  marked  with  more  or  less  white. 

See  page  280. 

Part  6.  Throat,  yellow;  belly,  not  yellow;  no  white  on  tail  feathers.  See  page  281. 
Part  7.  Throat,  not  yellow;  belly,  yellow;  no  white  on  tail  feathers.  See  page  281. 
Part  8.  Throat,  not  yellow;  belly,  yellow;  more  or  less  white  on  tail  feathers.  See 

page  281. 

Part  9.     Xo  yellow  on  throat  or  belly  ;  no  white  on  tail  feathers.     See  page  282. 
Part  10.    No  yellow  on  throat  or  belly;  more  or  less  white  on  tail  feathers.    See  page  252. 
GROUP  2.     Wing,  2.37  to  2.75  inches  long.     See  page  284. 

Part  1.    Throat,  breast,  and  belly,   yellow;  breast,  more  or  less  streaked;   some  tail 

feathers  marked  with  more  or  less  white.    See  page  284. 
Part  2.    Throat,  breast,  and  belly,  yellow ;  breast,  more  or  less  streaked;  no  white  on  tail 

feathers.    See  page  286. 
Part  3.     Throat,  breast,  and  belly,  yellow,  without  streaks;   some  tail  feathers  marked 

with  more  or  less  white.     See  page  287. 
Part  4.     Throat,  breast,  and  belly,  yellow,  without  streaks;  no  white  on  the  tail  feathers.. 

See  page  289. 
Part  5.    Throat,  yellow;  belly,  not  yellow ;  tail  feathers,  marked  with  more  or  less  white. 

See  page  290. 

Part  6.  Throat,  not  yellow ;  belly,  yellow  ;  no  white  on  tail  feathers.  See  page  292. 
Part  7.  Throat,  not  yellow;  belly,  yellow;  more  or  less  white  on  the  tail  feathers.  See 

page  292. 
Part  8.    Throat,  not  yellow;  belly,  not  yellow;   no  white  on  the  tail  feathers;   breast, 

streaked  or  spotted  with  black  or  dark  brown.     See  page  294. 


276 


KEY   TO    THE    BIRDS    OF   EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Part  9.    Throat,  uot  yellow ;  belly,  not  yellow ;  no  white  oil  the  tail  feathers ;  breast,  not 

streaked  or  spotted  with  black  or  dark  brown.     See  page  294. 
Part  10.    Throat,  not  yellow ;  belly,  not  yellow ;  more  or  less  white  on  the  tail  feathers ; 

sides   of  breast   and  body,  with  distinct  black  or  blackish  streaks.     See 

page  295. 
Part  11.    Throat,  not  yellow;  belly,  not  yellow;  more  or  less  white  on  the  tail  feathers; 

sides  of  breast  and  body,  not  marked  with  numerous  distinct  black  streaks. 

See  page  297. 
GROUP  3.     Wing,  2.75  to  3.25  inches  long.    See  page  300. 

Part  1.    Throat,  breast,   and  belly,  yellow;  breast,  more  or  less  streaked;   some  tail 

feathers,  marked  with  white.    See  page  300. 
Part  2.    Throat,  breast,  and  belly,  yellow ;  breast,  more  or  less  streaked ;  no  white  on  the 

tail  feathers.    See  page  303. 
Part  3.    Throat,  breast,  and  belly,  yellow,  without  streaks ;  more  or  less  white  on  the  tail 

feathers.    See  page  303. 
Part  4.    Throat,  breast,  and  belly,  yellow,  without  streaks ;  no  white  on  the  tail  feathers. 

See  page  303. 
Part  5.     Throat,  yellow ;  belly,  not  yellow ;  tail  feathers,  marked  with  more  or  less  white. 

See  page  304. 

Part  6.     Throat,  not  yellow ;  belly,  yellow ;  no  white  on  the  tail  feathers.     See  page  305. 
Part  7.    Throat,  not  yellow;  belly,  yellow;  more  or  less  white  on  the  tail  feathers.    See 

page  306. 
Part  8.    Throat,  not  yellow ;  belly,  not  yellow ;  no  white  on  the  tail  feathers ;  breast,  not 

streaked  or  spotted  with  black  or  dark  brown.     See  page  306. 
Part  9.    Throat,  not  yellow;  belly,  not  yellow;  no  white  on  the  tail  feathers;  breast, 

streaked  or  spotted  with  black  or  dark  brown.    See  page  307. 
Part  10.    Throat,  not  yellow ;  belly,  not  yellow ;  more  or  less  white  on  the  tail  feathers ; 

sides  of  breast  and  body,  marked  with  numerous  distinct  black  or  blackish 

streaks.     See  page  307. 
Part  11.    Throat,  not  yellow;  bell}',  not  yellow;  more  or  less  white  on  the  tail  feathers; 

breast  and  sides  of  the  body,  not  marked  with  distinct  black  streaks.    See 

page  308. 
GROUP   4.     Wing,  3.25  to  3.75  inches  long.     See  page  310. 


FAMILY   MNIOTILTID^i.  — WARBLERS. 


277 


FAMILY  MNIOTILTID^E 
Warblers. 

First  primary,  not  short,  never  less  than  two  thirds  as  long  as  third, 
and  often  nearly  the  same  length  ;  bill,  slender  and  pointed  ;  back  of  tarsus, 
thin  and  sharp,  not  rounded  as  in  front;  hind  toe  and  claw,  not  longer 
than  middle  toe  and  claw. 

Group  1.    Wing,  less  than  2.37  inches  long. 


Helmitherus. 


Dendroica. 


Svlvania. 


Sei  virus. 


491          ^  498 

Helminthophi  la .  l>e  n<  I  IM  ica . 


Geothlypis. 


Setophaga. 


278 


KEY   TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 


Part  1 .     The  following  species  have  the  throat,  breast,  and  belly,  yellow ; 
breast,  more  or  less  streaked ;  some  tail  feathers,  marked  with  white :  — 


Wing  coverts,  broadly  bordered  with  yellow ;  under  surface  of  wing,  yellow  ; 
white  on  tail  feathers,  extending  to  tip  of  inner  web ;  crown,  not  chestnut  brown. 

Prairie  Warbler. 

Dendroica  discolor. 
See  No.  514. 


Wing  coverts,  not  bordered  with  yellow ; 
undertail  coverts,  yellow. 

Dendroica  palmarum. 
Palm  Warbler. 
See  No.  512. 


Wing  coverts,  showing  much  white;  under 
surface  of  wing,  white ;  tail,  with  band 
of  white,  no  white  at  tip ;  rump,  yellow. 

Black  and  Yellow  Warb'er. 

Dendroica  maculosa. 
See  No.  500. 


Dendroica  maculosa. 


Part  2.     The  following  species  have  the  throat,  breast,  and  belly,  yellow ; 
breast,  with  more  or  less  streaks ;  no  white  on  tail  feathers :  — 


More  or  less  yellow,  on  inner  webs  of  primaries  and  tail  feathers. 


Summer  Warbler. 

Dendroica  cestiva. 
See  No.  496. 


FAMILY     MNIOTILTID^E.  —  WARBLERS.  279 

Part  3.     The  following  species  have  the  throat,  breast,  and  belly,  jellow 
without  streaks ;  some  tail  feathers  marked  with  white :  — 

Crown  and  sides  of  head,  grayish  or  slate  color ;  no  yellow  on  forehead ;  adult 
birds  have  patch  of  chestnut  on  crown ;  some  tail  feathers  very  narrowly 
edged  with  white ;  under  wing  coverts,  yellow ;  no  black  streaks  on  sides  of 
body. 

Nashville  Warbler. 
Helminthophila  ruficapilla. 
See  No.  491. 

Wing  bars,  white;  under  wing  coverts,  white;  some  tail  feathers  with  much 
white  on  inner  webs ;  adult  birds  have  forehead  and  more  or  less  of  crown  yel- 
low ;  immature  birds  have  crown  yellowish  green. 

Blue-winged  Warbler. 

Helminthophila  pinus. 
See  No.  487. 

No  wing  bars ;  under  wing  coverts,  yellow ;  tail  feathers,  showing  considerable 
white ;  throat,  more  or  less '  black,  according  to  age  and  season ;  crown,  slaty 
gray ;  adult  birds  have  yellow  forehead  and  gray  crown,  marked  with  black. 

Bachman's  Warbler. 

Helminthophila  bachmanii. 
See  No.  486. 

Wing  bars,  yellowish ;  sides  of  body,  more  or  less  streaked  with  black. 

Prairie  Warbler. 

Dendroica  discolor. 
See  No.  514. 

Part  4.     The  following  species  have  the  throat,  breast,  and  belly,  yellow 
without  streaks ;  no  white  on  tail  feathers :  — 

Crown  and  back,  greenish  yellow ;  more  or  less  yellow  on  inner  webs  of  pri- 
maries and  tall  feathers ;  crown,  yellowish  green. 

Summer  Warbler. 

Dendroica  cestiva  (female  or  immature) . 
See  No.  496. 

Crown,  slate  color  with  patch  of  chestnut  in  some  plumages ;  sides  of  head,  slate 
color ;  wing,  longer  than  tail ;  lower  belly,  tinged  with  white ;  rump  and 
upper  tail  coverts,  bright  yellowish  green. 

Nashville  Warbler. 

Helminthophila  ruficapilla. 
See  No.  491. 


280  KEY    T0    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 

Crown,  dull  olive ;  throat,  bright  yellow;  belly,  much  paler,  often  whitish; 
tail,  brownish  olive,  without  yellow ;  wing,  not  longer  than  tail ;  males  have 
black  patch  on  face  (forehead  and  sides  of  head)  which  is  lacking  in  females. 

Maryland  Yellowthroat. 

Geothlypis  trichas. 
See  No.  522. 

Throat  and  belly,  nearly  the  same  color;  crown,  glossy  black  (male),  or  olive 
green  like  back  (female) ;  tail  feathers,  slaty  brown 
faintly  washed  with  olive  on  outer  webs ;  numerous 
small  black  bristles  at  base  of  bill. 

Wilson's  Warbler. 
Wilson's  Blackcap. 
Sylvania  pusilla. 
See  No.  526. 

Entire  underparts,  yellow ;  brightest  on  the  belly;  wing,  longer  than  tail ; 
crown,  grayish;  back  and  rump,  dull  olive;  tail  feathers,  not  marked  with 

yellow. 

Mourning  Warbler. 

Geothlypis  Philadelphia  (young  female) . 
See  No.  521. 

Part  5.     The  following  species  have  the  throat,  yellow ;  belly,  not  yel- 
low ;  tail  feathers,  marked  with  more  or  less  white :  — 

Back,  black  or  dark ;  tail,  black,  with  broad 
band  of  white;  rump,  yellow. 

Black  and  Yellow  Warbler. 

Dendroica  maculosa. 
See  No.  500. 

Back,  slaty  blue,  often  showing  yellowish  olive;  rump,  slate  color;  sides  of 
head,  grayish  or  slaty  blue. 

Parula  Warbler. 

Blue,  Yellowbacked  Warbler. 

Compsothlypis  americana. 
See  No.  494. 

Back,  dull  green ;  throat,  faintly  washed  with  greenish  yellow ;  rump,  green ; 
sides,  not  streaked. 

Tennessee  Warbler. 

Helminthophila  peregrina. 
See  No.  493. 

Back,  greenish;  rump,  greenish;  cheeks,  yellowish;  sides,  showing  more  or 
less  dark  streaks. 

Black-throated  Green  Warbler. 

Dendroica  virens. 


FAMILY    MNIOTILTID^E.  — WARBLERS.  281 

Part  6.     The  following  species  have  the  throat  yellow ;  belly,  not  yel- 
low ;  no  white  on  tail  feathers :  — 

Throat,  bright  yellow;  shading  to  whitish  or 
olive  on  belly;  forehead  and  sides  of  head, 
black  (male) ;  no  black  on  head  (female) ; 
wing,  not  longer  than  tail. 

Maryland  Yellowthroat. 
Geothlypis  trichas. 
See  No.  522. 

Throat,  showing  faint  tinge  of  greenish  yellow ;  throat  and  sides  of  body,  nearly 
same  color ;  wing,  considerably  longer  than  tail. 

Tennessee  Warbler. 

Helminthophila  peregrinn. 
See  No.  493. 

Part  7.     The    following   species    have    the   throat,    not    yellow ;    belly, 
yellow ;   and  no  white  on  the  tail  feathers :  — 

Legs,  dark ;  throat,  whitish ;  belly,  faintly  tinged  with  yellow ;  under  tail  cov- 
erts, whitish  ;  tail  feathers,  slaty  brown. 

Bachman's  Warbler. 

Helminthophila  bachmanii  (immature  in  fall} . 
See  No.  486. 

Head,  grayish ;  back,  olive  green  ;  belly,  bright  yellow ;  throat,  blackish  (male) ; 
throat,  grayish  (female) ;  legs,  pale ;  tail  feathers,  olive  green ;  under  tail 
coverts,  yellow. 

Mourning  Warbler. 

G-eothlypis  Philadelphia. 
See  No.  521. 

Back,  grayish  brown;  belly,  faintly  tinged  with  yellow;  under  tail  coverts, 
yellow. 

Palm  Warbler. 

Dendroica  palmarum. 

Part  8.     The    following    species    have   the   throat,    not    yellow ;    belly, 
yellow;   tail  feathers,  marked  with  more  or  less  white:  — 

Throat,  usually  with  more  or  less  black  (sometimes  without  trace  of  black),  ac- 
cording to  age  and  season ;  forehead,  yellow ;  top  of  head,  grayish,  showing 

more  or  less  black ;  back,  green. 

Bachman's  Warbler. 

Helminthophila  bachmanii. 
See  No.  486. 


282 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Part  9.     The  following  species  have  no  yellow  on  throat  or  belly,  and 
no  white  on  the  tail  feathers  :  — 

Wing,  less  than  2.25 ;  underparts,  whitish,  tinged  with  olive  on  sides ;  throat,  with 
faint  wash  of  yellowish  buff,  almost  white;  crown,  dull  olive;  tail,  entirely 
olive  green. 

Maryland  Yellowthroat. 

Geothlypis  trichas  (young  bird  in  fait) . 
See  No.  522. 

Wing,  over  2.25 ;  entire  underparts,  whitish  or  slightly  olive ;  crown,  slaty ;  back, 
green ;  no  yellow  or  orange  on  tail  feathers. 

Tennessee  Warbler. 

Helminthophila  peregrina. 
See  No.  493. 

Entire  uuderparts,  dull  olive  or  olive  green;  crown,  with  partially  concealed 
patch  of  orange  brown  (sometimes  wanting)  ;  no  yellow  or  orange  on  tail 
feathers. 

Orange-crowned  Warbler. 

Helminthophila  celata. 
See  No.  462. 


End  of  tail,  brown;  basal  portion  of  tail 
feathers,  reddish  orange  (male),  or  pale 
yellow  (female)  ;  more  or  less  black  bristles 

at  base  of  bill. 

Redstart. 

Setophaga  rusticilla. 
See  No.  528. 


Part  10.     The  following  species  have  no  yellow  on  the  throat  or  belly, 
and  more  or  less  white  on  the  tail  feathers :  — 

Wing  coverts,  broadly  edged  with  yellow;   crown,  greenish   yellow;   back, 
tinged  with  slate  color ;  tail  feathers,  marked  with  white  to  the  tips  of  inner 

webs. 

Golden-winged  Warbler. 

Helminthophila  chrysoptera. 
See  No.  488. 

Wing  coverts,   not  yellow;    crown,   grayish    or  greenish;     back,   yellowish 
green ;   some  tail  feathers,  narrowly  edged  with  white  near  tips  of  inner  webs. 

Tennessee   Warbler. 

Helminthophila  peregrina. 
See  No.  493. 


FAMILY  MNIOTILTID^.  — WARBLERS. 


283 


Bachman's  Warbler  (male).  Mourning  Warbler  (male). 


Canadian  Warbler  (male). 


Yellow  Warbler  (male). 


Palm  Warbler  (male). 


Chestnut-sided  Warbler  (male). 


Hooded  Warbler  (male). 


Black-poll  Warbler  (male). 


284 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Group  2.    Wing,  from  2.37  to  2.75  inches  long. 




Helminthophila.  Seiurus. 

Part  1.  The  following  specie*  have  the  throat,  breast,  and  bells', 
yellow ;  breast,  more  or  less  streaked ;  some  tail  feathers,  marked  with 
more  or  less  white  :  — 

Underparts,  yellow ;  breast,  streaked  with  brown ;  under  tail  coverts,  yel- 
low ;  crown,  chestnut;  back,  dull  olive;  rump,  olive  green. 

Yellow  Palm  Warbler. 
Yellow  Redpoll  Warbler. 

Dendroica  pahnanim 
See  No-  513, 


Underparts,  pale  yellow;  sides  of  breast,  streaked  with  black;  under  tail 
coverts,  white;  crown,  grayish;  back  and  rump,  ashy,  streaked  with 
black.  Kirtland's  Warbler. 

Dendroica  I'irtlandi. 
See  No.  510. 


FAMILY   MNIOTILTID^E. — WARBLERS. 


285 


Underparts,  yellow;  sides  of  breast,  streaked  with  olive;   under  tail  coverts, 
ashy ;  crown,  back,  and  ruinp,  olive  green. 

Pine-creeping  Warbler. 

Dendroica  vigorsii. 
See  No.  511. 


Head  and  tail,  Black  and  Yellow  Warbler. 


Underparts,  bright  yellow ;    breast,  heavily  streaked  with  black ;  under  tail 
coverts,  white;  crown,  slaty;  back,  black;  rump,  yellow. 

Black  and  Yellow  Warbler. 

Dendroica  maculosa. 
See  No.  500. 


Underparts,  very  pale  yellowish,  almost  yellowish  white,  faintly  streaked  with 
black;  under  tail  coverts,  white ;  crown,  back,  and  rump,  olive,  streaked 
with  black. 

Black-poll  Warbler. 

Dendroica  striata  (female), 
See  No.  504. 


Head  and  tail,  Blackburnian  Warbler. 


Throat  and  breast,  orange;  belly,  pale  yellow;  sides  of  breast  streaked  with 
black;  crown,  black,  streaked  with  dull  white;  rump,  black;  undertail 
coverts,  white. 

Blackburnian  Warbler. 

Dendroica  blackburnice. 
See  No.  505. 


286 


KEY   TO   THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 


Underparts,  yellow ;  throat,  sometimes  marked 
with  rufous  brown;  breast,  streaked  with 
black ;  crown,  black  or  olive  gray ;  back,  olive 
green,  marked  with  black;  rump,  yellow; 
undertail  coverts,  yellowish  white. 

Cape  May  Warbler. 
Dendroica  tigrina. 
See  No.  495. 


Underparts,  very  pale  yellow,  streaked  with 
dark  brown;  uudertail  coverts,  yellowish 
white;  crown,  back,  and  rump,  dark  olive. 


Water  Thrush. 
Water  Warbler. 

Seiurus  noveboracensis. 
See  No.  516. 


Part  2.     The  following  species  have  the  throat,  breast,  and  belly,  yellow ; 
breast,  more  or  less  streaked  ;    no  white  on  tail  feathers :  — 


Breast,  streaked  with  rufous  brown ;  major  portion  of  inner  webs  of  tail  feathers, 
yellow. 

Summer  Warbler. 
Yellow  Warbler. 

Dendroica  cestiva. 
See  No.  496. 


Breast,  with  black  or  dusky  streaks ;  tail  feath- 
ers, entirely  dull  brown. 

Canadian  Warbler. 

Sylvania  canadensis. 
See  No.  527. 


FAMILY    MNIOTILTID^E. WARBLERS. 


287 


Part  3.     The  following  species  have  the  throat,  breast,  and  belly,  yellow, 
without  streaks ;    some  tail  feathers  marked  with  more  or  less  white :  — 


Throat  and  underparts,  yellow,  lower  throat, 
tinged  with  black;  forehead,  yellowish; 
crown,  gray ;  back  and  rump,  olive  green ; 
more  or  less  yellow  about  eyes ;  tail  feath- 
ers, showing  considerable  white. 


Bachman's  Warbler. 

Helminthophila  bachmanii. 
See  No.  486. 


Throat  and  underparts,  yellow ;  under  tail  coverts, 
yellow ;  crown,  gray  ;  no  yellow  about  eyes ; 
sides  of  head,  gray ;  back  and  rump,  olive  green ; 
outer  tail  feathers,  very  narrowly  edged  with 
white  (male  has  a  chestnut  brown  patch  on 
crown). 

Nashville  Warbler. 
Helminthophila  riiftcapilla. 
See  No.  491. 


Head  and  tail,  Black  and  Yellow  Warbler. 

Crown,  dull  gray;  back,  olive  green;  rump  and  belly,  yellow;  tail  feathers, 

with  white  spots  in  the  middle. 

Black  and  Yellow  Warbler. 

Dendroica  maculosa. 
See  No.  500. 


Underparts,  bright  yellow;  crown,  yellow;    back   and  rump,  bright  olive 
green ;  a  narrow  black  streak  from  bill  to  eye. 


Blue-winged  Warbler. 

Helminthophila  pinus  (male), 
See  No.  487. 


288 


KEY   TO   THE    BIRDS    OF   EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 


Crown,  olive  green  (sometimes  with  forehead 
yellow)  ;  uuderparts,  greenish  yellow ;  back  and 
rump,  olive  greeu  :  terminal  third  of  inner  webs 
of  outer  tail  feathers,  white. 

BIue=winged  Warbler. 

Helminthophila  pinus  (female  and  immature) . 
See  No.  487. 

Underparts,  tinged  with  greenish  yellow;  undertail  coverts,  white;  crown,  back, 
and  rump,  olive  green  ;  outer  tail  feathers  very  narrowly  edged  with  white 
(entirely  absent  in  some  specimens) . 

Tennessee  Warbler. 

Helminthophila  peregrina  (female  in  fall  and  immature} . 
See  No.  493. 

Underparts,  yellow,  washed  with  olive  on  sides;  sides  of  head  and  lores, 
yellow;  crown,  olive  green;  back  and  rump,  olive  green;  undertail  coverts, 
pale  yellow. 

Hooded  Warbler. 

Sylvania  mitrata  ( female  and  immature  in  fall) , 
See  No.  525. 


Kirtiand's  Warbier. 

Underparts,  yellow;  sides,  streaked  with  black;  crown,  slaty  gray  ;   bacfc  and 

rump,  ashy,  streaked  with  black ;  lores,  black. 

Kirtiand's  Warbler. 

Dendroica  kirtlandii. 
See  No.  510. 


FAMILY    MNIOTILTID^E.  WARBLERS. 


289 


Crown,  greenish  blue  ;  wing  coverts,  edged  with  white ;  back,  greenish  blue, 
without  streaks ;  under  tail  coverts,  whitish  ;  underparts,  tinged  with  pale 
yellow. 

Cerulean  Warbler. 

Dendroica  ccerulea  (female  and  immature}. 
See  No.  501. 


Part  4.     The  following  species  have  the  throat,  breast,  and  belly,  yellow, 
without  streaks,  and  no  white  on  the  tail  feathers :  — 


Crown,  slate  color,  with  patch  of  chestnut  (male), 
or  crown,  olive  gray  (female)  ;  rump  and  upper 
tail  coverts,  yellowish  green;  auricular  region 
(sides  of  head),  grayish;  under  tail  coverts, 
yellow. 

Nashville  Warbler. 
Helminthophila  ruficapHla. 
See  No.  491. 


Underparts,  faintly  washed  with  yellow,  or  yellowish  white;  crown,  grayish 
olive;  back  and  rump,  olive  green;  under  tail  coverts,  white;  no  yellow 
on  tail  feathers. 

Tennessee  Warbler. 

Helminthophila  peregrina  (female  in  fall}. 
See  No.  493. 


Crown,  back,  and  rump,  yellowish  green;  major  part  of  inner  webs  of  tail 


feathers,  yellow. 


Summer  Warbler. 
Yellow  Warbler. 

Dendroica  cestiva  (female}, 
See  No.  496. 


Sides  of  head,  yellowish;  crown,  glossy  black 
(male) ;  crown,  bright  olive  green,  like  back 
(female) ;  back  and  rump,  bright  olive  green ; 
under  tail  coverts,  yellow. 


Wilson's  Warbler. 

iSylvania  pusilla. 
See  No.  526. 


Crown,  grayish ;  back  and  rump,  dull  olive  green ;  entire  underparts,  yel- 
low, palest  on  throat ;  no  yellow  on  tail  feathers ;  chin,  not  whitish ;  no  buff- 
white  stripe  over  eye. 

Mourning  Warbler. 

Geothlypis  Philadelphia  (young  female) . 
See  No.  521. 


290 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Crown,  grayish ;  back  and  rump,  green ;  underparts,  pale  yellow ;  chin,  whitish ; 
a  buff-white  stripe  over  the  eye.  (This  bird  belongs  in  Section  4,  but  might  be 
mistaken  for  a  wrarbler  by  the  novice.) 

Philadelphia  Vireo. 

Vireo  philadelphius. 
See  No.  472. 


Crown  and  sides  of  head,  with    more    or 
less  black  ;  a  yellow  superciliary  stripe  ; 

back  and  rump,  olive  green. 

Kentucky  Warbler. 

Geothlypis  formosa. 
See  No.  519. 


Underparts,  yellowish  olive;  crown,  with  partly  concealed  orange  brown 
spot ;   under  tail  coverts,  greenish  yellow. 

Orange-crowned  Warbler. 

Helminthophila  celata. 
See  No.  492. 


Part  5.     The  following  species  have  the  throat,  yellow ;  belly,  not  yellow ; 
tail  feathers,  marked  with  more  or  less  white  :  — 

Back,  green,  streaked  with  black ;  outer  web  of  outer  tail  feather,  not  edged  with 
white;  no  yellow  stripe  over  eye;  chin,  whitish;  sides  of  breast  and  body, 
streaked. 

Black-poll  Warbler. 

Dendroica  striata  (female). 
See  No.  504. 


Crown,  black,  with  patch  of  orange  yellow  in  centre;  back  and  rump,  black, 
with  more  or  less  white ;  throat,  orange ;  sides,  streaked  with  black. 

Blackburnian  Warbler. 

Dendroica  blackburnice  (adult  male) . 
See  No.  505. 


FAMILY    MNIOTILTID^E.  WARBLERS. 


291 


Throat,  yellow ;  sides  of  breast,  streaked  with  blackish ;  crown,  olive,  dotted 
with  blackish  ;  back  and  rump,  olive  gray,  streaked  with  black ;  usually 
a  trace  of  yellow  in  middle  of  crown ;  basal  portion  of  narrow  outer  web  of 
outer  tail  feather,  edged  with  white. 

Blackburnian  Warbler. 
Dendroica  blackburnice  (female,  and  immature). 
See  No.  505. 


Crown,    ash    gray ;   forehead,   blackish ; 

throat,  yellow ;  bordered  by  black ;  sides 
of  breast,  streaked  with  black;  back 
and  rump,  slaty  gray,  not  streaked ; 
no  white  on  outer  web  of  outer  tail 
feather. 

Yellow-throated  Warbler. 

Dendroica  dominica,  and  races. 
See  No.  506. 


Crown,  slaty  blue ;  back,  tinged  with  greenish 
yellow;  rump,  like  crown;  110  black  streaks 
on  sides  of  throat,  back,  or  uuderparts. 


Blue  Yellow-backed  Warbler. 
Parula  Warbler. 

Compsothlypis  americana. 
See  No.  494. 


Crown,  back,  and    rump,  green   (tinged  with  gray),   without  streaks; 
outer  tail  feathers  with  oblique  white  spots;  lores,  yellow. 


two 


Pine  Warbler. 

Dendroica  vigorsii. 
See  No.  511. 

Crown,  back,  and  rump,  green;  sides  of  head,  yellowish;  outer  web  of  tail 
feather,  edged  with  white ;  sides  more  or  less  faintly  streaked ;  rump,  same 
color  as  back. 

Black-throated  Green  Warbler. 

Dendroica  virens  (female  and  fall  plumage). 
See  No.  508.  ' 


Crown,  olive;  more  or  less  speckled  with  black;  back,  olive;  rump,  yellow 
or  greenish  yellow ;  breast  with  numerous  streaks ;  no  white  on  outer  web 
of  outer  tail  feathers  ;  sides  of  head  and  neck,  more  or  less  tinged  with  yellow. 

Cape  May  Warbler. 

Dendroica  tigrina  (female  and  immature  at  some  seasons). 
See  No.  495. 


292 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 


Part   6.     The   following    species    have    the    throat   not    yellow;    belly, 
yellow,  and  no  white  on  the  tail  feathers :  — 


Throat,    grayish    or  brownish;  eye   ring, 
white;  back,  olive  green. 

Connecticut  Warbler. 

Geothlypis  agilis. 
See  No.  520. 


Throat,  grayish  or  ashy,  changing  to  black 
in  adult  male  birds ;  no  white  eye  ring. 


Mourning  Warbler. 

Geothlypis  Philadelphia. 
See  No.  521. 


Part  7.      The   following   species    have    the   throat    not   yellow;    belly 
yellow,  and  more  or  less  white  on  tail  feathers :  — 


Upper  throat,  chestnut;  breast,  streaked 
with  black ;  back,  greenish ;  rump,  yellow ; 
much  white  on  wing  coverts. 


Cape  May  Warbler. 

Dendroica  tigrina  (adt-M  male) . 
See  No.  495. 


FAMILY    MNIOTILTID^E.  WARBLERS. 


293 


Chili,  yellow ;  throat  and  upper  breast,  black  ; 
forehead,  yellow,  bordered  by  black;  rest  of 
crown  and  nape,  gray. 

Bach  man's  Warbler. 

Helminthophila  bachmanii  (adult  male) , 
See  No.  486. 


Throat,  black ;   forehead  and  sides  of  head, 
yellow ;  crown,  black. 

Hooded  Warbler. 

Sylvania  mitrata. 
See  No.  525. 


Throat,   dull  white;   breast,   faintly  streaked;   under  tall  coverts,   yellow; 

icing  coverts,  tipped  with  brownish ;   crown,  often  marked  with  more  or  less 
rufous  brown. 

Palm  Warbler. 

Red-poll  Warbler. 

Dendroica  palmarum. 
See  No.  512. 


Crown,  bluish  green ;  wing  coverts,  tipped  with  white ;    under  tail  cov- 
erts, whitish  ;   underparts,  pale  yellowish  white. 

Cerulean  Warbler. 

Dendroica  ccerulea  (  female  or  immature") . 
See  No.  501. 


294 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Part  8.  The  following  species  have  the  throat,  not  yellow ;  belly,  not 
yellow,  and  no  white  on  the  tail  feathers ;  breast,  streaked,  or  spotted  with 
black,  or  dark  brown  :  — 


Crown,  brownish  orange  ;  back,  olive  green; 
bill,  pale. 

Oven  Bird. 
Golden-crowned  Thrush. 

Seiurus  aurocapillus. 
See  No.  515. 


Crown  and  back,  olive  brown ;   bill,  dark. 


Water  Thrush. 

Seiurus  noveboracensis,  and  races. 
See  No.  516. 


Part  9.  The  following  species  have  the  throat,  not  yellow ;  belly,  not 
yellow,  and  no  white  on  the  tail  feathers ;  breast,  not  streaked,  or  spotted 
with  black,  or  dark  brown  :  — 


Crown,  with  stripe  of  tawny  buff,  bor- 
dered by  black  stripes;  a  black  stripe 
through  the  eye ;  underparts,  buffy  white ; 
olive  on  sides. 

Worm-eating  Warbler. 
Helmitherus  vermivorus. 
See  No.  485. 


Crown  and  back,  black;  throat,  black; 
a  patch  of  orange  on  sides  of  breast. 


Redstart. 

Setophaga  rutidlla  (male) . 
See  No.  528. 


FAMILY    MNIOTILTIDJE. WARBLERS.  295 

Crown,  slaty  olive  ;  back,   dull  olive;   underparts,  white;  a  patch  of  yellow 
on  sides  of  breast;  outer  tail  feathers,  yellow,  tipped  with  brown. 

Redstart. 

Setophaga  ruticilla  (female). 
See  No.  528. 

Crown,  grayish  olive,  usually  with   partly  concealed  orange   brown  spot; 

110  yellow  on  tail  feathers;  uuderparts,  yellowish  green. 

Orange-crowned  Warbler. 

Helminthopliila  celata. 
See  No.  492. 

Part  10.  The  following  species  have  the  throat  not  yellow ;  belly,  not 
yellow,  and  more  or  less  white  on  tail  feathers;  sides  of  breast  and  body 
with  numerous  distinct  black  or  blackish  streaks :  — 


Throat,  bright  orange;   crown,  black,  streaked  with  white. 


Blackburnian  Warbler. 

Dendroica  blackburnice  (adult  male) . 
See  No.  505. 


Crown,  back,  and   rump,  bright  olive  green;    sides  of  head,   yellowish; 

throat,  usually  with  more  or  less  indications  of  black  in  most  specimens;  inner 
webs  of  two  outer  tail  feathers,  white. 

Black-throated  Green  Warbler. 

Dendroica  virens  (fall  and  immature). 
See  No.  508. 


Crown,  black;   back,  grayish  olive,  streaked 
with  black ;  rump,  like  back. 

Black-poll  Warbler. 

Dendroica  striata. 
See  No.  504. 


296 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Crown  and  back,  blue ;   the  back,  streaked  with  black ;   rump,  slaty  blue. 


Cerulean  Warbler. 

Dendroica  ccerulea. 
See  No.  501. 


Crown,  dull  olive  green,   dotted  with   black;   back,   grayish  olive,  streaked 
with  black;  rump,  like  back. 

Dendroica  striata  (fall  and  immature) 
See  No.  504. 


Middle  of  crown,   rump,  and  sides   of  the 
breast,  with  more  or  less  yellow. 

Myrtle  Warbler. 
Yellow=rumped  Warbler. 

Dendroica  coronata. 
See  No.  498. 


Crown,  black,  with  white  stripe  in  middle;  entire  plumage,  black  and  white. 


Black  and  White  Warbler. 
Black  and  White  Creeper. 

Mniotilta  varia. 

See  No.  482. 


Crown  and  back,  grayish  olive ;   rump,  yellowish  ;   a  patch  of  white  near  the 
tips  of  outer  tail  feathers  on  the  inner  webs. 

Cape  May  Warbler. 

Dendroica  tigrina  (immature  female), 
See  No.  495. 


FAMILY    MNIOTILTHXE. WARBLERS. 


297 


Part  11.  The  following  species  have  the  throat,  not  yellow;  belly,  not 
yellow,  and  more  or  less  white  on  the  tail  feathers ;  the  sides  of  breast 
and  body,  not  marked  with  numerous  distinct  black  streaks :  — 


Throat,  black  ;  crown,  olive  green;  sides  of  head,  yellow;  wing  bands,  white. 

Black-throated  Green  Warbler. 

Dendroica  virens  (adult  male) . 
See  No.  508. 

Throat,  black;   ear  coverts,  black ;   crown,  yellowish :   wing  bands,  yellow. 

Golden-winged  Warbler. 

Helminthophila  chrysoptera  (male} . 
See  No.  488. 


Throat,  black;  crown,   dull  blue;    sides  of 

breast,   bluish  black;    a  patch   of  white  at 
base  of  primaries. 

Black-throated  Blue  Warbler. 

Dendroica  ccerulescens  (adult  male) 
See  No.  497. 


298 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Throat  and  sides,  chestnut;    crown,  chestnut. 


Bay=breasted  Warbler. 

Dendroica  castanea  (adult}, 
See  No.  503. 


Throat  and  sides,  more  or  less  marked  with  chestnut ;  crown,  olive  green, 
streaked  with  black;  back,  grayish  olive,  streaked  with  black;  (crown,  with 
indications  of  chestnut ;)  belly,  cream  white. 

Bay = breasted   Warbler. 

Dendroica  castanea  (female). 
See  No.  503. 

Throat  and  underpants,  cream  white,  shading  into  pale  buff;  white  on  flanks; 
crown  and  back,  green,  indistinctly  streaked  with  black ;  wing  bars,  white. 

Bay -breasted  Warbler. 

Dendroica  castanea  (immature) 
See  No.  503. 


Throat  and  underparts,  pale  yellowish  white ;  crown  and  back,  green,  indis- 
tinctly streaked;  wing  bars,  white;  often  very  difficult  to  distinguish  from 
immature  specimen  of  D.  castanea. 

Black-poll  Warbler. 

Dendroica  striata  (immature}. 
See  No.  504. 


Throat  and  underparts,  white ;  ashy  on  the 
sides ;  crown,  slaty  gray ;  back,  green ; 
under  tail  coverts,  white. 

Tennessee  Warbler. 

Helminthophila  peregrina  (adult  male) . 
See  No.  493. 


Throat  and  underparts,  white  ;   wing  bars,  yellow  ;  crown  and  back,  bright 
green. 

Chestnut-sided  Warbler. 

Dendroica  pennsylvanica  (immature). 
See  No.  502, 


FAMILY  MNIOTILTIIX<E.  —  WARBLEKS. 


299 


Throat  and  underparts,  white;  sides,  more 
or  less  marked  with  chestnut;  crown, 
greenish  yellow;  back,  greenish,  streaked 
with  black ;  wing  bars,  yellowish. 


Chestnut-sided  Warbler, 

Dendroica  pennsylvanica. 
See  No.  502. 


Throat  and   underparts,  cream  white;    crown  and    back,  greenish  blue; 

rump,  like  back;  wing  coverts,  edged  with  white;  under  tail  coverts,  whitish. 


Cerulean  Warbler. 

Dendroica  ccerulea  (female). 
See  No.  501. 


Throat  and  underparts,  dull  white;  crown  and  back,  grayish  olive;  wing 
bars,  white ;  an  oblique  white  spot  on  inner  webs  of  two  outer  tail  feathers  ; 
rest  of  tail  feathers,  without  white ;  under  tail  coverts,  whitish. 

Pine  Warbler. 

Dendroica  mgorsii  (fall  and  immature), 
See  No.  611. 


Throat  and  underparts,  whitish,  faintly  tinged  with  yellow;  breast,  with 
rather  indistinct  dusky  streaks  ;  crown,  grayish  olive,  usually  with  at  least 
an  indication  of  chestnut;  back,  grayish  olive;  rump,  olive  green;  under 
tail  coverts,  yellow. 

Palm  Warbler. 
Red-poll  Warbler. 
Dendroica  palmarum. 
See  No.  512. 


300 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Throat  and  underparts,  dull  yellowish  green ;  crown,  green,  with  partly 
concealed  orange  brown  patch  in  centre  (wanting  in  young  birds) ;  outer 
tail  feathers,  narrowly  edged  with  white  on  inner  web ;  rest  of  tail 
feathers,  without  white ;  no  white  spot  at  base  of  primaries. 


Orange=crowned  Warbler. 

Helminthophila  celata. 
See  No.  492. 


Throat  and  underparts,  buffy  white;   crown  and  back,  olive  green;  bases  of 
primaries,  white,  forming  a  small  spot  on  wing  (female). 

Black-throated  Blue  Warbler. 

Dendroica  ccerulescens. 
See  No.  497. 


Throat,    gray;    belly,  white    (breast,  often  washed  with  yellow);  crown,  yel- 
lowish green;   wing  coverts,  broadly  tipped  with  yellow  (female). 

Golden-winged   Warbler. 

Helminthophila  chrysoptera . 
See  No.  488. 


Group  3.     Wing,  2.75  to  3.25  inches  long. 


491 


Part  1.     The  following  species  have  the  throat,  breast,  and  belly,  yel- 


FAMILY    MNIOTILTIDJE.  —  WARBLERS. 


301 


low;   the  breast,   more  or  less   streaked;   some  tail  feathers,  marked   with 
white :  — 


Underparts,  pale  yellow ;  sides  of  breast,  more  or  less  streaked  with  black ;  under 
tail  coverts,  white ;  crown,  grayish ;  back  and  rump,  ashy  gray,  streaked  with 
black. 

Kirtland's  Warbler. 
Dendroica  kirtlandi. 
See  No.  510. 


TaiL 


Throat  and  breast,  orange ;  belly,  pale  yellow ;  sides  of  breast,  streaked  with 
black;  crown,  black,  with  orange  spot  in  centre;  back,  black,  streaked  with 
whitish ;  rump,  black ;  under  tail  coverts,  white. 

Blackburnian  Warbler. 

Dendroica  blackburnice. 
See ;No.  505. 


302 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Underparts,  very  pale  yellowish,  almost  yellowish  white,  faintly  streaked  with 
black ;  under  tail  coverts,  white ;  crown,  back,  and  rump,  olive  green,  streaked 
with  black. 

BIack=poll  Warbler. 

Dendroica  striata  (  female}, 
See  No.  504. 


Tail. 


Underparts,  yellow ;   sides  of  breast,  streaked  with   olive ;   under  tail  cov- 
erts, ashy;  crown,  back,  and  rump,  olive  green  (not  streaked). 

Pine  Warbler. 

Dendroica  vigorsii. 
See  No.  511. 

Underparts,    yellow;    breast,    streaked    with    brown;    crown,    chestnut; 

back,  dull  olive;  rump,  olive  green;   under  tail  coverts,  yellow. 

Yellow  Red-poll  Warbler. 

Dendroica  palmarum  hypochrynea. 
See  No.  513. 


Underparts,  yellow;  ear  coverts,  rufous; 
breast,  streaked  with  black;  crown,  black, 
or  olive  gray;  back,  olive  green,  marked 
with  black ;  rump,  yellow;  under  tail  coverts, 
yellowish  white ;  a  patch  of  white  on  wing 
coverts. 

Cape  May  Warbler. 

Dendroica  tigrina. 
See  No.  495. 


Underparts,  very  pale  yellow,  streaked  with 
dark  brown;  under  tail  coverts,  yellowish 
white;  crown,  back,  and  rump,  dark 
olive. 

Water  Thrush. 
Seiurus  noveboracensis. 
See  No.  516. 


FAMILY    MNIOTILTID^E.  WARBLERS.  30o 

Part  2.     The  following   species    has   the  throat,  breast,  and  belly,  yel- 
low ;    breast,  more  or  less  streaked,  and  no  white  on  the  tail  feathers :  — 

Breast,  with  black  or  dusky  streaks;  tail,  dull  brown. 

Canadian  Warbler. 

Sylvania  canadensis. 
See  No.  527. 

Part  3.     The  following  species  have  the  throat,  breast,  and  belly,  yel- 
low, without  streaks,  and  more  or  less  white  on  the  tail  feathers:  — 

Head,   neck,  and  underparts,  bright  orange   yellow;   palest  on  the  belly; 
back,  olive  green  ;  rump,  gray. 

Prothonotary  Warbler. 

Protonotaria  citrea. 
See  No.  483. 

Crown,    brownish ;     underparts,    white, 

faintly  tinged  with  pale  yellow ;  sides, 
grayish;  back  and  rump,  olive  brown 
or  grayish  brown ;  a  white  stripe  over 
the  eye. 

Swainson's  Warbler. 

Helinaia  swainsonti. 
See  No.  484. 

Underparts,  yellow;    sides,   streaked  with  black;    crown,   slaty   gray;    back 
and  rump,  ashy,  streaked  with  black;   lores,  black. 

Kirtland's  Warbler. 

Dendroica  kirtlandi. 
See  No.  510. 

Underparts,  yellow,  washed  with  olive  on  the  sides ;   sides  of  head  and  lores, 
yellow ;    crown,  olive    green ;    back  and    rump,   olive  green ;     under    tail 

coverts,  pale  yellow. 

Hooded  Warbler. 

Sylvania  mitrata. 
See  No.  525. 

Part  4.     The  following  species  have  the  throat,  breast,  and  belly,  yellow, 
without  streaks;    no  white  on  the  tail  feathers :- 

Crown  and  sides  of  head,  with  more  or  less 
black ;  a  yellow  stripe  over  the  eye ;  back 
and  rump,  olive  green. 

Kentucky  Warbler. 

Geothlypis  formosa. 
See  No.  519. 


304  KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS   OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 

Part  5.     The    following    species   have    the    throat,  yellow ;    belly,     not 
yellow;   tail  feathers,  marked  with  more  or  less  white:  — 

Back,  green,  streaked  with  black;  outer  web  of  outer  tail  feather,  not  edged 
with  white;  no  yellow  stripe  over  eye;  chin,  whitish;  sides  of  breast  and 
body,  streaked. 

Black=poll  Warbler. 

Dendroica  striata  (immature}. 
See  No.  504. 

Crown,  black,  with  patch  of  orange  yellow 
in  centre ;  back  and  rump,  black,  with  more 
or  less  white ;  throat,  orange ;  sides,  streaked 
with  black. 

Blackburnian  Warbler. 
Dendroica  blackburniw  (adult  male). 
See  No.  505. 

Throat,  yellow;  sides  of  breast,  streaked  with  blackish;  crown,  olive,  dotted 
with  dull  black,  and  usually  showing  a  trace  of  yellow  in  centre ;  back  and 
rump,  olive  gray,  streaked  with  black ;  basal  portion  of  narrow  outer  web 
of  outer  tail  feather,  edged  with  white. 

Blackburnian  Warbler. 

Dendroica  blackburnice  (female  and  immature}. 
See  No.  505. 

Crown,  ash  gray ;  forehead,  blackish ;  throat,  yellow,  bordered  by  black ;  sides 
of  breast,  streaked  with  black;  back  and  rump,  slaty  gray,  not  streaked; 
no  white  on  outer  web  of  outer  tail  feather. 

Yellow-throated  Warbler. 

Dendroica  dominica. 
See  No.  506. 

Crown,  back,  and  rump,  green  (tinged  with  gray),  without  streaks;  two  outer 
tail  feathers,  with  oblique  white  spots ;  lores,  yellow. 

Pine  Warbler. 

Dendroica  vigorsii. 
See  No.  511. 

Crown,  olive,  more  or  less  speckled  with  black;  back,  olive;  rump,  yellow,  or 
greenish  yellow ;  breast,  with  numerous  streaks ;  no  white  on  outer  web  of 
outer  tail  feather;  sides  of  head  and  neck,  more  or  less  tinged  with  yellow. 

Cape  May  Warbler. 

Dendroica  tigrina  (immature). 
See  No.  495. 


FAMILY    MNIOTILTID^E.  WARBLERS.  305 


Throat  and  breast,  bright  yellow ;  lower  belly,  white ;  crown  and  back,  olive 
green ;  lores  and  eye  ring,  white ;  tail,  over  2.50  inches  long. 


Yellow-breasted  Chat. 

Icteria  virens. 

See  No.  524. 


Upperparts,  gray,  streaked  with  black  on  the  back;  crown,  rump,  upper 
throat,  and  sides  of  breast,  yellow ;  breast,  grayish,  or  blackish.  Western 
species  are  twice  recorded  from  eastern  United  States. 

Audubon's  Warbler. 

Dendroica  auduboni. 
See  No.  499. 


Part  6.     The    following   species   have   the    throat,   not  yellow ;    belly, 
yellow,  and  no  white  on  the  tail  feathers:  — 


Throat,  grayish  or  brownish ;  eye  ring,  white ;   back,  olive  green. 


Connecticut  Warbler. 

Qeothlypis  agilis. 
See  No.  520. 


30(3 


KEY    TO   THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 


Part    7.     The   following   species    have    the    throat,  not    yellow ;    belly, 
yellow,  and  more  or  less  white  on  the  tail  feathers :  — 


Throat,    black;    forehead    and  sides  of    head, 
yellow;   crown,  black. 

Hooded  Warbler. 

Sylvania  mitrata. 
See  No.  525. 


Upper  throat,  chestnut ;  breast,  streaked  with  black ;  back,  greenish ;  rump, 
yellow ;  wing  coverts,  showing  much  white. 

Cape  May  Warbler. 

Dcndroica  tigrina  (adult  male} . 
See  No.  495. 


Part  8.  The  following  species  have  the  throat,  not  yellow ;  belly,  not 
yellow,  and  no  white  on  the  tail  feathers ;  breast,  not  streaked  or  spotted 
with  black  or  dark  brown :  — 


Crown,  with  stripe  of  tawny  buff,  bor- 
dered by  black  stripe ;  a  black  stripe 
through  the  eye. 

Worm  Eating  Warbler, 

Helmitherus  vermivorus. 
See  No.  485. 


Crown,  dull  cinnamon  brown;  a  white 
stripe  over  the  eye ;  uuderparts,  white, 
faintly  tinged  with  yellow ;  sides,  tinged 
with  grayish  olive. 

Swainson's  Warbler, 
Helinaia  swainsonii. 
See  No.  484, 


FAMILY    MNIOTILTID^E. WARBLERS. 


307 


Part  9.  The  following  species  have  the  throat,  not  yellow ;  belly,  not 
yellow,  and  no  white  on  the  tail  feathers  ;  breast,  streaked  or  spotted  with 
black  or  dark  brown  :  - 

Crown  and  back,  olive  brown;    bill,   dark;    underpaid,  white,   tinged  with 
yellow,  and  streaked  with  black  (including  throat). 

Water  Thrush. 

Seiurus  noveboracensis,  and  races. 
See  No.  516. 


Crown  and  back,  olive  brown;  uuderparts,  white,  tinged  with  buff,  and  streaked 
with  black;  throat,  not  streaked. 

Louisiana  Water  Thrush. 

Seiurus  motacilla. 

See  No.  518. 


Crown,  brownish  orange;    back,  olive  green;   bill,  pale. 


Oven  Bird. 
Golden-crowned  Thrush. 

Seiurus  aurocapillus. 
See  No.  515. 


Part  10.  The  following  species  have  the  throat,  not  yellow  ;  belly,  not 
yellow ;  more  or  less  white  on  the  tail  feathers ;  sides  of  breast,  and  body, 
marked  with  numerous  distinct  black  or  blackish  streaks. 


Crown,  black,  with  white  stripe  in  the  middle;   entire  plumage,  black  and 
white. 

Black  and  White  Warbler. 

Mniotilta  varia. 

See  No.  482. 


308  KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 

Crown  and  back,  grayish  olive ;  rump,  yellowish  ;  a  patch  of  white  near  the  tips 
of  outer  tail  feathers  on  the  inner  webs. 

Cape  May  Warbler. 

Dendroica  tigrina  (immature  female) . 
See  No.  495. 

Middle  of  crown,  rump,  and  sides  of  the  breast,  more  or  less  yellow. 

Myrtle  Warbler. 
Yellow-rumped   Warbler, 

Dendroica  coronata. 
See  No.  498. 

Crown,  back,  and  rump,  dull  olive  or  brownish  olive ;  underparts,  buffy  or  gray- 
ish, streaked  with  brown  on  breast  and  sides;  outer  tail  feathers,  mostly 
white,  including  the  outer  web ;  hind  toe  nail,  as  long  as  the  toe.  (This 
species  is  not  a  Warbler,  and  belongs  in  Family  8,  but  it  might  be  mistaken  for 

one  by  the  uninitiated.) 

American  Pipit. 
Titlark. 


ivanicus. 
See  No.  530. 

Crown,  dull  olive  green,   dotted  with  black;   back,  grayish  olive,   streaked 
with  black;  rump,  like  back ;   outer  tail  feather,  with  patch  of  white  on  inner 

webs. 

Black-poll  Warbler. 

Dendroica  striata  (female) . 
See  No.  504. 


Throat,  bright  orange;   a  patch  of  orange  on 
the  crown. 

Blackburnian  Warbler. 

Dendroica  blackburnice  (adult  male} . 
See  No.  505. 


Part  11.  The  following  species  have  the  throat,  not  yellow;  belly,  not 
yellow ;  more  or  less  white  on  the  tail  feathers ;  breast  and  sides  of  body, 
not  marked  with  numerous  distinct  black  streaks :  — 

Throat  and  sides,  chestnut ;  crown,  chestnut. 

Bay-breasted  Warbler. 

Dendroica  castanea. 
See  No.  503. 


FAMILY    MNIOTILTIDJE. WAKBLERS.  309 

Throat  and  sides,  more  or  less  chestnut ;  crown,  olive,  streaked  with 
black  (usually  with  trace  of  chestnut)  ;  back,  grayish  olive,  streaked  with 
black. 

Bay -breasted  Warbler. 

Dendroica  castanea  (female) . 
See  No.  503. 


Throat  and  underparts,  cream  white,  shading  to  pale  butt' white  on  flanks; 
crown  ami  back,  green,  indistinctly  streaked  with  black  ;  wing  bars,  white. 
(Often  difficult  to  distinguish  from  female  of  Black-poll  Warbler,  D.  striata, 
which  resembles  it  very  closely  in  immature  plumage,  but  has  the  underpirts, 
usually  yellowish.) 

Bay -breasted  Warbler. 
Dendroica  castanea  (immature) 
See  No.  503. 


Throat  and  underparts,  dull  white ;  crowii  and  back,  grayish  olive ;  wing 
bars,  white ;  an  oblique  white  spot  on  inner  webs  of  two  outer  tail  feathers, 
rest  of  tail  feathers,  without  white;  under  tail  coverts,  whitish. 

Pine  Warbler. 

Dendroica  vigorsii  (/«//,  and  immature} 
See  No.  611. 


Throat  and  underparts,  whitish,  faintly  tinged  with  yellow ;  breast,  with  rather 
indistinctly  dusky  streaks;  crown,  grayish  olive,  usually  with  an  indication  of 
chestnut ;  back,  grayish  olive ;  rump,  olive  green ;  under  tail  coverts, 
yellow. 

Palm  Warbler. 
Red-poll  Warbler. 
Dendroica  pahnarum. 
See  No.  512. 


310 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Group  4.     Wing,  3.25  to  3.75  inches  long. 


Lnderparts,  white,  faintly  yellowish, 
streaked,  with  brownish  black;  throat, 
showing  more  or  less  dots  or  streaks  ; 

110  white  oil  tail  feathers. 


Qrinnell's   Water=Thrush. 

Seiurus  noveboracensis  notabilix. 
See  No.  517. 


Throat,  white;  underparts,  white,  faintly  tinged  with  tawny;  breast  and  sides 
of  body,  streaked  with  dark  brown;  throat,  not  streaked;  no  white  on  tail 
feathers.  Louisiana  Water-Thrush. 

Seiurits  motacilla. 

See  No.  518. 

Uuderparts,  grayish  white  or  bufFy  white,  more  or  less  streaked  with  dark  brown ; 
greater  portion  of  outer  tail  feathers,  white ;  hind  toe,  with  claw  longer 
than  middle  toe,  with  claw.  Belongs  in  Family  Motacillidre,  and  is  very  differ- 
ent from  a  Warbler,  but  might  be  mistaken  for  one  by  the  novice. 


American  Pipit. 
Titlark. 

Anthus  pensilvanicus. 
See  No.  530. 

Throat,  faintly  yellow ;  underparts,  not  streaked  ;  more  or  less  black  on  cheeks 
and  breast;  hind  toe  nail,  straight  and  long.  This  species  belongs  in  Family 
AlaudidaB,  but  is  included  here  as  well  as  in  its  proper  place  for  the  benefit  of 
persons  unfamiliar  with  birds,  who  might  look  for  it  under  this  section. 

Prairie  Shore  Lark. 
Otocoris  pratincola. 
See  No.  358. 


FAMILY    MOTACILLID^E. — PIPITS    AND   WAGTAILS. 


311 


FAMILY  MOTACILLID^E. 

Pipits  and  Wagtails. 

Bill,  slender  ;  first  primary,  not  short,  the  first,  second,  and  third, 
being  about  equal  in  length ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  longer  than  middle  toe 
and  claw  ;  hind  toe  nail,  long,  in  this  somewhat  resembling  larks,  but 
no  tufts  of  hair-like  feathers  over  nostrils. 


Crown,  back,  and  rump,  dull  olive,  or 
brownish  olive;  underparts,  buffy,  or 
grayish,  streaked  with  brown  on  throat 
and  sides;  outer  tail  feather,  mostly 
white,  including  the  outer  web; 
much  less  white  on  second  feather; 
hind  toe  nail,  usually  as  long  as  the 
toe. 

American  Pipit. 

Titlark. 

Anthus  petisflvanicus, 
See  No.  530. 


312 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


FAMILY  TROQLODYTID^E. 

Wrens  and  Thrashers. 

First  primary,  less  than  two  thirds  as  long  as  third  ;  outer  tail 
feathers,  decidedly  shorter  than  middle  ones,  varying  from  one  eighth 
to  one  half  inch  or  more  shorter  in  different  species. 

Group  1.     Wing,  less  than  3.25  inches  long. 

SUBFAMILY   TROGLODYTIN/E. 
Wrens. 

Small,  brownish,  plain  colored  birds. 

Part  1.  The  following  species  have  the  crown  or  back  without  white 
streaks  or  dots  :  — 


Thryotliorus  bewickii. 


Outer  tail  feathers,  tipped  and  marked 
with  grayish  white;  primaries,  not 
barred.  Bewick's  Wren. 

Thryothorns  bewickii. 
See  No.  538. 


Underparts,  grayish ;  belly,  grayish,  not 
speckled;  outer  tail  feathers,  not  broadly 
tipped  with  grayish  white;  tail,  over  1.25 
inches  long ;  primaries,  showing  narrow  bars. 

House  Wren. 

Troglodytes  aedon,  and  races. 
See  No.  539, 


FAMILY    TROGLODYTID^E.  —  WRENS    AND    THRASHERS. 


313 


Uiiderparts,  distinctly  brownish,  dotted  and  speckled  with  brown  on  flanks  and 
abdomen;  tail,  1.25  or  less;  primaries,  with  narrow  bars. 

Winter  Wren. 
Troglodytes  hiemalis. 
See  No.  541. 


Part  2.     The   following   species    have  the  crown  or  back  showing  more 
or  less  white  streaks  or  dots :  — 


Rump  and  upper  tail  coverts,  barred  with  black  ; 
bill,  shorter  than  middle  toe  (without  claw) . 


Short-billed  Harsh  Wren, 

Cistothorus  stellaris. 
See  No.  542. 


Rump  and  tail  coverts,  without  black  bars ; 

bill,    longer    than    middle    toe    (without 
claws) . 

Long-billed  Marsh  Wren. 

Cistothorus  palustris  and  varieties. 
See  No.  543. 


314 


KEY   TO   THE   BIRDS   OF   EASTERN  NORTH   AMERICA. 


Buck,    chestnut    brown ;     concealed    white 
spots  on  rump. 

Carolina  Wren. 

Thryothorus  ludovicianns,  and  races. 


FAMILY  TROGLODYTIIX&.  —  WRENS  AND  THRASHERS. 


315 


Group  2.     Wing,  from  3.25  to  5.50  inches  long. 

SUBFAMILY   MIMIN^E. 
Thrashers,  Cat-birds,  Mocking-birds,  etc. 


Cat-bird. 


Mocking-bird. 


General  plumage,  dark  slaty  gray;  underparts,  slaty  gray;  under  tail  coverts, 
dark  chestnut  brown  ;  crown,  blackish ;  first  primary,  short. 

Cat-bird. 

Galeoscoptes  carolinensis. 
See  No.  634. 


31(5  KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 

Upper  plumage,  ashy   gray  ;    basal   portion   of    primaries,  white,,   forming  a 
white  wing  patch  ;   uuderparts,  ashy  white,  without  streaks. 

Mocking-bird. 


See  No.  533. 


Entire  upper  plumage,   rufous   brown ; 

uuderparts,  huffy  white,  streaked  with 
dark  brown;  wing  coverts,  tipped  with 
white:  tail,  more  than  four  inches 
long. 

Brown  Thrush. 

Brown  Thrasher. 

Harporhynchus  ritfm 
See  No.  535. 


Brown  Thrush- 


FAMILY  CERTHHD/E. 

Creepers. 

Bill,  slender  and  decurved ;  tail  feathers,  stiff  and  pointed ;  nostrils, 
exposed ;  tarsus,  scutellate ;  first  primary,  very  short.  But  one  species 
occurs  in  Eastern  North  America  — a  small  bird;  wing,  less  than  three 
inches;  length,  less  than  six  inches. 


Wjti'r**  ^"^ 

Tail  feathers,  stiff  and  pointed  ;   bill,  curved ;  upper  parts,  streaked ;  under- 
part's,  white;  rump,  dull  rufous  brown.  Brown  Creeper. 

Certhia  familiar  is  aitifricana* 
See  No.  54G. 


FAMILY    PAUIDJti.  — NUTHATCHES,    TITMICE,    ETC 


317 


FAMILY    PARID^E. 
Nuthatches,  Titmice,  etc. 


SUBFAMILY   SITTIN/E. 


Nuthatches. 

Bill,  as  illustrated  ;  nostrils,  concealed  by 
bristly  tufts  ;  tarsus,  scutellate  ;  first  primary, 
very  short ;  tail  feathers,  not  stiff  and  pointed. 
The  white-bellied  Nuthatch  is  sometimes  mis- 
taken by  the  novice  for  a  small  Woodpecker. 
If  tail  feathers  are  stiff  and  pointed,  look  for 
the  bird  under  Family  Picidae. 


Crown,  black;  back,  gray,  without  white; 
wings,  not  heavily  spotted  with  white; 
tail  feathers,  not  stiff  or  pointed ;  toes, 
four,  three  in  front,  one  behind;  wing, 
8.50  to  3.75  inches  long. 

White-breasted  Nuthatch, 
Sitta  carolinensis,  and  races. 
See  No.  547. 

Bill,  more  than  three  eighths  inch  long; 
underparts,  pale  rufous  brown  ;  crown, 
black  (male) ;  crown,  bluish  gray  (fe- 
male) ;  wing,  2.60  to  2.85  inches  long. 

Red-breasted  Nuthatch. 

Sitta  canadensis. 

See  No.  549. 


Bill,  more  than  three  eighths  inch  long; 
crown,  grayish  brown ;  underparts, 
dull  grayish  white;  wing,  2.40  to  2.70 
inches  long. 

Brown-headed  Nuthatch, 
Sitta  pusilla. 

See  No.  550. 


318  KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 

SUBFAfllLY    PARIN/E. 
Titmice  and  Chickadees. 

Small  birds,  less  than   6.50  inches  long;   wing,  less  than  3.50  in  the 
largest;  first  primary,  very  short  and  small;   bill,  short  and  stout 
(as   illustrated);    nostrils,   concealed    by   bristly  feathers;    throat, 
652     ^    black;   crown,  black;   wing,  less  than  3  inches  long  (Chickadee), 
or  forehead,  black ;   sides,  with  rufous   brown ;    wing,  over  3  inches  long 
(Titmouse). 

Group  1.    Wing,  less  than  3  inches  long. 


! 


Bill,  less  than  three  eighths  inch  long;  crown  and  throat,  black;    greater 
wing  coverts.,  edged  with  white  ;   breast,  white ;   belly  and  sides,  pale  buff. 

Chickadee. 
Black-capped  Titmouse. 

Parua  atricapilhis. 
See  No,  552. 


FAMILY   PARID^E.  NUTHATCHES,    TITMICE,    ETC.  319 

Bill,  less  than  three  eighths  inch  long ;  crown  and  throat,  black ;  greater  wing 
coverts,  not  edged  with  white;   breast,  white;   belly  and  sides,  pale  buff'. 

Carolina  Chickadee. 

Parus  carolinensis. 
See  No.  553. 

Throat,  black;   sides  of  body,  chestnut  brown. 

Hudsonian  Chickadee. 

Parus  hudsonicus. 
See  No.  554 


Group  2.     Wing  over  3  inches  long. 


Throat  and  underpants,  dull  white ;  sides 
of  body,  tinged  with  rufous  brown ;  crown, 
gray,  with  more  or  less  of  a  crest ; 
forehead,  black,  in  adults. 

Tufted  Titmouse. 
Parus  bicolor. 
See  No.  551. 


320  KEY    To    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 

FAMILY  SYLVIID/E. 
Kinglets  and  Qnatcatchers. 

Size,  small;  length,  less  than  4.75  inches;  wing,  less  than  2.50  inches; 
first  primary,  very  short. 


Gnatcatcber. 


Kinglet. 

Back,  bluish  gray;    outer  tail  feathers,  mostly 
white. 

Blue-gray  Gnatcatcher. 

Polioptila  ccerulea. 
See  No.  557. 


Hack,  olive ;   no  white  patch  on  tail ;  crown,  with  patch  of  bright  red  (male; ; 
crown,  olive  (female). 

Ruby-crowned  Kinglet. 

Regulus  calendula. 
See  No.  556. 

Back,  olive;  no  white  patch  on  tail;  crown,  with 
patch  of  orange  edged  with  yellow  and  black  (male)  ; 
crown,  with  yellow  patch  edged  with  black  (female) . 

Golden=crowned  Kinglet. 

licgulus  satrapa., 

See  No.  555. 


FAMILY   TURDID^E.  —  THRUSHES    AND   BLUE-BIRDS. 


321 


FAHILY  TURDID^E. 

Thrushes  and  Blue=birds. 

First  primary,   very  short;  tarsus,   booted    (no  scales  showing,  except 
near  the  toes);  bill,  shorter  than  head. 


Group  1.     Wing,  from  3.25  to  4.75  inches  long. 

Part  1.     The  following  species  have  the  underparts  more  or  less  streaked 
or  spotted  :  — 


Thrush. 

Back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts,  olive,  about  the  same  color;  eye  ring, 

cheeks,  and  lores,  pale  buff;    no  white  on  wing  coverts. 

Olive-backed  Thrush. 

Turdus  ustulatus  swainsoni. 
See  No.  564. 


322 


KEY   TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 


Upper  plumage,  brownish  olive;  ends  of 
upper  tail  coverts  and  tail,  rufous  brown, 
much  more  rufous  than  the  back ;  no 

white  on  tail;    first  primary,  very  small 
and  narrow. 

Hermit  Thrush. 

Turdus  aonalaschkce  pallasii. 
See  No.  5G5. 


Back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts, 
olive,  about  the  same  color;  eye  ring 
and  lores,  white,  sometimes  faintly 
tinged  with  buff,  but  the  eye  ring  never 
decidedly  buff,  as  in  swainsoni;  no  white 
on  wing  coverts. 

Gray-cheeked  Thrush, 

Turdus  alicue,  and  races. 

See  No.  562. 


Crown  and  back,  dull  cinnamon 
brown,  shading  to  brownish  olive 
on  the  upper  tail  coverts;  breast 
and  belly,  marked  with  round 
brownish  black  spots;  no  white 
on  wing  coverts. 

Wood  Thrush. 
Turdus  mustelinus. 
See  No.  559. 


FAMILY    TURDID^E. THRUSHES    AND    BLUE-BIRDS. 


323 


Crown,  back,  and  upper  tail  coverts, 
pale  cinnamon  brown,  nearly  uni- 
form in  color;  breast  and  sides  of 
throat,  tawny  brown,  marked  with 
small  cinnamon  brown  spots  and 
streaks;  belly,  whitish,  without 
spots ;  110  white  on  wing  coverts. 


Wings  and  tail,  tinged  more  or  less  with  blue  (immature). 


Wilson's   Thrush, 

Tu  rd  us  fnsce.scois. 
See  No.  560. 


Blue-bird. 

tiictlia  siftlis. 
See  No.  570. 


Part  2.     The  following  species  have  no  streaks  or  spots  on  the  under- 
parts :  — 


Bluebird. 


Upper  plumage,  blue;  breast  and  sides  of  body,  cinnamon  rufous;  belly,  white 
(male). 


Blue-bird. 

Sialia  sialis. 
See  No.  570. 


Upper  plumage,  ashy  gray,  with  bluish  tinge,  shading  to  blue  on  rump,  tail, 
and  wings;  breast  and  sides,  pale  cinnamon  brown  ;  belly,  white  (female). 


Blue-bird. 

Sialia  sialis-, 
See  No.  570. 


324 


KEY   TO   THE    BIRDS   OF   EASTERN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


Wheatear.    -  ^ 3 

Upper  plumage,  grayish  buff;  uuderparts,  pale  buff;  basal  two  thirds  of  tail 
feathers,  except  middle  pair,  white ;  the  rest,  black;  upper  tail  coverts,  white; 
tail,  under  three  inches  long.  The  Wheatear  is  an  Old  World  species  which 
occurs  in  Greenland  and  Labrador.  Stragglers  have  been  taken  in  Nova  Scotia, 
Maine,  and  Long  Island. 

Wheatear. 
Stone  Chat. 
Saxicola  oennnthe. 
See  No.  569. 

Group  2.     Wing,  from  4.75  to  5.50  inches  long. 


tipper  plumage,  grayish  olive; 
throat,  white,  streaked  with 
black;  rest  of  underparts  (ex- 
cept lower  belly),  pale  chestnut 
rufous ;  young  birds  have  the 
underparts  spotted. 


Robin. 
American  Robin. 

Merula  migratoria. 
See  No.  567. 


A    LIST 


OF    TIIK 


BIRDS  OF  EASTERN   NORTH  AMERICA. 


WATER   BIRDS. 

ORDER   PYGOPODES. 
Diving  Birds. 

Suborder   PODICIPIDES.     Grebes. 

*•  o-  v-  GENUS  COLYMBUS.     LINN. 

NO. 

1  (2)        COLYMBUS  HOLBOELLII.     (REINH.)     Holboell's  Grebe. 

General,  North  America ;  breeds  north  of  the  United  States. 

SUBGKNUS  DYTES.     KAur. 

2  (5)        COLYMBUS  AURITUS.     (LiNN.)    Horned  Grebe. 

"  Northern  Hemisphere;   breeds  from  northern  United  States  northward." 
(A.  O.  U.) 

3  (4)        COLYMBUS  NIGRICOLLIS   CALIFORNICUS.     (HKERM.)     American   Eared 

Grebe. 

Ranges    from    Mississippi    Valley,    westward.       Does    not    occur    in    the 
Atlantic  States.      (Illinois,  RIDGWAY.) 

GENUS  PODILYMBUS.     LESS. 

4  ((3)        PODILYMBUS  PODICEPS.     (LiNN.)     Pied-billed  Grebe. 

General,  North  America  ;   West  Indies  in  winter  ;   breeds  throughout  range. 

Suborder  CEPPHI.     Loons  and  Auks. 

FAMILY  QAVIID/E.     Loons. 

GENUS  QAVIA.     FOUSTKR. 

5  (7)        GAVIA  IMBER.     (GUNN.)     Loon. 

Northern  part  of  Northern  Hemisphere  ;   south  in  winter  to  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

(325) 


326  LIST   OF   THE   BIRDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 

A.  O.  U. 

MO. 

6  (9)        QAVIA  ARCTICA.     (LiNN.)    Black-throated  Loon. 

Northern  species  rare,  or   casual  011  northern  Atlantic  coast  of  United 
States  in  winter. 

7  (11)     QAVIA  LUMME.     (GUNN.)     Red-throated  Loon. 

North  America  ;  south,  in  winter,  to  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

FAMILY  ALCID>E.     Auks,  Murres,  and  Puffins. 

Subfamily  FRATERCULIN/E.     Puffins. 

GENUS  LUNDA.     PALLAS. 

8  (12)     LUNDA  CIRRATA.    PALL.    Tufted  Puffin. 

Pacific  species,  claimed  by  Audubon  to  have  once  been  taken  on  coast  of 
Maine ;  no  other  record. 

GENUS  FRATERCULA.     BRISS. 

9  (13)      FRATERCULA  ARCTICA.    Puffin. 

North  Atlantic  coast,  breeding  from  Bay  of  Fundy  northward ;   casual  to 
Long  Island,  in  winter. 

10  (13«)  Fratercula  arctica  glacialis.     (TEMM.)     Large-billed  Puffin. 

A  race  of  the  common  Puffin,  which  occurs  in  the  Arctic   Ocean,  Spitz- 
bergen  to  Greenland.     It  is  larger,  but  otherwise  similar. 

GENUS  CEPPHUS.     PALLAS. 

11  (27)     CEPPHUS  QRYLLE.     (LiNN.)    Black  Guillemot. 

Coast   of    Maine,    Labrador,    and   Newfoundland ;    south,  in    winter,  to 
Long  Island. 

12  (28)      CEPPHUS  MANDTII.    LIGHT.    Mandt's  Guillemot. 

Arctic  regions ;  south  in  winter  to  Massachusetts. 

Subfamily  ALCIN/E. 
GENUS  URIA.     BRISS. 

13  (30)     URIA  TROILE.     (LiNN.)    Murre. 

Northern  North  America ;  south  in  winter  to  New  England. 

14  (31)     URIA  LOMVIA.    (LINN.)    Brunnich's  Murre. 

North  Atlantic  coast  to  Arctic  Ocean ;  south  in  winter  to  New  Jersey. 

GENUS    ALCA.     LINN. 

15  (32)     ALCA  TORDA.     LINN.    Razor-billed  Auk. 

North  Atlantic  coast ;  in  winter  to  Long  Island  ;  accidental  as  far  south  as 
North  Carolina. 

GENUS   PLAUTUS.     BRUNN. 

16  (33)     PLAUTUS  IMPENNIS.    Great  Auk. 

Formerly  North  Atlantic  coast,  now  extant. 


LIST    OF    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA.  327 

Subfamily   ALLIISWE.     Dovekies. 

A-°\u-  GENUS   ALLE.     LINK. 

N  O. 

17     (34)      ALLE  ALLE.     (LINN.)    Dovekie.    Little  Auk. 

Coast  of  North  Atlantic  from  eastern  Arctic  Ocean ;    south  in  winter  to 
Long  Island. 


ORDER  LONGIPENNES. 

Long-winged  Swimmers. 
FAMILY   STERCORARHD^E.    Skuas  and  Jaegers. 

GENUS   MEQALESTRIS.     BONAP. 

18  (35)      MEQALESTRIS  SKUA.     (BRUNN.)     Skua. 

North  Atlantic  ;  south  to  Carolina ;  rare  on  Atlantic  coast  of  United  States. 

GENUS    STERCORARIUS.     Bmss. 

19  (36)     STERCORARIUS  POMARINUS.     (TEMM.)    Pomarine  Jseger. 

North  America. 

20  (37)      STERCORARIUS  PARASITICUS.     (LINN.)    Parasitic  Jseger. 

North  America ;  ranges  in  winter  to  South  America. 

21  (38)      STERCORARIUS   LONGICAUDUS.     (VIEILL.)     Long-tailed  Jaeger. 

North  America ;  south  in  winter  to  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

FAMILY   LARID/E.     dulls  and  Terns. 

Subfamily    LARIN>E.     Gulls. 

GENUS    PAGOPHILA.     KAUP. 

22  (3D)      PAGOPHILA   ALBA.     (GuNN.)     Ivory  Gull. 

Rare  winter  visitant  to  New  Brunswick  and  probably  northern  New  England. 

GENUS    RISSA.     STEPH. 

23  (40)      RISSA  TRIDACTYLA.     (LiNN.)     Kittiwake  Gull. 

Arctic  regions ;  south  in  winter  to  Middle  States. 

GENUS  LARUS.     LINN. 

24  (42)      LARUS  GLAUCUS.     BRUNN.    Glaucous  Gull. 

Arctic  regions ;  south  to  Long  Island  in  winter. 

25  (43)      LARUS   LEUCOPTERUS.     FABER.    Iceland  Gull. 

Arctic  Regions  ;  south  to  southern  New  England  in  winter. 

26  (4f>)      LARUS   KUMLIENI.    BREWST.     Kumlien's  Gull. 

Northern  species  ;  south  in  winter  to  New  England  and  casually  to  Middle 
States. 


328  LIST    OF    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 

A.  O.  U. 
NO. 

27  (47)      LARUS  MARINUS.    LINN.     Great  Black-backed  ttull. 

North  Atlantic  Ocean ;  south  in  winter  to  Middle  States ;  accidental  in 
Florida. 

28  (50)      LARUS   UFFINUS.    REINH.     Siberian  Gull. 

Old  world  species  ;   recorded  from  Greenland. 

29  (51)      LARUS  ARGENTATUS.    BRUNN.     Herring  Gull. 

European  species ;   accidental  on  Atlantic  coast  of  North  America. 

30  (5 la)   Larus  argentatus  smithsonianus.     COUES.    American  Herring  Gull.     North 

America ;  generally  south  to  Cuba  in  winter ;  the  common  species  of 
our  bays  and  coast;  breeds  from  Maine  northward. 

31  (54)      LARUS  DELAWARENSIS.     ORD.     Ring=billed  Gull. 

General,  North  America  ;  south  to  Gulf  of  Mexico  in  winter. 

32  (56)     LARUS  CANUS.    LINN.    Mew  Gull. 

European  species  recorded  from  Labrador  (one  record). 

33  (58)     LARUS  ATRICILLA.    LINN.     Laughing  Gull. 

Atlantic  coast  of  United  States ;  north  in  summer  to  Maine  and  Nova 
Scotia;  in  winter,  southern  United  States,  West  Indies,  and  northern 
South  America. 

34  (59)     LARUS  FRANKLINII.    Sw.  AND  RICH.    Franklin's  Gull. 

Not  common  east  of  the  Mississippi  River ;  not  found  on  the  Atlantic 
coast. 

35  (60)     LARUS  PHILADELPHIA.     (ORD.)    Bonaparte's  Gull. 

North  America ;  generally  breeds  north  of  United  States. 

36  (60a)   LARUS  MINUTUS.    PALL.    Little  Gull. 

European  species  ;   only  once  taken  on  our  coast. 

GENUS  RHODOSTETHIA.     MACGIL. 

37  (61)      RHODOSTETHIA     ROSEA.   (MACGIL.)    Ross's  Gull. 

Arctic  species  ;  recorded  from  Alaska  and  Greenland. 

GENUS  XEMA.     LEACH. 

38  (62)     XEMA  SAB1NII.    (SAB.)    Sabine's  Gull. 

Arctic  regions  ;  south  in  winter  to  Long  Island  ;  rare. 

Subfamily   STERNIN^E.     Terns. 

GENUS  GELOCHELIDON.     BREHM. 

39  (63)      GELOCHELIDON   NILOTICA.    (HASSELQ.)     Gull-billed  Tern. 

Throughout  North  America;  summer,  north  to  southern  New  England, 
winter,  south  to  Brazil. 

GENUS  STERNA.     LINN. 
SUBGENUS  THALASSEUS.    BOIE. 

40  (64)     STERNA  CASPIA.    PALLAS.    Caspian  Tern. 

Whole  of  North  America  ;  cosmopolitan  species  ;  breeds  on  middle  Atlantic 
coast ;  also  Pacific  coast  and  interior. 


LIST    OF    THE    BIRDS    OF   EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA.  329 

A.  o.  u.  SUBGENUS  ACTOCHELIDON.    KAUP. 

NO. 

41  (65)      STERNA  MAXIMA.    BODD.    Royal  Tern. 

Southern  Atlantic  coast,  Georgia,  Florida,  and  the  Gulf  States ;  casual  in 
summer,  north  to  Massachusetts. 

42  (67)      STERNA    SANDVICENSIS  ACUFLAVIDA.     (CABOT.)     Cabot's  Tern. 

Southern  coast  of  United  States,  West  Indies,  and  Central  America,  north 
to  North  Carolina  in  summer;  accidental  in  New  England. 

43  (68)      STERNA  TRUDEAUI.    AUD.     Trudeau's  Tern. 

South  American  species ;  stragglers  have  been  taken  on  the  Atlantic  coast 
of  United  States. 

44  (69)      STERNA  FORSTERI.    NUTT.    Forster's  Tern. 

North  America,  in  general ;  in  winter  to  West  Indies  and  South  America ; 
breeds  from  Virginia  to  Manitoba. 

45  (70)     STERNA  HIRUNDO.    LINN.    Common  Tern.    "Mackerel  Gull." 

Throughout  eastern  North  America;  breeds  nearly  throughout  its  range, 
from  Arctic  Ocean  to  Florida ;  winters  from  Virginia  southward. 

46  (71)     STERNA  PAR ADIS^EA.    BRUNN.    Arctic  Tern. 

North  America  from  Arctic  Ocean  to  North  Carolina ;  breeds  from  Massa- 
chusetts northward. 

47  (72)     STERNA  DOUGALLI.    MONTAG.    Roseate  Tern. 

Southern  coast  of  United  States  ;  north  in  summer  to  New  England  ;  acci- 
dental in  Nova  Scotia. 

SUBGENUS  STERNULA.    BOIE. 

48  (74)     STERNA  ANTILLARUM.    (LESS.)     Least  Tern. 

Southern  coast  of  United  States  and  northern  South  America ;  in  summer 
north  to  New  England ;  accidental  in  Labrador ;  breeds  throughout 
its  range. 

SUBGENUS  ONICHOPRION.    WAGLER. 

49  (75)      STERNA  FULIGINOSA.     GMEL.    Sooty  Tern. 

Semi-tropical  species,  common  in  the  West  Indies ;  in  summer  north  to 
North  Carolina  ;  accidental  in  New  England. 

50  (76)     STERNA  AN/ETHETUS.    SCOP.    Bridled  Tern. 

Tropical  species,  accidental  on  Florida  coast;  South  Carolina,  one  record. 

GENUS  HYDROCHELIDON.     BOIE. 

51  (77)      HYDROCHELIDON  NIGRA  SURINAMENS1S.     (GMEL.)     Black  Tern. 

North  America ;  breeds  from  Middle  States  in  the  interior  northward  to 
the  fur  countries. 

52  (78)      HYDROCHELIDON    LEUCOPTERA.    (MEISN.  AND  SCHINZ.)    White-winged 

Black  Tern. 

European  species,  of  accidental  occurrence  in  the  United  States ;  Wis- 
consin, one  record. 


330  LIST    OF    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 

A.  o.  u.  GENUS  ANGUS.     STEPHENS. 

NO. 

53  (79)      ANGUS  STOLIDUS.     (LiNN.)     Noddy. 

South  Atlantic  States  of  United  States ;  common  in  the  West  Indies. 

FAMILY   RHYNCHOPID/E.     Skimmers. 

GENUS  RHYNCHOPS.     LINN. 

54  (80)      RHYNCHOPS  NIQRA.    LINN.    Black  Skimmer. 

Coasts  of  the  United  States  south  of  Virginia;  casual  to  New  England. 

ORDER  TUBINARES. 

Tube-nosed  Swimmers. 
FAMILY   DIOMEDEID/E.    Albatrosses. 

GENUS  DIOMEDEA.     LINN. 

55  (81)     DIOMEDEA  EXULANS.    LINN.    Wandering  Albatross. 

Species  common  to  southern  seas ;  claimed  to  have  been  seen  at  Tampa 
Bay,  Florida. 

GENUS   THALASSOGERON.     (GOULD) 

56  (83)     THALASSOGERON  CULMINATUS.     (GOULD  )    Yellow-nosed  Albatross. 

South  Pacific  species,  accidental  in  eastern  North  America.     St.  Lawrence 
River,  one  record. 

FAMILY   PROCELLARIID/E.      Fulmars  and  Shearwaters. 

Subfamily    FULMARIN/E.     COUES. 

GENUS    FULMARUS.     STEPH. 

57  (86)      FULMARUS  QLACIAL1S.     (LiNN.)     Fulmar. 

North  Atlantic  Ocean,  south  on  coast  of  United  States  to  Long  Island. 

58  (86a)  Fidmarus  ylacialis  minor.     KJJERB<ELLING.     Lesser  Fulmar. 

A  small  race  differing  from  Glacialis  only  in  size  ;  range  about  the  same. 

Subfamily    PUFFINI1NME. 

GENUS    PUFFINUS.     BRISSON. 

59  (88)     PUFFINUS  BOREALIS.     CORY.    Cory's  Shearwater. 

Known  to  occur  only  on  coast  of  Massachusetts  and  Long  Island  ;   winter 
and  breeding  range  unknown.* 

60  (89)     PUFFINUS  MAJOR.    FABER.    Greater  Shearwater. 

Atlantic  Ocean,  coasts  of  both  North  and  South  America. 

*  By  some  authors  supposed  to  be  similar  to  /'.  kuhiii,  but  borealis  is  larger  and  the  feet  in  life  differently 
colored. 


LIST   OF    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA.  331 

A.  O.  U. 
NO. 

61  (1)0)      PUFF1NUS  PUFFINUS.     (BRUNN.)    Manx  Shearwater. 

European  species ;   accidental  on  the  Atlantic  coast. 

62  (1)2)     PUFFINUS   AUDUBONI.    FINSCH.    Audubon's  Shearwater. 

Tropical  species  ;   common  in  West  Indies  ;  casual  on  Florida  coast ;  acci- 
dental as  far  north  as  New  Jersey. 

63  (94)     PUFFINUS   FULIGINOSUS.     STRICK.    Sooty  Shearwater.    Haglet. 

South  Atlantic  species  ;  ranging  in  summer  north  to  coast  of  United  States  ; 
New  England ;   common. 

GENUS   /ESTRELATA.     BONAP. 

64  (98)     >ESTRELATA  HASITATA.    (KuHL.)    Black-capped  Petrel. 

Tropical  and  semi-tropical  portions  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean ;  accidental  in 
the  United  States  ;    numerous  records. 

65  (99)     /ESTRELATA   SCALARIS   BREWST.    Scaled  Petrel. 

Rare  straggler ;  habitat  unknown ;  one  specimen  known,  taken  in  western 
New  York. 

GENUS   BULWERIA.     BONAP. 

66  (101)     BULWERIA  BULWERI.     (JARD.  AND  SELBY.)    Bulwer's  Petrel. 

Old  world  species  ;  accidental  in  Greenland. 

Subfamily  PROCELLARII1SME.     Coues. 

GENUS   PROCELLARIA.     LINN. 

67  (104)     PROCELLARIA  PELAQICA.    LINN.    Stormy  Petrel. 

Atlantic  ocean ;  Newfoundland  banks  not  uncommon,  but  rarely  seen  near 
land. 

GENUS   OCEANODROMA.     REICHENBACH. 
67a  (1062)  OCEANODROMA  CRYPTOLEUCA.     (RiDGW.)     Hawaiian  Petrel. 

Pacific  species  ;  accidental  in  United  States  ;  Washington,  D.C.,  one  record. 

68  (106)     OCEANODROMA   LEUCORHOA.     (VIEILL.)     Leach's  Petrel. 

Northern  portions  of  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Oceans ;  breeding  on  Atlantic 
coast  from  Maine  northward  ;  in  winter,  south  to  Virginia. 

Subfamily   OCEANITIN/E.     Coues. 

GENUS   OCEANITES.     KEYS.  AND  BLASIUS. 

69  (109)     OCEANITES  OCEANICUS.     (KUHL.)     Wilson's  Petrel. 

Atlantic  Ocean ;  common  off  coast  of  United  States  in  summer. 

GENUS   CYMODROMA.     RIDGW. 

70  (110)      CYMODROMA  QRALLARIA.     (VIEILL.)    White-bellied  Petrel. 

Tropical  species ;   once  taken  near  St.  Marks,  Florida. 

GENUS  PELAGODROMA.     REICH. 

71  (111)     PELAGODROMA  MARINA.     (LATH.)    White-faced  Petrel. 

South  Atlantic  species ;  accidental  off  coast  of  Massachusetts. 


332  LIST   OF   THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 

ORDER   STEQANOPODE5. 

Totopalmate  Swimmers. 
FAMILY  PHAETHONTID^E.    Tropic  Birds. 

A-°-u-  GENUS   PHAETHON.     Lixx. 

.NO. 

72  (112)     PHAETHON  AMERICANUS.     GRANT.    Yenow=billed  Tropic  Bird. 

Common  in  West  Indies,  where  it  breeds  off  Florida  coast  in  summer ; 
accidental  in  New  York  (one  record) . 

73  (113)     PHAETHON  /CTHEREUS.    LINN.    Red-billed  Tropic  Bird. 

Accidental  on  Newfoundland  Banks. 

FAMILY  SULID^E.    Qannets. 

GENUS  SULA.     BRISS. 

74  (114)    SULA  CYANOPS.    SUND.    Blue-faced  Booby. 

Accidental  on  Florida  coast ;  not  uncommon  in  West  Indies. 

75  (115)     SULA  SULA.     (LiNN.)     Booby. 

Tropical  species  ;  common  in  West  Indies  ;  coast  of  Florida,  in  summer  ; 
accidental,  north  to  Long  Island. 

76  (116)     SULA  PISCATOR.     (LiNN.)    Red-footed  Booby. 

Tropical  species  ;  accidental  on  Florida  coast. 

SUBGENUS  DYSPORUS.    ILLIGER. 

77  (117)     SULA  BASSANA.     (LiNN.)    Qannet. 

Coasts  of  North  Atlantic  Ocean ;  south,  in  winter,  to  Florida  and  Gulf  of 
Mexico  ;  breeds  from  shores  of  Nova  Scotia  and  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence, 
northward. 

FAMILY   ANHINQID/E.     Darters. 

GENUS  ANHINQA.     BRISS. 

78  (118)     ANHINQA  ANHINQA.     (LiNN.)     Anhinga. 

Tropical  America ;  common  in  Florida ;  casual,  north  to  South  Carolina ; 
accidental  in  Illinois. 

FAMILY   PHALACROCORACID^E.     Cormorants. 

GENUS  PHALACROCORAX.     BRISS. 

79  (119)     PHALACROCORAX  CARBO.     (LiNN.)    Cormorant. 

North  Atlantic;  south  to  Carolinas,  in  winter;  at  one  time  bred  from 
Massachusetts,  northward ;  now  becoming  much  less  numerous,  and 
breeding  range  restricted  to  few  localities. 


LIST   OF   THE    BIRDS    OF   EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA.  333 


A.  o.  u. 

NO. 


80  ( 1 20)     PHALACROCORAX  DILOPHUS.  (Sw.  AND  RICH.)  Double-crested  Cormorant. 

Eastern  North  America  ;  south,  in  winter,  to  Georgia  and  northern  Florida ; 
breeds  from  Bay  of  Fundy,  northward. 

81  (120a)  Phalacrocorax  dilophus  floridanus.      (Auo.)     Florida  Cormorant. 

A  small  race  of  the  preceding  species,  inhabiting  Southern  States ;  common 
in  Florida  and  Gulf  States  ;  north  in  Mississippi  Valley  to  Illinois. 

82  (121)     PHALACROCORAX  MEXICANUS.     (BRANDT.)    Mexican  Cormorant. 

Southern  species  ;  casual  in  Mississippi  Valley  to  Illinois  ;  not  uncommon 
in  Cuba,  and  is  claimed  to  occur  on  west  coast  of  Florida. 

FAMILY   PELECANID^E.     Pelicans. 

GENUS  PELECANUS.     LINN. 

83  (125)     PELECANUS  ERYTHRORHYNCHOS,  GMEL.    American  White  Pelican. 

Gulf  coast  of  United  States  ;  breeds  in  the  interior  from  Minnesota,  north- 
ward ;  rare  on  Atlantic  coast,  except  Florida,  where  it  still  occurs  in 
some  numbers  ;  accidental  in  New  England. 

84  (126)     PELECANUS  FUSCUS.    LINN.    Brown  Pelican. 

Abundant  in  Florida  and  portions  of  Gulf  coast ;  north  in  summer  to  the 
Carolinas ;  accidental  in  New  England  and  Illinois. 

FAMILY   FREQATID/E.    Man=o'=War  Birds. 

GENUS  FREGATA.     BRISS. 

85  (128)     FREQATA  AQUILA.     (LiNN.)    Man=o'-War  Bird. 

Tropical  and  sub-tropical  seas ;  common  on  coast  of  Florida ;  accidental 
north  to  New  England ;  Nova  Scotia  (one  record) . 


ORDER  ANSERE5. 

Lamellirostral  Swimmers. 
FAMILY   ANATID^E.     Ducks,  Geese,  and  Swans. 

Subfamily  MERGING.     Mergansers. 
GENUS  MERGANSER.     BRISS. 

86  (129)     MERGANSER  AMERICANUS.     (CASS.)      American  Merganser.    Sheldrake. 

General  North  America ;  breeds  south  to  Pennsylvania ;  casual  in  Florida 

in  winter. 
87(130)     MERGANSER  SERRATOR.    (LINN.)     Red-breasted  Merganser.    Sheldrake. 

General,  North  America ;  south  in  winter  to  the  Gulf  States  and  Cuba. 


334  LIST    OF   THE   BIRDS    OF   EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 

A-N°;U-  GENUS  LOPHODYTES.     REICH. 

88  (131)     LOPHODYTES  CUCULLATUS.     (LINN.)     Hooded  Merganser. 

Genera],  North  America;  south  in  winter  to  Gulf  States  and  Cuba;  breeds 
throughout  its  range. 

Subfamily  ANATIN>E.     River  Ducks. 

GENUS  ANAS.     LINN. 

89  (132)     ANAS  BOSCHAS.    LINN.    Mallard  Duck. 

Northern  North  America  ;  south  in  winter  to  Gulf  Coast,  Florida,  and  Cuba. 

90  (133)     ANAS  OBSCURA.    GMEL.    Black  Duck. 

Eastern  North  America,  from  Mississippi  Valley  to  Labrador  ;  breeds  from 
northern  border  of  United  States  northward  ;  south  in  winter  to  Florida 
and  Gulf  coast. 

91  (134)     ANAS   FULVIGULA.    RIDGW.    Florida  Duck.    Florida  Black  Duck. 

Florida  and  Gulf  coast,  west  to  Louisiana. 

SUBGENUS  CHAULELASMUS.    BONAP. 

92  (135)     ANAS  STREPERA.    LINN.    Qadwail. 

Widely  distributed  species  occurring  in  Europe  and  Africa;  throughout 
North  America ;  breeds  in  interior  of  United  States. 

SUBGENUS  MARECCA.    STEPH. 

93  (136)     ANAS  PENELOPE.     LINN.    Widgeon.    European  Widgeon. 

European  species ;  often  taken  on  our  coast. 

94  (137)     ANAS  AMERICANA.    GMEL.    American  Widgeon.    Baldpate. 

Throughout  North  America,  from  Arctic  Ocean  to  Gulf  coast ;  breeds  north 
of  United  States. 

SUBGENUS  NETT1ON.    KAUP. 

95  (138)     ANAS  CRECCA.    LINN.    European  Teal. 

Accidental  in  eastern  North  America ;  New  England,  several  records. 

96  (139)     ANAS  CAROLINENSIS.    GMEL.    Green-winged  Teal. 

North  America ;  south  in  winter  to  Central  America  and  Cuba ;  breeds 
north  of  United  States. 

SUBGENUS  QUERQUEDULA.    STEPH. 

97  (140)     ANAS  DISCORS.    LINN.    Blue- winged  Teal. 

Throughout  eastern  North  America ;    West  Indies  and  South  America  in 

winter;  breeds  as  a  rule  in  interior  from  Illinois  northward. 
98(141)     ANAS  CYANOPTERA.    VIEILL.    Cinnamon  Teal. 

Western  species,  which  occasionally  occurs  in  Mississippi  Valley  and 
Western  Florida. 

GENUS  SPATULA.     BOIE. 
99  (142)     SPATULA  CLYPEATA.     (LiNN.)     Shoveller  Duck.    Broad-bill. 

North  America ;  abundant  in  winter  in  Southern  States. 


LIST    OF    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA.  335 

A-°:u-  GENUS  DAFILA.     STEPH. 

NO, 

100  (143)     DAFILA  ACUTA.     LINN.    Pintail  Duck.    Sprigtail. 

North  America ;  breeding  from  northern  portions  of  northern  States 
northward  ;  south  in  winter  to  Cuba. 

GENUS  AIX.     BOIE. 

101  (144)      AIX  SPONSA.     (LiNN.)     Wood  Duck.     Summer  Duck. 

Temperate  North  America  ;  south  in  winter  to  Cuba  ;  breeds  throughout 
its  range. 

Subfamily  FULIGULIN/C.     Sea  Ducks. 

GENUS  NETTA.     KAUP. 

102  (145)     NETTA  RUFINA.     (PALL.)     Rufous-crested  Duck. 

European  species;  New  York,  one  record. 

GENUS  AYTHYA.     BOIE. 

103  (146)      AYTHYA  AMERICANA.    (EYT.)     Red-head  Duck. 

North  America  in  general ;  breeds  from  northern  portions  of  United 
States  northward. 

104  (147)      AYTHYA  VALLISNERIA.     (WILS.)     Canvas-back  Duck. 

North  America  in  general ;  breeds  from  Minnesota  north  and  west  to 
Alaska ;  not  common-  on  New  England  coast,  but  abundant  about 
Chesapeake  Bay  and  Carolina  coasts ;  casual,  south  in  winter  to 
Florida  and  Cuba. 

SUBGENUS  FULIGULA.    STEPH. 

105  (148)      AYTHYA  MARILA.  (LINN.)     American  Scaup  Duck.     Blue-bill  or  Black- 

head. 

Throughout  North  America ;  breeds  north  of  United  States. 

106  (149)     AYTHYA  AFFINIS.  (EYT.)    Lesser  Scaup  Duck.    Blue-bill  or  Black-head. 

Ranges  throughout  North  America ;  south  in  winter  to  West  Indies ; 
abundant  in  Florida. 

107  (150)      AYTHYA  COLLARIS.    (DoNOv.)     Ring-necked  Duck. 

Throughout  North  America ;  in  winter  south  to  West  Indies ;  breeds 
far  north. 

GENUS  GLAUCIONETFA.     STEJN. 

108  (151)     GLAUCIONETTA  CLANGULA  AMERICANA.  (BONAP.)  American  Golden- 

eye  Duck.     Whistler. 

North  America ;  breeding  from  northern  New  England  northward  ;  south 
in  winter  to  the  Gulf  coast  and  Cuba. 

109  (152)     GLAUCIONETTA  ISLANDICA.     (GMEL.)     Barrow's  Golden-eye  Duck. 

Northern  North  America ;  breeding  from  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  north- 
ward ;  south  in  winter  to  New  York ;  not  common  on  New  England 
coast. 


336  LIST    OF   THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA 

A.  o.  u.  GENUS  CHARITONETTA.     STEJN. 

NO. 

110  (153)      CHARITONETTA  ALBEOLA.     (LiNN.)     Buffle=head  Duck.     Dipper. 

North  America ;  south  in  winter  to  Florida  and  Cuba ;  breeds  from 
Maine  northward. 

GENUS  CLANQULA.     LEACH. 

111  (154)     CLANQULA  HYEMALIS.    (LiNN.)    Old  Squaw.    Long=tailed  Duck. 

Northern  portion  of  North  America  ;  breeding  far  north  ;  south  in  winter 
to  Middle  States  ;  casual  in  Florida. 

GENUS  H1STR10NICUS.     LESS. 

112  '155)      HISTRION1CUS  HISTR1ON1CUS.     (LiNN.)    Harlequin  Duck. 

Northern  North  America ;  breeds  from  Newfoundland,  northward ;  in 
winter,  south  to  Middle  States ;  accidental  in  Florida. 

GENUS  CAMPTOL^EMUS.     GRAY. 

113  (156)     CAMPTOL/EMUS  LABRADORIUS.    (GMEL.)     Labrador  Duck. 

Probably  extinct ;  formerly,  North  Atlantic  coast,  breeding  from  Lab- 
rador, northward. 

GENUS  ENICONETTA.     GRAY. 

114  (157)     ENICONETTA  STELLERI.    (PALL)    Steller's  Duck. 

Arctic  species,  which  occurs  in  Greenland. 

GENUS  SOMATERIA.     LEACH. 

115  (159)     SOMATERIA    MOLLISSIMA    BOREALIS.    (BREHM.)     Northern    Eider 

Duck. 

Northeastern  North  America ;   south,  in  winter,  to  Massachusetts. 

116  (160)     SOMATERIA  DRESSERI.     SHARPE.    American  Eider  Duck. 

Atlantic  coast  of  North  America ;  south,  in  winter,  to  Delaware  ;  breedo 
from  Maine,  northward. 

SUBGENUS  ERIONETTA.    COUES. 

117  (162)     SOMATERIA  SPECTABILIS.     (LiNN.)    King  Eider  Duck. 

Northern  species ;  in  winter,  south  to  New  England  ;  accidental  as  far 
south  as  Georgia ;  breeds  in  the  far  north. 

GENUS  OIDEMIA.     FLEMING. 

118  (163)     OIDEMIA  AMERICANA.  Sw.  AND  RICH.    American  Scoter  Duck.    Velvet 

Scoter.    Butter-bill  Coot. 

Breeds  from  Labrador,  northward ;  occurs  both  on  coast  and  inland 
lakes ;  south  to  Florida,  in  winter.  One  of  the  Coots  of  New 
England  gunners. 

If9     (164)     OIDEMIA  FUSCA.     (LiNN.)    Black  Scoter. 
European  species,  recorded  from  Greenland. 


LIST   OF   THE   BIRDS    OF   EASTERN   NORTH   AMERICA.  337 

A°0U'  SUBGENUS  MELANITTA.    BOIE. 

120  (165)      OIDEMIA    DEQLANDI.    BONAP.    White-winged  Scoter  Duck.    White- 

winged  Coot. 

Northern  North  America,  breeding  from  Labrador,  northward ;  south, 
in  winter,  to  North  Carolina ;  common  on  New  England  coast 
during  migrations. 

121  (166)     OIDEMIA  PERSPIC1LLATA.     (LINN.)    Surf  Scoter  Duck.    Skunk-head 

Coot. 

Northern  North  America,  on  both  Atlantic  and  Pacific  coasts,  and 
interior  lakes ;  breeds  far  north ;  south,  in  winter,  to  Florida ; 
accidental  in  Cuba  and  Jamaica  ;  a  common  Coot  of  New  England 
gunners. 

GENUS  ERISMATURA.     BONAP. 

122  (167)      ERISMATURA  JAMAICENS1S.     (GMEL.)     Ruddy  Duck. 

Ranges  throughout  North  America,  breeding  nearly  throughout  its 
range  ;  winters  in  the  Southern  States  and  along  Gulf ;  common  in 
Florida  ;  also  in  West  Indies,  and  northern  South  America. 

GENUS  NOMONYX.     Rmuw. 

123  (168)     NOMONYX  DOMINICUS.     (LiNN.)    Masked  Duck. 

Tropical  species  ;  accidental  in  eastern  United  States  ;  specimens  have 
been  taken  in  New  York,  Wisconsin,  and  Massachusetts. 

Subfamily  ANSERINE.     Geese. 
GENUS  CHEN.     BOIE. 

124  (169)      CHEN  HYPERBOREA.     (PALL.)    Lesser  Snow  Goose. 

Rare  in  eastern  United  States ;  accidental  on  New  England  coast ; 
occurs  in  Illinois  ;  common  on  Pacific  coast ;  breeds  in  Alaska. 

125  (169a)    Chen  hyperborea  nivalis.     (FORST.)     Greater  Snow  Goose. 

Eastern  race  of  preceding  species,  the  principal  difference  being  in  size  ; 
exact  breeding  range  unknown;  winters  on  Atlantic  coast  from 
Virginia  to  Cuba. 

126  (1691)    CHEN  OERULESCENS.     (LiNN.)     Blue  Goose. 

Little  known  species,  breeding  about  Hudson  Bay,  migrating  south 
in  winter,  through  Mississippi  Valley  to  Gulf  coast ;  apparently  not 
common  anywhere. 

GENUS   ANSER.     BRISS. 

127  (171)     ANSER  ALBIFRONS.    (GMEL.)    White-fronted  Goose. 

European  species ;  recorded  from  Greenland. 

128  (171a)  Anser  albifrons   gambeli.     (HARTL.)     American   White-fronted  Goose. 

Larger  than  European  species ;  occurs  throughout  North  America ; 
breeding  far  north  and  ranging,  winter,  south  to  Mexico  and  Cuba. 


338  tJST    OF    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 

A.  o.  u.  GENUS    BRANTA.     SCOPOLI. 

NO. 

129  (172)      BRANTA  CANADENSIS.     LINN.    Canada  Goose. 

Temperate  North  America ;  breeding  in  Northern  United  States  aud 
British  Provinces ;  ranges  in  winter  as  far  south  as  Mexico  and 
Jamaica ;  winters  in  great  numbers  on  Atlantic  coast,  south  of 
Virginia,. 

130  (172a)   Branta    canadensis   hutchinsii.     (Sw.    AND    RICH.)     Hutchins's    Goose. 

Similar  to  the  Canada  Goose,  but  smaller ;  wing  usually  less  than  1 6 
inches  long  (carpus  to  tip)  ;  western  species  rare,  east  of  Missis- 
sippi Valley. 

131  (172c)  Branta  canadensis  minima.     RIDGW.     Cackling  Goose. 

A  still  smaller  race  ;  wing,  rarely  over  14.50  ;  underparts  darker,  having 
the  breast  and  upper  belly  tinged  with  brownish ;  Pacific  species 
casual  as  far  east  as  Wisconsin ;  not  recorded  farther  east  than 
Illinois. 

132  (173)     BRANTA  BERN1CLA.     (LINN.)     Brant. 

From  Arctic  Circle  where  it  breeds ;  south  in  eastern  North  America  to 
Georgia  ;  accidental  in  Florida. 

133  (174)     BRANTA  N1QRICANS.     (LAWR.)     Black  Brant. 

Western  species,  occasionally  taken  on  Atlantic  coast. 

134  (175)     BRANTA  LEUCOPSIS.     (BECHST.)    Barnacle  Goose. 

The  European  Barnacle  Goose  occurs  in  Greenland  ;  it  is  rare  on  Atlantic 
coast  of  United  States.  The  white  on  forehead  and  sides  of  head 
and  chin  will  always  distinguish  it  from  American  species. 

Subfamily   CYGNIN>B.     Swans. 

GENUS   OLOR.     WAGLER. 

135  (179)     OLOR  CYGNUS.     (LINN.)    Whooping  Swan. 

Old  world  species  which  occurs  in  Greenland,  but  not  elsewhere  in  North 
America.  It  has  the  base  of  the  mandible  and  bare  loral  skin 
yellow. 

136  (180)     OLOR  COLUMB1ANUS.     (ORD.)     Whistling  Swan. 

Whole  of  North  America  ;  breeding  far  north  ;  common  on  coast  of  Vir- 
ginia and  Carolinas  in  winter. 

137  (181)      OLOR  BUCCINATOR.     (RICH.)    Trumpeter  Swan. 

Western  species ;  rare  on  Atlantic  coast  of  United  States  ;  Illinois. 


LIST   OF   THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA.  339 

ORDER  ODONTOGLOSS^C. 

Lamellirostral  Grallatores. 
FAMILY   PHCENICOPTERID/E.     Flamingoes. 

*•  <>•  "  GENUS   PHCENICOPTERUS.     L[NN. 

NO. 

138  (182)      PHCENICOPTERUS   RUBER.     (LiNN.)     American  Flamingo. 

Tropical  species ;  a  small  colony  exists  in  southern  Florida. 

ORDER  HERODIONES. 

Herons,  Ibises,  Spoonbills,  etc. 

Suborder   [BIDES.     Spoonbills  and  Ibises. 

FAMILY   PLATALEID/E.    Spoonbills. 

GENUS   AJAJA.     REICH. 

139  (183)      AJAJA  AJAJA.     (Lixx.)     Roseate  Spoonbill. 

Tropical  species ;  ranges  throughout  South  America ;  resident  in  Gulf 
States  and  Florida. 

FAMILY   IBIDID/E.     Ibises. 

GENUS  QUARA.     REICH. 

140  (184)      QUARA  ALBA.     (Lixx.)     White  Ibis. 

South    Atlantic    and    Gulf    States ;    south    throughout  West   Indies  to 
northern  South  America ;  accidental  in  New  England  and  Illinois. 

141  (185)      QUARA   RUBRA.     (Lmx.)    Scarlet  Ibis. 

A   tropical   species ;  no   evidence   of   its    recent   occurrence  in   North 
America. 

GENUS  PLEGADIS.     KAUP. 

142  (186)     PLEGADIS  AUTUMNALIS.    (HASSELQ.)    Glossy  Ibis. 

Tropical  species ;  casual  in  United  States  ;  New  England,  Illinois. 

143  (187)      PLEGADIS  GUARAUNA.     (Lixx.)    White-faced  Glossy  Ibis. 

Western  species  ;  once  recorded  from  Florida. 

Suborder  CICONI^E.     Storks,  etc. 

FAMILY   CICONIID>E.     Storks  and  Wood  Ibises. 

Subfamily  TANTALIN/E.     Wood  Ibises. 
GENUS  TANTALUS.     Lixx. 

144  (188)      TANTALUS   LOCULATOR.     LINN.    Wood  Ibis. 

Southwestern  species  common  and   resident  in  Florida,  where  it  breeds 
in  colonies  ;  accidental  north  to  New  York. 


340  LIST   OF   THE   BIRDS    OF   EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 

Suborder  HERODII.     Herons,  Egrets,  Bitterns,  etc. 

FAMILY  ARDEID^E.     Herons,  Bitterns,  etc. 

Subfamily  BOTAURINy€.     Bitterns. 

A-°-u-  GENUS  BOTAURUS.     HERMANN. 

NO. 

145  (190)      BOTAURUS   LENTIQINOSUS.     (MONTAG.)     American  Bittern. 

Temperate  North  America  ;  common  in  eastern  United  States  ;  south  in 
winter  to  Cuba. 

GENUS  ARDETTA.     GRAY. 

146  (191)      ARDETTA  EX1LIS.     (GMEL.)    Least  Bittern. 

' '  Temperate  North  America  ;  north  to  the  British  Provinces  and  south 
to  the  "West  Indies  and  Brazil "  (A.  O.  U.) ;  breeds  nearly  throughout 
its  range. 

147  (191^    ARDETTA  NEOXENA.    CORY.    Cory's  Least  Bittern. 

Southern  Florida ;  stragglers  have  been  taken  in  various  widely  sepa- 
rated localties  ;  Ontario,  Michigan . 

Subfamily  ARDEIN/E.     Herons  and  Egrets. 
GENUS  ARDEA.     LINN. 

148  (192)     ARDEA  OCCIDENTALS.    AUD.    Great  White  Heron. 

Resident  in  Florida  ;  breeds  in  December  on  the  keys  ;  has  been  taken 
in  Illinois. 

149  ARDEA  WUERDEMANNL    BAIRD.    Wuerdemann's  Heron. 
Southern  Florida ;   probably  a  colored  phase  of  A.   occidentalis,  or  an 

abnormally  colored  specimen  of  Ardea  wardi. 

150  (193)      ARDEA  WARDI.    RIDGW.    Ward's  Heron. 

Florida. 

151  (194)     ARDEA  HERODIAS.    LINN.    Great  Blue  Heron. 

The  common  large  Heron  of  the  Atlantic  coast  (except  Florida) ;  ranges 
from  Arctic  regions  to  northern  South  America. 

152  (195)     ARDEA  CINEREA.    LINN.    European  Blue  Heron. 

European  species,  recorded  from  Greenland. 

SUBGENUS  HERODIAS.    BOIE. 

153  (196)     ARDEA  EGRETTA.    GMEL.    American  Egret. 

Southern  United  States  to  South  America ;  casual  north  to  New  Eng- 
land ;  accidental  in  Nova  Scotia ;  breeds  in  colonies  in  Southern 
States  in  February ;  abundant  in  parts  of  Florida. 

SUBGENUS  GARZETTA.    KAUP. 

154  (197)     ARDEA  CANDIDISSIMA.    GMEL.    Snowy  Heron. 

Tropical  aud  semi-tropical  species,  not  uncommon  on  Gulf  coast ; 
breeds  in  Florida  in  May ;  accidental  in  New  England  and  Illinois. 


LIST    OF    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA.  341 

A-^  u-  SUBGENUS  DICROMANASSA.    RIDGW. 

155  (198)      ARDEA  RUFESCENS.     GMEL.     Reddish  Egret. 

Gulf  States ;  apparently  not  abundant  anywhere  in  United  States ; 
casual  north  to  Illinois ;  breeds  in  southern  Florida,  West  Indies, 
and  Mexico. 

SUBGENUS  HYDRANASSA.    BAIRD. 

156  (199)      ARDEA  TRICOLOR  RUFICOLLIS.     (GossE.)     Louisiana  Heron. 

Gulf  States  ;  common  in  Florida ;  breeds  occasionally  north  to  New 
England  and  Illinois. 

SUBGENUS  FLORIDA.    LINN. 

157  (200)      ARDEA  CCERULEA.    LINN.     Little  Blue  Heron. 

Eastern  United  States ;  common  on  Gulf  coast  and  Florida,  where  it 
breeds  in  summer ;  casual  to  New  England  and  Illinois. 

SUBGENUS  BUTORIDES.    BLYTH. 

158  (201)      ARDEA  VIRESCENS.    LINN.    Green  Heron. 

Temperate  North  America ;  Canada  to  Gulf  States,  and  West  Indies  ; 
breeds  nearly  throughout  its  range. 

GENUS  NYCTICORAX.     STEPH. 

159  (202)      NYCTICORAX  NYCTICORAX  N/EVIUS.     (BooD.)    Black-crowned  Night 

Heron. 

North  and  South  America ;  breeds  in  West  Indies ;  common  in  New 
England. 

160  (203)     NYCTICORAX  VIOLACEUS.     (LiNN.)    Yellow-crowned  Night  Heron. 

Warmer  portions  of  North  America ;  Gulf  States  to  Carolinas  ;  casual 
in  New  England  and  Illinois  ;  common  in  Florida. 

ORDER   PALUDICOL>E. 

Cranes,  Rails,  etc. 

Suborder  QRUES.     Cranes. 

FAMILY  QRUID^E.     Cranes. 

GENUS  QRUS.     PALLAS. 

161  (204)      QRUS  AMERICANA.     (LiNN.)    Whooping  Crane. 

Interior  of  North  America ;  rare  on  Atlantic  coast ;  accidental  in  New 
England  ;  casual  in  Florida. 

162  (205)      QRUS  CANADENSIS.     (LiNN.)     Little  Brown  Crane. 

Western  species  ;  two  records  east  of  Mississippi  River. 

163  (206)     QRUS  MEXICANA.     (MOLL.)    Sandhill  Crane. 

Warmer  parts  of  North  America;  common  in  parts  of  Georgia  and 
Florida,  where  it  breeds  ;  accidental  in  New  England  and  Illinois. 


342  LIST    OF   THE    BIRDS    OF   EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 

Suborder  RALLI.     Rails,  Qallinules,  Coots,  etc. 

FAMILY  ARAMID/E.     Courlans. 

A.  o.  u.  GENUS  ARAMUS.     VIEILL. 

NO. 

164  (207)      ARAMUS  QIQANTEUS.     (BONAP.)     Limpkin. 

Tropical  species  ;  resident  and  breeds  in  Florida. 

FAMILY   RALLID/E.     Rails,  Qallinules,  and  Coots. 

Subfamily  RALLIN^E.     Rails. 

GENUS  RALLUS.     LINN, 

165  (208)      RALLUS  ELEGANS.    AUD.     King  Rail. 

Fresh-water  marshes  of  eastern  United  States ;  casual  north  of  North 
Carolina,  New  England,  and  Illinois ;  recorded  as  far  north  as 
Ontario. 

166  (211)      RALLUS  CREPITANS.    GMEL.    Clapper  Rail. 

Salt-water  marshes  ;  New  England  to  Gulf  States. 

167  (21  la)  Rallus  crepitans  saturatus.     (RIDGW.)     Louisiana  Clapper  Rail. 

A  dark  race  of  R.  crepitans,  which  occurs  in  the  salt-water  marshes  of 

Louisiana. 
167a     (  —  )   Rallus  crepitans  waynei.     BREWSTER.     Wayne's  Clapper  Rail. 

This  race  is  described  as  differing  from  true  crepitans  in  being  darker, 
"  the  underparts  with  more  ashy,  the  under  tail  coverts  with  fewer 
markings."  (Brewster  Auk,  p.  50,  1899.)  Habitat,  coast  of 
Georgia  to  middle  Florida  (head  of  Indian  River) . 

168  (2116)     RALLUS  SCOTTH.     (SENN.)    Scott's  Rail-    Florida  Clapper  Rail. 

Florida. 

169  (212)      RALLUS  VIRG1NIANUS.    LINN.    Virginia  Rail. 

North  America,  Canada  to  Cuba ;  often  occurring  in  large  numbers  on 
New  England  marshes  during  migrations. 

GENUS  PORZANA.     VIEILL. 

170  (213)     PORZANA  PORZANA.    (LiNN.)    Spotted  Crake. 

European  species  ;  recorded  from  Greenland. 

171  (214)      PORZANA  CAROLINA.    (LiNN.)     Sora.    Carolina  Rail. 

North  America ;  common  on  Atlantic  coast,  Florida,  and  Gulf  States ; 
West  Indies  and  South  America  in  winter. 

SUBGENUS  COTURN1COPOS.    BONAP. 

172  (215)      PORZANA  NOVEBORACENSIS.     (GMEL.)     Yellow  Rail. 

Hudson  Bay  to  Florida  and  Cuba ;   apparently  not  common  anywhere. 


LIST    OF    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA.  343 

*'£0V  SUBGENUS  CRAC1SCUS.    CABAN. 

173  (216)      PORZANA  JAMAICENSIS.     (GMEL.)     Black  Rail. 

From  Massachusetts  and  Illinois  to  West  Indies ;  apparently  nowhere 
common  ;  breeds  throughout  its  range. 

GENUS  CREX.     BECHS. 

174  (217)      CREX  CRCX.     (LiNN.)     Corn  Crake. 

European  species  ;  accidental  in  eastern  North  America. 

Subfamily  GALLINULIN^E.     Gallinules. 
GENUS  IONORNIS.     REICH. 

175  (218)      IONORNIS  MARTINICA.     (LiNN.)     Purple  (iallinule. 

Gulf  States  ;  casually  north  to  New  England  and  Illinois  ;  breeds  from 
southern  Illinois  and  Carolinas  southward. 

GENUS  GALLINULA.     Buiss. 

176  (219)      GALLINULA  GALEATA.     (LiCHT.)     Florida  Gallinule. 

Warmer  parts  of  America,  from  Canada  to  Chili ;  breeds  from  New 
England  southward  ;  common  in  Southern  States. 

Subfamily  FULiCIN^G.     Coots. 
GENUS  FULICA.     LINN. 

177  (220)      FULICA  ATRA.    LINN.    European  Coot. 

European  species  ;  recorded  from  Greenland. 

178  (221)     FULICA  AMERICANA.    GMEL.    American  Coot. 

Common  in  warmer  portions  of  United  States ;  but  casual  from  Canada 
(and  'even  Greenland)  to  West  Indies ;  abundant  in  Georgia, 

Florida,  and  Gulf  States. 

• 

ORDER  LIMICOL^E. 

Shore  Birds.     Marsh  Birds. 

FAMILY   PHALAROPODID^E.     Phalaropes. 

GENUS  CRYMOPHILUS.     VIEILL. 

179  (222)      CRYMOPHILUS  FULICAR1US.     (LiNN.)     Red  Phalaropes. 

Bre'eds  in  Arctic  regions  ;  south  in  winter  to  Middle  States  ;  accidental 
on  Florida  coast;  New  England,  Illinois. 

GENUS  PHALAROPUS.     BRISS. 

180  (223)      PHALAROPUS  LOBATUS.     (LiNN.)     Northern  Phalarope. 

' '  Northern  portions  of  Northern  Hemisphere  ;  breeding  in  Arctic  lati- 
tudes ;  south  in  winter  to  the  tropics."  (A.  O.  U.)  New  England, 
Illinois. 


344  LIST    OF    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA, 


NO. 

181  (224)      PHALAROPUS  TRICOLOR.     (VIEILL.)     Wilson's  Phalarope. 

Chiefly  interior  of  North  America  ;  breeds  from  northern  Illinois  north- 
ward ;  in  winter,  south  to  South  America  ;  common  in  Mississippi 
Valley ;  casual  on  Atlantic  coast. 

FAMILY  RECURVIROSTRID/E.     Avocets  and  Stilts. 

GENUS  RECURVIROSTRA.     LINN. 

182  (225)      RECURVIROSTRA   AMERICANA.    GMEL.     American  Avocet. 

Temperate  North  America ;  breeds  from  Illinois  to  the  Saskatchewan 
and  Great  Slave  Lake ;  in  winter,  Central  America  and  West 
Indies ;  rare  on  Atlantic  coast  except  Florida,  where  it  is  casual ; 
accidental  in  New  England. 

GENUS  HIMANTOPUS.     BRISS. 

183  (226)      HIMANTOPUS  MEXICANUS.     (MULL.)     Black-necked  Stilt. 

Temperate  North  America,  from  the  northern  United  States  southward 
to  the  West  Indies,  northern  Brazil,  and  Peru  ;  rare  in  eastern 
United  States,  except  F16rida ;  breeds  in  some  numbers  in  Florida 
in  May. 

FAMILY  SCOLOPACID/E.    Snipes,  Sandpipers,  etc. 

GENUS   SCOLOPAX.     LINN. 

184  (227)     SCOLOPAX  RUSTICOLA.    LINN.     European  Woodcock. 

European  species,  accidental  in  eastern  North  America  ;  several  records. 

GENUS    PHILOMELA.     GRAY. 

185  (228)      PHILOHELA  MINOR.     (GMEL.)    American  Woodcock. 

Eastern  North  America  from  British  Provinces  to  Gulf  States;  breeds 
throughout  its  range,  but  by  far  the  greater  number  breed  north ; 
very  numerous  in  Gulf  States  in  winter. 

GENUS   GALLINAGO.     LEACH. 

186  (229)      GALLINAGO   GALLINAGO.     (LiNN.)     European  Snipe. 

European  species  ;  occurs  in  Greenland . 
186«   (2301)    GALLINAGO  MAJOR.     (GMEL.)    Greater  Snipe. 

Old  world  species  accidental  in  North  America,  recorded  from  Hudson 
Bay. 

187  (230)      GALLINAGO   DELICATA.     (ORD.)     Wilson's  Snipe.     Jack  Snipe. 

Breeds  from  northern  United  States,  northward  ;  south  in  winter  to  West 
Indies  and  South  America. 


LIST    OF    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA.  345 

A^I'.  GENUS   MACRORHAMPHUS.     LEACH. 

188  (231)      MACRORHAMPHUS    ORISEUS.     (GMEL.)      Dowitcher.      Red-breasted 

Snipe. 

Breeds  in  the  Arctic  regions ;  in  winter  to  West  Indies  and  South 
America  ;  abundant  on  Atlantic  coast  during  migrations  ;  Illinois. 

189  (232)      MACRORHAMPHUS   SCOLOPACEUS.    (SAY.)     Long-billed    Dowitcher. 

Western  Red-breasted  Snipe. 

Western  species  which  occasionally  occurs  on  Atlantic  coast ;  common 
in  Florida,  in  winter. 

GENUS    MICROPALAMA.     BAIRD. 

190  (233)      MICROPALAMA   HIMANTOPUS.     (BONAP.)    Stilt.    Sandpiper. 

Eastern  North  America ;  in  winter  to  West  Indies ;  breeds  north  of 
United  States  ;  common  in  Florida,  during  migrations  ;  Illinois. 

GENUS   TRINGA.     LINN. 
SUBGENUS  TRINGA. 

191  (234)      TR1NQA  CANUTUS.     LINN.     Knot. 

Breeds  in  high  latitudes ;  south  in  winter  to  South  America ;  common 
on  Atlantic  coast  during  migrations ;  called  Robin  Snipe  by  New 
England  gunners. 

SUBGENUS  ARQUATELLA.    BAIRD. 

192  (235)      TRINGA  MAR1TIMA.    BRUNN.    Purple  Sandpiper. 

Breeds  far  north ;  south  in  winter  to  New  England  and  Middle  States ; 
accidental  in  Florida ;  sometimes  observed  in  midwinter  on  New 
England  coast ;  feeding  on  algae  on  rocks,  exposed  at  low  water. 

SUBGENUS  ACTODROMAS.    KAUP. 

193  (239)     TRINGA  MACULATA.    VIEILL.    Pectoral  Sandpiper.    Grass-bird. 

Both  North  and  South  America ;  breeds  in  the  far  north ;  very  common 
on  Atlantic  coast  during  migrations ;  New  England,  Florida,  and 
Illinois. 

194  (240)     TRINGA    FUSCICOLLIS.     VIEILL.     White-rumped    Sandpiper.     Bona= 

parte's  Sandpiper. 

Eastern  North  America ;  breeds  in  high  latitudes ;  south  in  winter  to 
West  Indies  and  Central  America ;  New  England  and  Illinois. 

195  (241)     TRINGA   BAIRD1I.     (CouES.)     Baird's  Sandpiper. 

Common  in  interior  of  North  America ;  breeds  in  Alaska ;  south  in 
winter  to  South  America ;  rare  on  Atlantic  coast ;  New  England 
and  Illinois. 

196  (242)     TRINGA  MINUTILLA.    VIEILL.    Least  Sandpiper. 

Common  through  the  Americas  ;  breeds  north  of  United  States ;  abun- 
dant during  migrations  on  Atlantic  coast;  New  England  and 
Illinois. 


34()  LIST   OF   THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 

A.  o.  u.  SUBMENUS  PELIDNA.     CUVIER. 

NO. 

197  (243)     TRINGA  ALPINA.    LINN.     Dunlin. 

European  species,  accidental  in  North  America. 

198  (243a)    Tringa  alpina  patifica.     (COUES.)     Red-backed  Sandpiper.      American 

Dunlin. 

North  America ;  breeds  in  high  latitudes ;  winters  from  Florida  and 
Gulf  States  southward  ;  New  England  and  Illinois  during  migrations. 

SUBGENUS  ANCYLOCHILUS.    KAUP. 

199  (244)      TRINGA   FERRUGINEA.    BRUNN.    Curlew  Sandpiper. 

European  species ;  of  rare  occurrence  in  eastern  North  America ;  New 
England. 

GENUS  EREUNETES.     ILLIGER. 

200  (246)      EREUNETES  PUSILLUS.     (LiNN.)    Semipalmated  Sandpiper. 

Breeds  north  of  United  States ;  winters  in  West  Indies  and  South 
America;  common  on  Atlantic  coast  during  migrations  ;  Illinois. 

201  (247)      EREUNETES  OCCIDENTALIS.    LAWR.    Western  Sandpiper. 

Western  species ;  breeding  in  high  latitudes  and  ranging  in  winter 
to  South  America ;  not  uncommon  on  Atlantic  coast  during 
migrations. 

GENUS  CALIDRIS.     CUVIER. 

202  (248)      CALIDRIS  ARENARIA.     (LiNN.)     Sanderling.     Sandpiper.     Bull  Peep. 

Cosmopolitan  species;  breeds  in  far  north;  south  in  winter  to  South 
America ;  common  on  Atlantic  coast  during  migrations ;  New 
England,  Florida,  Illinois. 

GENUS  LIMOSA.     BRISS. 

203  (249)      LIMOSA  FEDOA.     (LiNN.)     Marbled  Godwit. 

North  America,  chiefly  west ;  breeds  from  Nebraska  northward,  migrat- 
ing in  winter  to  Central  America  ;  not  common  on  Atlantic  coast ; 
New  England,  casual;  Florida,  Illinois. 

204  (251)      LAMOSA  H/EMASTICA.     (LINN.)     Hudsonian  Godwit.     Goose  Bird. 

Eastern  North  America  ;  south  in  winter  to  South  America  ;  breeds  far 
north  ;  at  one  time  abundant  on  Atlantic  coast  during  migrations, 
now  less  common  ;  New  England,  Florida,  Illinois. 

205  (252)      LIMOSA  LIMOSA.     (LINN.)    Black-tailed  Godwit. 

European  species,  which  occurs  in  Greenland. 

GENUS  TOTANUS.     BECH. 

206  (253)     TOTANUS  NEBULARIUS.     (GuNN.)     Green-shank. 

Old  world  species  ;  accidental  in  Florida  ;  no  recent  records. 


LIST   OF   THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA.  347 

A.  <>.  u.  SUBMENUS  GLOTTIS.  .  KOCH. 

NO. 

207  (254)      TOTANUS    MELANOLEUCUS.     (GMEL.)    Greater  Yellow-legs.    Winter 

Yellow-legs. 

North  America  ;  breeding  from  northern  Illinois  northward  ;  in  winter, 
south  to  South  America  (Chili)  ;  common  during  migrations  on 
Atlantic  coast. 

208  (255)     TOTANUS  FLAVIPES.     (GMEL.)     Yellow-legs.    Summer  Yellow-legs. 

North  America ;  breeding  from  northern  Illinois  northward ;  south  in 
winter  to  South  America  ;  abundant  during  migrations  on  Atlantic 
coast. 

GENUS  HELODROMUS.     EAUP. 

209  (250)      HELODROMUS  SOLITARIUS.     (WiLs.)     Solitary  Sandpiper. 

North  America ;  breeding  from  northern  United  States  northward ;  in 
winter,  south  to  South  America ;  New  England,  Florida,  Illinois. 

210  (257)      HELODROMUS  OCHROPUS.     (LiNN.)    Green  Sandpiper. 

European  species  ;  once  recorded  from  Nova  Scotia. 

GENUS  SYMPHEMIA.  RAFINESQUE. 

211  (258)      SYMPHEMIA  SEMIPALMATA.     (GMEL.)     Willit. 

Eastern  North  America,  from  Florida  to  New  England ;  breeding  occa- 
sionally as  far  north  as  Maine  ;  south  in  winter  to  South  America. 

212  (258a)   SympJiemia  semipalmata  inornata.     BREWST.     Western  Willet. 

A  western  race  of  the  Willet,  which  occurs  in  Florida  and  on  Gulf  coast 
iuwinter,  and  perhaps  occasionally  farther  north  ;  its  true  habitat  is 
from  Mexico  to  Manitoba ;  it  differs  from  the  eastern  Willet  in 
being  larger,  and  in  summer  the  middle  tail  feathers  lack  the  black 
bars  and  the  back  marking  is  less  pronounced ;  in  winter  the  two 
forms  differ  little,  except  in  size. 

GENUS    PAVONCELLA.     LEACH. 

213  (260)      PAVONCELLA   PUGNAX.     (LiNN.)     Ruff. 

European  species ;  accidental  in  United  States ;  several  New  England 
records. 

GENUS    BARTRAMIA.     LESSON. 

214  (261)      BARTRAMIA   LONQICAUDA.     (BECHST.)    Bartramian   Sandpiper.    Up- 

land Plover. 

North  America ;  in  winter  to  South  America  ;  breeds  nearly  throughout 
its  range ;  once  -abundant  on  Atlantic  coast,  now  less  common  ; 
Illinois  common. 


348  LIST    OF   THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 

A -o.  u.  GENUS   TRYNGITES.     CABAN. 

NO. 

215  (262)     TRYNGITES  SUBRUFICOLLIS.     (VIEILL.)     Buff-breasted  Sandpiper. 

North  America;  more  commonly  in  interior;  breeds  north  of  United 
States ;  south  in  winter  to  South  America ;  not  common  on 
Atlantic  coast. 

GENUS   ACTITIS.     ILLIGER. 

216  (263)      ACTITIS  MACULARIA.     (LiNN.)     Spotted  Sandpiper. 

The  common  Sandpiper  of  our  ponds  and  streams  occurs  in  North  and 
South  America ;  breeds  throughout  temperate  North  America. 

GENUS   NUMENIUS.     BRISS. 

217  (264)     NUMENIUS   LONGIROSTRIS.    WILS.    Long-billed    Curlew.    Sickle-bill 

Curlew. 

Temperate  North  America ;  south  to  Central  America  and  the  West 
Indies ;  breeds  in  southern  Atlantic  States,  and  in  interior  to 
Canada  ;  not  common  on  Atlantic  coast. 

218  (265)     NUMENIUS   HUDSON1CUS.    LATH.     Hudsonian  Curlew.    Jack  Curlew. 

Throughout  North  America ;  breeding  in  Arctic  regions ;  in  winter  to 
Gulf  States  and  South  America ;  common  on  Atlantic  coast  during 
migrations. 

219  (266)     NUMENIUS   BOREALIS.     (FORST.)     Eskimo  Curlew.    Dough  Bird. 

Ranges  from  the  Arctic  regions  where  it  breeds  to  South  America ;  in 
winter  more  common  in  the  interior  than  on  the  coast ;  prefers  the 
fields  to  the  beaches,  being  often  found  in  company  with  Golden 
Plover. 

220  (267)     NUMENIUS  PH/EOPUS.     (LINN.)    Whimbrel. 

Not  recorded  from  United  States  ;  it  has  been  taken  in  Greenland. 

FAMILY   CHARADRHD/E.     Plovers. 

GENUS   VANELLUS.     BRISS. 

221  (269)     VANELLUS  VANELLUS.     (LiNN.)     Lapwing. 

European  species  ;  occurs  in  Greenland  ;  one  record  for  eastern  United 
States. 

GENUS   CHARADRIUS.     LINN. 
SUBGENUS  SQUATAROLA.    CUVIER. 

222  (270)      CHARADRIUS  SQUATAROLA.     (LiNN.)     Black-bellied    Plover.     Beetle 

Head. 

Ranges  from  Arctic  regions  to  South  America  ;  breeds  in  the  far  north  ; 
common  on  Atlantic  coast  during  migrations. 

SUBGENUS  CHARADRIUS.    LINN. 

223  (271)     CHARADRIUS  APRICARIUS.    LINN.    Golden  Plover. 

European  species,  which  occurs  in  Greenland. 


LIST   OF    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA.  349 

A.  0.   U. 
NO. 

224  (272)     CHARADR1US  DOMINICUS.    MULL.    American  Golden  Plover.    Green 

Plover. 

Ranges  from  Arctic  regions,  where  it  breeds,  to  South  America  ;  common 
on  Atlantic  coast  during  migrations ;  prefers  the  fields  to  the 
marshes. 

GENUS   yEQIALITIS.     BOIE. 

225  (273)     /CGIALITIS  VOCIFERA.     (LiNN.)     Kildeer  Plover. 

Ranges  from  Newfoundland  and  Manitoba,  breeding  throughout  its 
range ;  common  in  winter  from  Gulf  States  and  Carolinas  to  the 
West  Indies  and  South  America ;  as  a  rule  not  common  on  New 
England  coast,  but  in  November,  1888,  a  great  flight  occurred  on 
shores  of  Massachusetts,  and  hundreds  were  killed  and  offered  for 
sale  in  the  Boston  markets. 

226  (274)     /EGIALITIS  SEMIPALMATA.    BONAP.    Semipalmated  Plover. 

Ranges  from  Arctic  regions  to  South  America ;  breeding  from  Labrador 
northward ;  common  on  Atlantic  coast  during  migrations. 

227  (275)      /EGIALITIS  HIATICULA.     (LiNN.)     Ring  Plover. 

Old  world  species  ;  not  recorded  from  United  States  ;  it  occurs  in  Green- 
land. 

228  (277)     /EGIAL1TIS  MELODA.     (ORD.)    Piping  Plover. 

From  Labrador  to  the  West  Indies  and  South  America,  being  a  familiar 
bird  on  our  shores ;  breeds  from  Virginia  to  Labrador  and  New- 
foundland. 

229  (277a)  ^Egialitis  meloda  circumcincta.     RIDGW.     Belted  Piping  Plover. 

Is  similar  to  a  meloda  but  differs  in  having  an  unbroken  black  band  on 
the  neck  forming  a  complete  collar ;  breeds  from  northern  Illinois 
northward ;  migrates  in  winter  to  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
229a  (278)     /EGIALITIS  NIVOSA.    CASS.    Snowy  Plover. 

Western  species ;  not  uncommon  in  winter  on  the  northwest  coast  of 
Florida. 

SUBGENUS  OCHTHODROMUS.    REICH. 

230  (280)     /EGIALITIS  WILSONIA.     (ORD.)     Wilson's  Plover. 

Atlantic  and  Pacific  coasts  of  North  America ;  on  the  Atlantic  side  from 
Long  Island  to  the  West  Indies  and  South  America ;  breeds  from 
Virginia ;  southern  stragglers  have  been  taken  as  far  north  as 
Nova  Scotia. 

SUBGENUS  PODASOCYS.    COUES. 

231  (381)      /EGIALITIS   MONTANA.     (TOWNS.)     Mountain  Plover. 

Western  species  ;   accidental  or  casual  in  Florida. 


350  LIST   OF   THE   BIRDS    OF   EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 

FAMILY   APHRIZIO4E.    Surf  Birds  and  Turnstones. 

Subfamily   ARENARIIN^E.     Turnstones. 

A-^u-  GENUS   ARENARIA.     BRISS. 

232  (283)      ARENARIA   INTERPRES.     (LiNN.)     Turnstone. 

Both  coasts  of  North  America,  and  in  the  interior  on  the  larger  lakes 
and  rivers ;  breeds  in  the  Arctic  regions ;  in  winter  to  South 
America. 

FAMILY   H>EMATOPODID>E.    Oyster  Catchers. 

GENUS   H^EMATOPUS.     LINN. 

233  (285)      H/EMATOPUS  OSTRALEGUS.    LINN.    Oyster  Catcher. 

European  species,  which  occurs  in  Greenland. 

234  (286)     H>EMATOPUS  PALLIATUS.    TEMM.    American  Oyster  Catcher. 

Coasts  of  the  warmer  portions  of  America,  from  New  Jersey  to  South 
America ;  accidental  in  New  England ;  common  in  Florida,  and 
breeds. 


LAND   BIRDS. 


ORDER    GALLING. 
Gallinaceous  Birds. 

Suborder  PHASIANI.     Pheasants,  Grouse,  Partridges,  Quail,  etc. 

FAMILY  TETRAONID^E.     Grouse,  Partridges,  etc. 

Subfamily  PERDICIN/E.     Partridges  and  Quail. 

A-If0u-  GENUS   COLINUS.     LESSON. 

235  (289)      COLINUS  VIRGINIANUS.     (LiNN.)     QuaiL     Bob-white. 

Eastern  United  States  ;  west  to  Kansas,  Dakotah,  and  eastern  Texas ; 
breeds  throughout  range. 

236  (2<S(.)r/)    Colinus  virginianus  fl.oridanus.     (COUES.)     Florida  Quail. 

A  Florida  race,  smaller  and  darker  than  C.  virginianus. 

Subfamily   TETRAONIN^E.     Grouse,  etc. 
GENUS   CANACHITES.     STEJN. 

237  (298)     CANACHITES  CANADENSIS.     (LiNN.)     Canada  Grouse.     Spruce   Par- 

tridge. 

Throughout  British  America ;    occurs  in  United  States  in  northern  New 

England,  New  York,  Minnesota,  and  Michigan. 
237a     ( )    Canachites  canadensis  Idbradorius.     BANGS.     Labrador  Spruce  Grouse. 

A  Labrador  race  of  the  Canada  Grouse  ;  the  males  differ  but  slightly, 
but  the  females  are  described  as  being  less  buffy  above  the  back, 
being  nearly  black  and  gray,  and  the  underparts  whiter. 

GENUS  BONASA.     STEPH. 

238  (300)      BONASA  UMBELLUS.     (LiNN.)     Ruffed  Grouse. 

Eastern  United  States  and  southern  Canada ;  south  to  mountains  of 
northern  Georgia  ;  west  to  Minnesota  and  Michigan. 

239  (300a)   Bonasa  umbellus  togata.     (LINN.)     Canadian  Ruffed  Grouse. 

The  Canadian  race  of  the  Ruffed  Grouse  occurs  throughout  southern 
British  America  as  far  north  as  James  Bay ;  it  occurs  in  northern 
New  York  and  northern  New  England ;  it  is  more  gray  on  the 
upper  parts,  and  the  underparts  are  more  distinctly  barred. 

GENUS  LAQOPUS.     BKISS. 

240  (301)      LAGOPUS  LAGOPUS.     (LiNN.)     Willow  Ptarmigan. 

Arctic  species ;  accidental  in  New  England. 

(351) 


352  LIST    OF    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 

A.  O.  U. 

NO. 

241  (301a)   Lagopus  lagopus  alleni.      STEJN.      Allen's  Ptarmigan. 

A  race  peculiar  to  Newfoundland ;  differs  in  having  the  shafts  of  the 
secondaries  black. 

242  (302)      LAGOPUS  RUPESTRIS.     (GMEL.)     Rock  Ptarmigan. 

Arctic  America,  from  southern  Labrador  to  Alaska,  Anticosti. 

243  (302a)  Ijogopus  rupestris  reinhardti.      (BREHM.)      Reinhardt's  Ptarmigan. 

A  race  inhabiting  northern  Labrador  and  Greenland  ;  the  female  has 
the  greater  portion  of  the  back,  black,  in  summer ;  the  male  has  the 
barring  on  the  upper  parts  finer  and  more  uneven. 

244  (303)     LAGOPUS  WELCHI.    BREWS.    Welch's  Ptarmigan. 

Peculiar  to  Newfoundland. 

GENUS   TYMPANUCHUS.     GLOGER. 

245  (305)     TYMPANUCHUS  AMERICANUS.     (REICH.)    Prairie  Hen. 

Prairies  of  Mississippi  Valley,  Kentucky,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Michigan, 
Minnesota,  Iowa,  and  Missouri ;  north  and  west  to  Manitoba, 
Dakotah,  and  Indian  Territory;  south  to  southwestern  Louisiana, 
and  Texas,  where  it  is  replaced  by  a  paler  and  smaller  race  called 
T.  a.  attivateri. 

246  (306)     TYMPANUCHUS  CUPIDO.     (Lrax.)    Heath  Hen. 

Island  of  Martha's  Vineyard,  Mass.  ;  once  abundant,  now  nearly 
extinct ;  resembles  the  Prairie  Hen,  but  may  be  distinguished  by 
its  barred  axillars,  scapulars  broadly  tipped  with  buff,  and  tufts  of 
feathers  on  the  neck  consisting  of  less  than  ten  feathers. 

GENUS    PEDICECETES.     BAIRD. 

247  (3086)    PEDIGECETES    PHASIANELLUS    CAMPESTRIS.      RIDGW.     Prairie 

Sharp-tailed  Grouse. 

Western  species,  which  sometimes  occurs  in  Wisconsin  and  Illinois. 

FAMILY   PHASIANID/E.     Pheasants,  Turkeys,  etc. 

Subfamily   MELEAGRUSLC.     Turkeys. 

GENUS  MELEAQRIS.     LINN. 

248  (310)     MELEAQRIS  GALLOPAVO.    LINN.    Wild  Turkey. 

United  States,  from  Chesapeake  Bay  to  the  Gulf  coast,  and  west  to  the 
plains  along  wooded  river  valleys.  (A.  O.  U.) 

249  (310a)  Meleagris  gallopavo  osceola.     SCOTT.     Florida  Turkey. 

Differs  in  having  the  white  bands  on  the  primaries  broken  and  uneven, 
and  in  being  somewhat  smaller ;   also  other  slight  differences  in 
color ;  inhabits  southern  Florida,  where  the  northern  Turkey  does 
-  not  occur. 


LIST    OF    THE    HIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA.  353 

ORDER    COLUMB/C. 

Pigeons. 

FAMILY   COLUMBID/E.     Pigeons. 

A.  o.  n.  GENUS  COLUMBA.     LINN. 

NO. 

250  (314)     COLUMBA  LEUCOCEPHALA.    LINN.    White-crowned  Pigeon. 

West.  Indian  species  ;  casual  in  southern  Florida. 
250a   (  —  )      COLUMBA  CORENSIS.    GMEL.    Wood  Pigeon. 

West  Indian  species ;  accidental  at  Key  West,  Fla.  (Atkins,  Auk, 
1899,  p.  272.) 

GENUS   ECTOPISTES.     SWAINS. 

251  (315)      ECTOPISTES  MIQRATORIUS.     (LiNN.)     Passenger  Pigeon. 

Eastern  North  America ;  north  to  Hudson  Bay ;  west  to  the  plains ; 
breeds  in  Canada  and  northern  border  of  United  States ;  now  rare 
in  localities  where  it  was  once  very  abundant. 

GENUS    ZENAIDURA.     BONAP. 

252  (316)      ZENAIDURA   MACROURA.     (LiNN.)     Mourning  Dove. 

Throughout  United  States  and  southern  Canada,  Central  America,  and 
West  Indies  ;  breeds  throughout  its  range. 

GENUS   ZENAIDA.     BONAP. 

253  (317)     ZENAIDA  ZENAIDA.     (BONAP.)    Zenaida  Dove. 

West  Indies  and  Yucatan ;  accidental  on  Florida  Keys. 

GENUS   MELOPELIA.     BONAP. 

254  (319)      MELOPELIA  LEUCOPTERA.     (LiNN.)    White-winged  Dove. 

Semi-tropical  species  ranging  throughout  southwestern  United  States, 
Central  America,  and  West  Indies  ;  accidental  in  Florida. 

GENUS   COLUMBIGALLINA.     BOIE. 

255  (320)      COLUMBIGALLINA    PASSERINA    TERRESTRIS,     CHAPMAN.     Ground 

Dove. 

Southern  States  of  United  States ;  breeds  from  South  Carolina  to 
Louisiana,  West  Indies,  and  northern  South  America. 

GENUS   GEOTRYGON.     GOSSE. 

256  (322)      GEOTRYGON  CHRYSEA.    GOSSE.    Key  West  Quail-Dove. 

West  Indian  species  ;  recorded  from  Florida  Keys. 

257  (3221)    GEOTRYGON   MONTANA.     (LINN.)     Mountain  Dove. 

West  Indian  species ;  once  recorded  from  Key  West,  Fla. 


354  LIST    OF   THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 

A.O^U.  GENUS   STARNCENAS.     BOXAI>. 

258  (323)      STARNCENAS  CYANOCEPHALA.     (LINN.)     Blue-headed  Quail-Dove. 

Cuban  species  ;  accidental  on  Florida  Keys. 

ORDER  RAPTORES. 
Birds  of  Prey. 

Suborder  SARCORHAMPHI.     American  Vultures. 

FAMILY   CATHARTID/E.     American  Vultures. 

GENUS   CATHARTES.     ILLIGER. 

259  (325)     CATHARTES  AURA.     (LiNN.)    Turkey  Vulture.    Turkey  Buzzard. 

Greater  part  of  North  and  South  America ;  in  eastern  United  States 
from  New  Jersey  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico ;  abundant  and  resident 
in  Southern  States. 

GENUS  CATHARISTA.     VIEILL. 

260  (326)     CATHARISTA  URUBU.    VIEILL.    Black  Vulture.    Carrion  Crow. 

Southern  portion  of  North  America,  West  Indies,  and  Central  and 
South  America ;  breeds  in  eastern  United  States  from  North  Caro- 
lina and  Illinois  to  the  Gulf ;  accidental  in  New  England 

Suborder   FALCONES.     Falcons,  Hawks,  Eagles,  etc. 

FAMILY   FALCONID^E.     Vultures.  Falcons,  Hawks, 

Eagles,  etc. 

Subfamily   ACCIPITRIN/E.     Kites,  Hawks,  Eagles,  etc. 

GENUS    ELANOIDES.     VIEILL. 

261  (327)      ELANOIDES  FORFICATUS.     (LiNN.)    Swallow-tailed  Kite. 

Central  and  South  America;  in  United  States  south  of  Carolina  and 
Minnesota ;  accidental  in  New  England  ;  breeds  commonly  in  some 
of  Southern  States ;  especially  Florida. 

GENUS    ELANUS..   SAVIGNY. 

262  (328)      ELANUS  LEUCURUS.     (VIEILL.)    White-tailed  Kite. 

Southern  United  States ;  from  South  Carolina  and  Southern  Illinois, 
Central  and  South  America ;  breeds  in  Southern  States. 

GENUS    ICTINIA.     VIEILL. 

263  (329)      ICTINIA  MISSISS1PPIENSIS.     (WiLS.)     Mississippi  Kite. 

Southern  United  States ;  from  South  Carolina,  Gulf  States  to  Central 
America. 


LIST   OF   THE   BIRDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA.  355 

A^U  GENUS    ROSTRHAMUS.     LESSON. 

264  (330)      ROSTRHAMUS  SOCIABILIS.     (VIEILL.)    Everglade  Kite. 

Central  America  and  eastern  South  Amerjca  ;  common  in  South  Florida 
where  it  breeds. 

GENUS   CIRCUS.     LACEPEDE. 

265  (331)     CIRCUS  HUDSONIUS.     (LiNN.)    Marsh  Hawk. 

North  and  Central  America  ;  breeding  throughout  its  range  ;  one  of 
the  most  common  species  in  eastern  United  States  ;  frequenting 
marshes. 

GENUS   ACCIPITER.     BRISS. 
SUBGENUS  ACCIPITER. 

266  (332)      ACCIPITER  VELOX.     (WILS.)    Sharp-shinned  Hawk. 

North  America  ;  breeding  throughout  its  range  ;  in  winter  south  to 
Mexico  and  Central  America  ;  common  in  eastern  United  States. 

267  (333)      ACCIPITER  COOPERI.     (BONAP.)    Cooper's  Hawk. 

North  America  and  Mexico  ;  breeds  throughout  its  range  ;  common  in 
eastern  United  States. 


SUBGENUS  ASTUR. 

268  (334)      ACCIPITER  ATRICAPILLUS.     (WILS.)    American  Goshawk. 

Greater  portion  of  North  America,  north  of  the  Middle  States  ;  breeds 
from  northern  border  of  United  States  northward. 

GENUS   PARABUrEO.     RIDGW. 

269  (335)     PARABUTEO  UNICINCTUS  HARRISI.     (AuD.)     Harris's  Hawk. 

Western  species,  which  occurs  in  Louisiana. 

GENUS   BUTEO.     CUVIEK. 

270  (336)     BUTEO  BUTEO.    (LiKN.)    European  Buzzard. 

European  species  ;  once  taken  in  United  States  ;    Michigan,  one  record. 

271  (337)      BUTEO   BOREALIS.     (GMEL.)     Red-tailed  Hawk. 

Eastern  North  America  and  Canada  ;  south  to  Mexico  ;  breeds  nearly 
throughout  its  range. 

272  (337a)  Buleo  borealis  kriderii.     HOOPES.     Krider's  Hawk. 

Western  race,  which  occasionally  occurs  as  far  east  as  Illinois  ;  differs 
in  being  much  paler;  more  white  in  the  plumage;  underparts, 
faintly  streaked. 

273  (3376)   Buteo  borealis  calnrus.     (CASS.)     Western  Red-tail. 

This  race  has  been  recorded  from  Illinois  ;  its  true  range  is  west  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  ;  it  differs  in  beirg  much  darker  than  borealis. 
and  shows  more  dusky  and  rufous  brown  in  the  plumage  ;  some 
specimens  are  almost  entirely  black,  with  breast  dark  reddish 
brown. 


356  LIST    OF   THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMEKICA. 


A.  O.  U. 
NO. 


274  (338)     Buteo  boreali*  harlani.    (AuD.)    Harlan's  Hawk. 

Differs  from  borealis  in  being  somewhat  heavier ;  the  general  plumage 
is  dark  sooty  or  black,  showing  more  or  less  white  streaks,  the 
concealed  portion  of  feathers  being  white  ;  underparts,  more  or  less 
white,  with  various  markings ;  it  occurs  in  Georgia  and  Florida, 
and  the  Gulf  States  to  the  Mississippi  Valley ;  north  to  Illinois 
and  Iowa,  and  casually  to  Pennsylvania. 

275  (339)     BUTEO  LINEATUS.     (GMEL.)     Red-shouldered  Hawk. 

Throughout  eastern  North  America ;  breeding  throughout  its  range. 

276  (339a)  Buteo  lineatus  alleni.     EIDGW.     Florida  Red-shouldered  Hawk. 

Differs  from  lineatus  in  being  smaller,  and  the  adults  have  no  rufous  on 
the  head ;  Gulf  States,  from  Texas  to  the  Carolinas ;  but  most 
common  in  Florida  and  along  the  southern  coast. 

SUBGENUS  TACHYTRIORCHIS.    KAUP. 

277  (342)     BUTEO  SWAINSONI.    BONAP.    Swainson's  Hawk. 

Western  species ;  occasionally  occurring  in  eastern  United  States ; 
casual  in  Florida ;  recorded  from  Maine  and  Massachusetts. 

278  (343)      BUTEO  LATISSIMUS.     (WiLS.)    Broad=winged  Hawk. 

Throughout  eastern  North  America  ;  from  Canada  to  West  Indies  and 
South  America ;  breeds  throughout  its  range. 

SUBGENUS  BUTEOLA.    BONAP. 

279  (344)      BUTEO  BRACHYURUS.    VIEILL.    Short-tailed  Hawk.     Black  Hawk. 

Tropical  species  ;  resident  in  Florida. 

GENUS   ASTURINA.     VIEILL. 

280  (346)     ASTURINA  PLAQIATA.    SCHLEGEL.    Mexican  Goshawk. 

Western  species  ;  once  observed  in  Illinois ;  no  other  record  for  eastern 
North  America. 

GENUS   ARCHIBUTEO.     BREHM. 

281  (347a)   ARCHIBUTEO     LAQOPUS    SANCT1=JOHANNIS.       (GMEL.)      American 

Rough-legged  Hawk. 

New  England  and  Illinois. 

282  (348)      ARCHIBUTEO  FERRUQINEUS.     (LIGHT.)     Ferruginous  Rough-leg. 

North  America ;  from  Gulf  States  northward ;  breeds  north  of  United 
States. 

GENUS    AQUILA.     BRISS. 

283  (349)     AQUILA  CHRYSAETOS.     (LINN.)    Golden  Eagle. 

North  America ;  breeding  in  mountains  in  unsettled  localities  through- 
out its  range ;  much  less  common  than  the  Bald  Eagle  on  the 
Atlantic  coast. 


LIST    OF    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA.  357 

A.^U.  GENUS  HALIAETUS.     SAVIG. 

284  (3;Vl  )      HALIAgTUS  ALBIClLLA.     (LiNN.)    Gray  Sea  Eagle. 

Occurs  in  Greenland,  but  has  not  been  taken  in  the  United  States. 

285  (352)      HALIAETUS   LEUCOCEPHALUS.     (LINN.)     Bald  Eagle. 

Throughout  North  America  to  northern  Mexico ;  breeding  throughout  its 
range. 

Mr.  C.  H.  Townsend  has  lately  separated  the  northern  and  southern  birds, 
giving  the  range  of  Haliaetus  leucocephalus  as  practically  restricted  to  the 
United  States.  To  the  bird  which  occurs  in  the  British  possessions  west 
to  Alaska,  which  is  larger,  he  has  given  the  name  of  Haliaetus  leucocepha- 
lus alascanus,  Northern  Bald  Eagle. 

Subfamily  FALCONING.     Falcons. 
GENUS  FALCO.     LINN. 

286  (353)      FALCO  ISLANDUS.     BRUNN.    White  Gyrfalcon. 

Arctic  America ;  south  in  winter  to  Labrador  and  northern  Maine. 

287  (354)      FALCO  RUST1COLUS.     LYNN.    Gray  Gyrfalcon. 

Arctic  America ;  accidental  in  winter  as  far  south  as  Maine. 

288  (-i54a)  Falco  rusticolus  gyrfako.     (LiNN.)     Gyrfalcon. 

A  grayish  race  with  faintly  barred  back ;  occurs  in  Arctic  America ; 
accidental  in  winter  in  New  England  (Massachusetts  and  Rhode 
Island). 

289  (3546)  Falco  rusticolus  obsoletus.    (GMEL.)    Black  Gyrfalcon. 

A  dark  race  with  back  dark  slate ;  sometimes  almost  black  and  not 
barred ;  underparts  dark ;  it  occurs  in  Labrador ;  accidental  in 
winter  as  far  south  as  Canada,  Maine,  Massachusetts,  and  New- 
York. 

290  (355)     FALCO  MEXICANUS.    SCHLEG.    Prairie  Falcon. 

Western  species ;  casual  in  Illinois ;  breeds  throughout  its  range. 

SUBGENUS  RHYNCHODON.    NITZSCH. 

291  (356)      FALCO    PEREGRINUS    ANATUM.     (BONAP.)    Duck    Hawk.    Peregrine 

Falcon. 

North  America    and  northern  South  America;  breeds   throughout   its 

range. 

SUBGENUS  /ESALON.    KAUP. 

292  (357)     FALCO  COLUMBARIUS.     LINN.    Pigeon  Hawk. 

North  America,  West  Indies,  and  northern  South  America ;  breeds  from 
northern  border  of  United  States,  northward. 

293  (3581)    FALCO  REGULUS.     PALL.    Merlin. 

European  species ;  recorded  from  Greenland. 

SUBGENUS  TINNUNCULUS.    LINN. 

294  (3591)    FALCO  TINNUNCULUS.    LINN.    Kestrel. 

European  species  ;  once  taken  in  Massachusetts. 


358  LIST   OF    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 

A.   0.   U. 
NO. 

295  (360)      FALCO   SPARVERIUS.     LINN.     American  Sparrow  Hawk. 

"  North  America;  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  from  Great  Slave 
Lake,  south  to  northern  South  America."  (A.  O.  U.) 

296  (361)      FALCO  SPARVERIOIDES.    VIG.    Cuban  Sparrow  Hawk. 

Cuban  species  ;  accidental  in  Florida. 

GENUS  POLYBORUS.    VIEILL. 

297  (362)     POLYBORUS    CHERIWAY.      (JACQ.)      Audubon's    Caracara.     Mexican 

Buzzard. 

Texas  and  Arizona  to  South  America ;  occurs  in  eastern  United  States 
only  in  southern  Florida  where  it  breeds. 

GENUS  PANDION.     SAVIG. 

298  (364)      PANDION   HALIAETUS  CAROLINENSIS.     (GMEL.)     American  Osprey. 

Fish  Hawk. 

Greater  portion  of  North  America,  the  West  Indies,  and  northern  South 
America ;  common  in  many  parts  of  eastern  United  States  ;  breeds 
throughout  its  range. 

Suborder  STRIGES.     Owls. 

FAMILY  STRIGID/E.     Barn  Owls. 

GENUS  STRIX.     LINN. 

299  (365)      STRIX  PRATINCOLA.    BONAP.    American  Barn  Owl. 

Throughout  United  States,  Mexico,  and  northern  West  Indies ;  more 
common  in  the  Southern  States ;  breeds  rarely  as  far  north  as  lati- 
tude 40°. 

FAMILY    BUBONID/E.     Horned  Owls. 

GENUS  ASIO.     BRLSS. 

300  (366)      ASIO  WILSONIANUS.     (LESS.)     American  Long-eared  Owl. 

Temperate  North  America  to  Mexico ;   breeds  throughout  its  range. 

301  (367)     ASIO  ACCIPITRINUS.     (PALL.)    Short-eared  Owl. 

North  America  ;  breeds  north  of  latitude  39°. 

GENUS  SYRNIUM.     SAVIG. 

302  (368)      SYRNIUM  NEBULOSUM.     (FORST.J     Barred  Owl. 

Southern  and  eastern  United  States ;  north  to  Nova  Scotia ;  breeds 
throughout  its  range. 

303  (368a)   Syrnium  nebulosum  alleni.     RIDGW.     Florida  Barred  Owl. 

A  southern  race  of  the  Barred  Owl,  averaging  somewhat  smaller  and 
darker,  having  the  toes  nearly  bare  of  feathers  ;  Gulf  States  ;  com- 
mon in  Florida. 


LIST    OF    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA.  359 

A  £•  u  GENUS  SCOTIAPTEX.     SWAINS. 

NO, 

304  (370)     SCOTIAPTEX    CINEREA.     (GMEL.)    Great  Gray  Owl. 

Arctic  species,  which  occurs  in  winter  as  far  south  as  New  England  and 
Illinois  ;  numerous  records  for  Massachusetts,  New  York,  Ohio,  etc. 

GENUS  NYCTALA.     BREHM. 

305  (371)      NYCTALA  TENGMALMI  RICHARDSONI.     (BONAP.)    Richardson's  Owl. 

Arctic  species ;  casual  in  winter  in  northern  United  States ;  New  Eng- 
land, Illinois,  etc.  ;  breeds  north  of  United  States. 

306  (372)      NYCTALA  ACADICA.     (GMEL.)    Saw-whet  Owl.     Acadian  Owl. 

North  America ;  breeds  from  middle  United  States  northward. 

307  (373)      MEGASCOPS   ASIO.     (LiNN.)     Screech  Owl. 

Eastern  North  America  ;  Canada  to  Georgia  ;  breeds  nearly  throughout 
its  range. 

308  (373a)   Megascops  asio  Jloridanus.      (RIDGW.)     Florida  Screech  Owl. 

A  rather  small  southern  race  of  the  Screech  Owl,  somewhat  darker  and 
the  markings  heavier ;  occurs  in  Gulf  States  from  South  Carolina 
to  Louisiana. 

GENUS  BUBO.     DUMERIL. 

309  (375)      BUBO   VIRG1NIANUS.     (GMEL.)    Great  Herned  Owl. 

Eastern  North  America  ;  north  to  Labrador  ;  breeds  throughout  its  range. 

310  (375a)  Bubo  virgmianus  arcticus.     SWAINS.     Arctic  Horned  Owl. 

Pale  birds  have  occasionally  been  taken  in  northeastern  North  America 
which  may  be  referable  to  this  race. 

311  (375c)    Bubo  virgmianus  saturatus.       RIDGW.     Dusky  Horned  Owl. 

A  dark  race ;  ranging  from  Labrador  and  Hudson  Bay  westward  to 
Alaska ;  south  to  Louisiana  and  Arizona ;  some  Louisiana  speci- 
mens are  very  dark. 

GENUS  NYCTEA.     STEPH. 

312  (376)   NYCTEA  NYCTEA.  (LiNN.)  Snowy  Owl. 

Northern  North  America ;  in  winter,  south  to  Middle  States ;  breeds 
north  of  United  States. 

GENUS  SYRNIA.     DUMERIL. 

313  (377a)   SURNIA   ULULA  CAPAROCH.     (MULL.)     American  Hawk  Owl. 

Arctic  North  America ;  south  in  winter  to  borders  of  United  States  ; 
New  England  and  Illinois ;  breeds  from  New  England  northward. 

GENUS  SPEOTYTO.     GLOGER. 

314  (378)      SPEOTYTO  CUNICULARIA   HYPOG/CA.     (BONAP.)     Burrowing  Owl. 

Western  species  ;  one  record  from  Massachusetts. 

315  (378a)  Speotyto  cunicularia  floridana.     RIDGW.     Florida  Burrowing  Owl. 

Resident  in  southern  Florida  ;  a  rather  dark  form,  having  the  feet  and  legs 
(tarsus)  almost  without  feathers ;  breeds  in  a  hole  in  the  ground. 


360  LIST   OF    THE    BIRDS    OF   EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 

ORDER  PSITTACI. 

Parrots,  Paroquets,  etc. 
FAMILY   PSITTACID/E. 

A-o6TT.  GENUS   CONURUS.     KUHL. 

316  (382)      CONURUS  CAROLINENSIS.     (LiNN.)     Carolina  Paroquet. 

At  one  time  not  uncommon  in  many  of  our  Southern  States  ;  at  present 
occurs  only  in  Florida,  Arkansas,  and  Indian  Territory ;  breeds  in 
holes  in  trees. 

ORDER  COCCYGES. 

Cuckoos. 
FAMILY   CUCULID^E.     Cuckoos,  Anis,  etc. 

Subfamily   CROTOPHAGIN/E.     Anis. 

GENUS   CROTOPHAGA.     LINN. 

317  (383)     CROTOPHAGA  ANI.    LINN.    Ani. 

West  Indian  species ;  recorded  from  Florida,  Louisiana,  and  Pennsyl- 
vania;  the  bird  is  entirely  black;  the  bill  is  not  like  that  of  a 
Cuckoo,  being  very  thin  and  somewhat  Parrot-like  in  shape. 

Subfamily   COCCYZIN/E.     Cuckoos. 

GENUS   COCCYZUS.     VIEILL. 

318  (386)     COCCYZUS  MINOR.     (GMEL.)     Mangrove  Cuckoo. 

West  Indian  species  ;  casual  in  southern  Florida. 

319  (386a)   Coccyzus  minor  maynardi.     RIDGW.     Maynard's  Cuckoo. 

A  Bahama  race  of  C.  minor;  casual  in  southern  Florida;  it  is  much 
paler  on  the  uuderparts,  lacking  the  strong  tawny  buff  on  the 
belly ;  the  bill  is  slightly  smaller. 

320  (387)      COCCYZUS  AMER1CANUS.     (LiNN.)     Yellow=billed  Cuckoo, 

Eastern  North  America ;  from  the  plains  to  the  coast  and  Canada  to 
Gulf  of  Mexico ;  breeding  throughout  its  range ;  in  winter  to 
West  Indies  and  Central  America. 

321  (388)     COCCYZUS  ERYTHROPHTHALMUS.     (WiLS.)    Black=billed  Cuckoo. 

Eastern  North  America ;  from  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  coast ;  breeds 
United  States  to  Labrador ;  south,  in  winter  to  West  Indies  and 
northern  South  America. 


LIST   OF   THE    BIRDS    OF   EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA.  361 

Suborder   ALCYONES.     Kingfishers. 

FAMILY  ALCEDINID/E.     Kingfishers. 

A  o.  u.  GENUS   CERYLE.     BOIE. 

NO. 

322  (390)     CERYLE   ALCYON.     (LiNN.)     Belted  Kingfisher. 

North  America ;  at  large  from  Arctic  regions  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico ; 
in  winter,  extends  its  range  to  West  Indies  and  Central  America ; 
breeds  from  Gulf  States  throughout  its  northern  range. 

ORDER  PICK 

Woodpeckers,  etc. 

FAMILY   PICID^E.    Woodpeckers. 

GENUS   CAMPEPHILUS.     GRAY. 

323  (392)      CAMPEPHILUS  PRINCIPALS.     (LiNN.)     Ivory-billed  Woodpecker. 

Florida ;  some  of  the  Gulf  States  to  Mississippi  Valley ;  now  rare  except 
in  parts  of  Florida. 

GENUS    DRYOBATES.     BOIE. 

324  (393)      DRYOBATES  VILLOSUS.     (LiNN.)    Hairy  Woodpecker. 

Northern  and  middle  portions  of  eastern  United  States. 

325  (3936)  Dryobates  villosus  audubonii.     (SWAINS.)     Southern  Hairy  Woodpecker. 

Southern  race ;  ranging  from  eastern  Texas  to  South  Carolina ;  it  differs 
in  being  smaller  and  perhaps  slightly  darker. 

326  (394)     DRYOBATES  PUBESCENS.     (LINN.)    Downy  Woodpecker. 

Eastern  North  America ;  in  winter,  south  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
Birds  inhabiting  the  region  north  of  North  Carolina  are  larger  than  southern 

birds,  and  have  been  recognized  as  a  race  and  named 
324a    Dryobates  pubeseens  mcdianus.    BREWSTER. 

327  (395)      DRYOBATES  BOREALIS.     (VIEILL.)     Red-cockaded  Woodpecker. 

Southeastern  and  southern  United  States  from  Carolina  to  Texas. 

GENUS    PICOIDES.     LACEP. 

328  (400)      PICOIDES  ARCTICUS.     (SWAINS.)    Arctic  Three-toed  Woodpecker. 

Northern  North  America  ;  south  to  northern  United  States,  New  England, 
Michigan,  etc. 

329  (401)     PICOIDES   AMERICANUS.   BREHM.    American  Three-toed  Woodpecker. 

Northern  North  America ;  south  to  northern  border  of  United  States ; 
Maine  and  northern  New  York, 


362  LIST   OF    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 

A.  o.  u.  GENUS   SPHYRAPICUS.     BAIRD. 

NO. 

330  (402)     SPHYRAPICUS  VARIUS.     (LiNN.)     Yellow-bellied  Sapsucker.     Yellow- 

bellied  Woodpecker. 

Eastern  North  America ;  south  in  winter  to  West  Indies  and  Mexico ; 
breeds  in  Massachusetts  northward. 

GENUS   CEOPHLCEUS.     CABAN. 

331  (405)     CEOPHLCEUS  PILEATUS.     (LiNN.)    Pileated  Woodpecker. 

Southern  United  States ;  from  North  Carolina  southward ;  replaced 
farther  north  by  the  northern  race. 

331  a  (405a)    Ceophloeus  pileatus  albieticola.     BANGS.     Northern  Pileated  Woodpecker. 

A  northern  race  ;  differing  mainly  in  size. 

GENUS   MELANERPES.     SWAINS. 
SUBGENUS  MELANERPES. 

332  (406)     MELANERPES    ERYTHROCEPHALUS.      (LmN.)      Red-headed    Wood- 

pecker. 

Eastern  United  States ;  from  Rocky  Mountains  to  Florida,  and  north 
to  about  latitude  50° ;  casual  east  of  Hudson  River ;  not  uncom- 
mon in  fall  in  Massachusetts. 

SUBGENUS  CENTURUS.    SWAINS. 

333  (409)      MELANERPES  CAROLINUS.     (LiNN.)     Red-bellied  Woodpecker. 

Eastern  and  southern  United  States ;  from  New  York  and  Michigan  to 
the  Gulf  States  ;  not  numerous  in  northern  part  of  its  range. 

GENUS   COLAPTES.     SWAINS. 

334  (412)     COLAPTES  AURATUS.    (LiNN.)    Flicker.    Golden-winged  Woodpecker. 

Eastern  North  America ;  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Atlantic ; 
winters  from  latitude  of  Illinois  southward;  one  of  our  most 
familiar  birds,  and  known  by  many  names,  among  which  are  High 
Hole,  Yellowhammer,  Harrywicket,  etc. 


LIST   OF   THE    BIRDS    OF   EASTERN    NORTH   AMERICA.  363 

ORDER  MACROCHIRES. 
Goatsuckers,  Swifts,  etc. 

Suborder  CAPRIMULQI.     Goatsuckers. 

FAMILY  CAPRIMULQI D^E.     Goatsuckers. 

A.  o.  u.  GENUS   ANTROSTOMUS.     GOULD. 

NO. 

335  (416)     ANTROSTOMUS  CAROLINENSIS.     (GMEL.)    Chuck-will's-widow. 

Southern  United  States ;  from  Virginia  to  Mexico,  and  Cuba,  Jamaica, 
and  Porto  Rico ;  casual  to  southern  Illinois  ;  accidental  in  Massa- 
chusetts. 

336  (417)      ANTROSTOMUS  VOCIFERUS.     (WiLS.)    Whip-poor-will. 

Eastern  and  southern  North  America ;  from  about  latitude  50°  to 
Mexico  and  Porto  Rico ;  a  common  species  in  localities  in  New 
England,  Illinois,  etc. 

GENUS   CHORDEILES.     SWAINS. 

337  (420)     CHORDEILES  V1RGINIANUS.     (GMEL.)    Nighthawk. 

Eastern  North  America;  from  the  plains  to  the  Atlantic,  and  from 
Labrador  to  the  West  Indies  and  South  America ;  breeds  from 
southern  United  States  northward. 

338  (420a)   Chordeiles  virginianus  henryi.     (CASS.)     Western  Nighthawk. 

Western  race  ;  once  recorded  from  Illinois  ;  it  is  paler,  and  the  back  is 
more  gray  and  buff. 

339  (420c)    Chordeiles  virginianus  chapmani.     (SENNETT.)     Florida  Nighthawk. 

A  small  southern  race ;  resident  in  Florida  and  along  the  Gulf  coast ; 
it  is  somewhat  paler  in  coloration,  and  decidedly  smaller. 

Suborder  CYPSELI.     Swifts. 

FAMILY  MICROPODID/E.    Swifts. 

Subfamily  CH/CTURIN^.     Swifts. 

GENUS    CH/ETURA.     STEPH. 

340  (423)     CH/ETURA  PELAQICA.     (LiNN.)     Chimney  Swift. 

Eastern  North  America ;  north  to  Labrador,  and  in  winter  south  to 
Mexico ;  breeds  from  the  Gulf  States  northward. 


364  LIST   OF   THE   BIRDS   OF   EASTERN   NORTH   AMERICA. 

Suborder  TROCHILI,     Hummingbird. 

FAMILY  TROCHILID/E.     Hummingbirds. 

A.NO.U.  GENUS  TROCHILUS.     LINN. 

341  (428)     TROCHILUS  COLUBRIS.    LINN.    Ruby -throated  Hummingbird. 

Eastern  North  America;  from  the  plains  to  the  Atlantic,  and  from 
Labrador,  or  about  latitude  52°,  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico ;  breeding 
throughout  its  range ;  south  in  winter  to  Cuba,  Porto  Rico,  and 
Mexico. 

ORDER  PASSERES. 

Perching   Birds. 

Suborder  CLAMATORES.     Songless  Birds. 

FAMILY  TYRANNID/E.    Tyrant  Flycatchers. 

GENUS  MILVULUS.     SWAINS. 

342  (442)     MILVULUS  TYRANNUS.     (LiNN.)     Fork=tailed  Flycatcher. 

South  American  species ;  occasionally  taken  in  the  United  States ; 
recorded  from  New  Jersey  and  Mississippi. 

343  (443)     MILVULUS  FORFICATUS.     (GMEL.)    Scissor=tailed  Flycatcher. 

Western  species;  accidental  in  eastern  United  States,  New  England, 
Florida,  etc. 

GENUS  TYRANNUS.     CUVIER. 

344  (444)     TYRANNUS  TYRANNUS.     (LiNN.)     Kingbird. 

Nearly  the  whole  of  North  America ;  south  in  winter  to  Cuba  and  South 
America ;  a  familiar  species  known  by  various  names  such  as 
Bee  Martin,  Bee-bird,  etc. 

345  (445)     TYRANNUS   DOMINICENSIS.     (GMEL.)    Gray  Kingbird. 

Semi-tropical  species ;  not  uncommon  in  Florida ;  accidental  in  Georgia, 
South  Carolina,  and  New  England. 

346  (447)     TYRANNUS  VERTICALIS.     SAY.    Arkansas  Kingbird. 

Western  species ;  accidental  east  of  the  Mississippi ;  it  has  been  taken 
in  Maine,  Massachusetts  (Great  Island),  New  York,  New  Jersey, 
District  of  Columbia,  and  Iowa. 

GENUS  MYIARCHUS.     CABAN. 

347  (452)     MYIARCHUS  CRIN1TUS.     (LiNN.)    Crested  Flycatcher. 

Eastern  United  States ;  from  the  plains  to  the  Atlantic,  and  southern 
Canada  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico ;  in  winter  Mexico  and  Central 
America ;  breeds  from  the  Gulf  States  northward. 


LIST   OF   THE   BIRDS   OF   EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA.  365 

A.  o.  u.  GENUS  SAYORNIS.     BONAP. 

NO. 

348  (456)     SAYORNIS  PHCEBE.     (LATH.)    Phoebe. 

Ranges  from  Colorado  and  Texas  to  the  Atlantic,  and  from  Canada  to 
Cuba  and  Mexico ;  breeds  from  the  Carolinas,  northward. 

349  (457)      SAYORNIS  SAYA.     (BONAP.)    Say's  Phoebe. 

Western  species ;  only  once  recorded  from  New  England ;  casual  in 
Illinois  and  Wisconsin. 

GENUS  CONTOPUS.     CABAN. 

350  (459)     CONTOPUS  BOREALIS.     (S WAINS.)    Olive-sided  Flycatcher. 

North  America ;  breeding  from  Massachusetts,  northward ;  south  in 
winter  to  Central  and  South  America. 

351  (461)     CONTOPUS  VIRENS.     (LINN.)    Wood  Pewee.    Flycatcher. 

Eastern  North  America ;  from  the  plains  to  the  Atlantic,  and  Canada 
to  Florida  and  Mexico ;  breeds  throughout  eastern  United  States  ; 
north  to  Newfoundland. 

GENUS  EMPIDONAX.     CABAN. 

352  (463)     EMPIDONAX  FLAVIVENTRIS.    BAIRD.    Yellow-bellied  Flycatcher. 

Eastern  North  America ;  breeds  from  northern  United  States,  north- 
ward ;  south  in  winter  to  Central  America. 

353  (465)      EMPIDONAX  VIRESCENS.     (VIEILL.)     Acadian  Flycatcher. 

Eastern  United  States ;  from  New  York  and  Connecticut,  southward, 
breeding  as  far  south  as  Florida ;  winters  in  Mexico  and  Central 
America. 

354  EMPIDONAX  TRAILLII  ALNORUM.    BREWSTER.    Alder  Flycatcher. 
Eastern  United  States  ;   from  Illinois  and  Michigan  to  Atlantic ;  breeds 

from    northern   Illinois    and   northern  New  England,    northward ; 
winters  south  to  Central  America. 

355  (467)      EMPIDONAX  MINIMUS.    BAIRD.    Least  Flycatcher. 

Eastern  United  States  ;  from  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  to  Gulf  of  Mexico  ; 
south  in  winter  to  Central  America ;  breeds  from  northern  United 
States,  northward,  usually  north  of  latitude  42°. 

Suborder  OSCINES.     Song  Birds. 

FAMILY   ALAUDID^E.     Larks. 

GENUS   ALAUDA.     LINN. 

356  (473)     ALAUDA  ARVENSIS.    LINN.    European  Skylark. 

Accidental  in  Greenland. 


366  LIST    OF    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 

A.  o.  u.  GENUS   OTOCORIS.     BONAP. 

NO. 

357  (474)     OTOCORIS  ALPESTRIS.     (LINN.)    Horned  Lark.    Shore  Lark. 

"Northeastern  North  America,  Greenland,  and  northern  parts  of  the 
old  world  ;  in  winter,  south ;  in  eastern  United  States  to  the  Caro- 
linas,  Illinois,  etc."  (A.  O.  U.;;  breeds  north  of  United  States, 
Labrador,  Hudson  Bay,  etc. 

358  (4746)    Otocoris  alpestris  pmticola.     HENSH.     Prairie  Horned  Lark. 

The  Mississippi  Valley  form  of  the  Horned  Lark ;  breeds  as  far  east- 
ward as  Massachusetts  and  New  York ;  it  differs  in  having  the 
forehead  and  streak  over  the  eye  white  instead  of  yellow ;  it  is  also 
somewhat  smaller  and  paler. 

FAMILY   CORVID/E.     Crows,  Jays,  and  Magpies. 

Subfamily   GARRULIN/E.     Magpies  and  Jays. 

GENUS   PICA.     BRISS. 

359  (475)     PICA  PICA  HUDSONICA.     (SAB.)    American  Magpie. 

A  western  species ;  stragglers  have  been  recorded  from  Illinois  and 
Montreal,  Canada. 

GENUS   CYANOCITTA.     STRICK. 

360  (477)     CYANOCITTA  CRISTATA.     (LINN.)    Blue  Jay. 

"  Eastern  North  America  to  the  plains  and  from  the  fur  countries  south 
to  Florida  and  eastern  Texas  "  (A.  O.  U.) ;  breeds  nearly  throughout 
its  range. 

361  (477a)   Cyanocitla  cristata  fiorincola.     COUES.     Florida  Blue  Jay. 

Southern  race  of  the  Blue  Jay,  which  occurs  in  Florida  and  along  the 
Gulf  coast ;  it  is  smaller  and  grayer  than  the  northern  Blue  Jay, 
but  otherwise  similar. 

GENUS   APHELOCCMA.     CABAN. 

362  (479)      APHELOCOMA  CYANEA.     (VIEILL.)     Florida  Jay. 

Florida. 

GENUS    PER1SOREUS.     BONAP. 

363  (484)      PERISOREUS  CANADENSIS.     (LiNN.)     Canada  Jay. 

"  Northern  New  York,  northern  New  England,  and  northern  Michigan; 
north  to  Arctic  America."  (A.  O.  U.) 

364  (484c)   Perisoreus  canadensis  nigricapillus.     EIDGW.     Labrador  Jay. 

A  Labrador  race  of  the  Canada  Jay ;  somewhat  darker  and  having  the 
black  of  the  head  often  extending  in  front  of  the  eye ;  the  breast 
is  deep  slate  gray. 


LIST   OF   THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA.  367 

Subfamily   CORVINE.     Crows. 

A.  o.  u.  GENUS   CORVUS.     LINN. 

NO. 

365  (486a)   CORVUS  CORAX   PRINCIPALIS.    RIDGW.     Northern  Raven. 

Northern  North  America;  from  Illinois,  Michigan,  Maine,  etc.,  north- 
ward; accidental  as  far  south  as  North  Carolina. 

366  (488)      CORVUS   AMERICANUS.    AUD.     American  Crow. 

North  America ;  from  Hudson  Bay  to  Gulf  of  Mexico ;  breeds  nearly 
throughout  its  range. 

367  (488«)    Corvus  americanus  pascuiis.     COUKS.     Florida  Crow. 

Florida  race  of  the  Crow,  which  differs  in  having  larger  bill  and  feet. 

368  (490)      CORVUS  OSSIFRAQUS.    WILS.     Fish  Crow. 

Eastern  and  southern  United  States ;  from  Connecticut  to  Louisiana ; 
accidental  in  Massachusetts  ;  abundant  in  Georgia  and  Florida. 

FAMILY   STURNID^E.    Starlings. 

GENUS   STURNUS.     LINN. 

369  (493)      STURNUS  VULGARIS.    LINN.    Starling. 

An  old  world  species  ;  accidental  in  Greenland  ;  some  years  ago  it  was 
introduced  in  New  York,  and  is  now  not  uncommon  in  Central  Park. 

FAMLIY   ICTERID/E.     Blackbirds,  Orioles,  etc. 

GENUS  DOLICHONYX.     SWAINS. 

370  (494)      DOLICHONYX  ORYZIVORUS.     (LiNN.)     Bobolink. 

Ranges  in  eastern  North  America ;  from  Rocky  Mountains  to  the 
Atlantic,  and  from  Ontario  to  Gulf  of  Mexico;  also  occurs  west  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains ;  breeds  north  of  Middle  States  ;  in  winter 
West  Indies  and  South  America. 

GENUS  MOLOTHRUS.     SWAINS. 

371  (495)      MOLOTHRUS   ATER.     (BODD.)     Cowbird. 

United  States  in  general  and  part  of  Canada ;  south  in  winter  to  Mexico ; 
breeds  throughout  its  summer  range  ;  the  female  deposits  her  egg 
in  other  birds'  nests. 

GENUS  XANTHOCEPHALUS.     BONAP. 

372  (497)     XANTHOCEPHALUS  XANTHOCEPHALUS.      (BONAP.)     Yellow-headed 

Blackbird. 

Western  North  America ;  from  Illinois  and  Wisconsin  to  Pacific  coast ; 
accidental  in  eastern  United  States,  New  England,  Florida,  etc. 


368  LIST   OF   THE    BIRDS    OF   EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 

A.NO.U.  GENUS  AQELAIUS.     VIEILL. 

373  (498)      AQELAIUS  PHCEN1CEUS.     (Lixx.)     Red-winged  Blackbird. 

Common  throughout  North  America;  from  about  latitude  52°  to  the 
Gulf  ;  replaced  in  southern  Florida  a»d  Gulf  coast  of  Louisiana  by 
the  following  race. 

374  (4986)   Agelaius  phosniceus  bryanti.    RIDGW.    Bahaman  Red- winged  Blackbird. 

A  small  race,  having  a  more  slender  bill,  which  inhabits  the  Bahaman 
Islands,  southern  Florida,  and  portions  of  the  Gulf  coast  to 
Louisiana ;  the  females  are  not  as  heavily  streaked  on  the  under- 

parts. 

GENUS  STURNELLA.     VIEILL. 

375  (501)     STURNELLA  MAQNA.     (Lixx.)    Meadow=lark. 

1  'Eastern  United  States  and  southern  Canada  to  the  plains;  breeds 
from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  northward."  (A.  O.  U.) 

376  (5016)   Sturnella  magna  neglecta.    (Auo.)    Western  Meadow-lark. 

Western  race  which  occurs  in  Illinois  and  Wisconsin  ;  it  differs  in  having 
the  yellow  of  the  throat  extending  upon  the  cheeks  or  malar  region, 
also  in  having  the  lower  under  tail  coverts  white,  or  nearly  white, 
not  buff  as  in  S.  magna. 

GENUS  ICTERUS.     BRISS. 

377  (502)      ICTERUS  ICTERUS.     (LiXN.)     Troupial. 

South  American  species  ;  recorded  by  Audubon  from  South  Carolina ; 
no  subsequent  records  for  eastern  North  America. 

SUBGEXUS  PENDULINUS.    VIEILL. 

378  (506)     ICTERUS  SPURIUS.    (Lixx.)    Orchard  Oriole. 

Eastern  United  States;  from  northern  New  England,  Michigan,  Illinois, 
and  Dakota,  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico ;  breeds  throughout  its  summer 
range ;  winters  as  far  south  as  northern  South  America. 

SUBMENUS  YPHANTES.    VIEILL. 

379  (507)      ICTERUS  QALBULA.     (Lixx.)     Baltimore  Oriole. 

Eastern  United  States ;  from  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
and  from  Ontario  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico ;  winters  south  to  Mexico 
and  South  America. 

380  (508)     ICTERUS  BULLOCKI.     (SWAIXS.)    Bullock's  Oriole. 

Western  species  ;  only  once  recorded  from  our  Eastern  States  ;  Bangor, 
Me.,  one  record. 

GENUS  SCOLECOPHAGUS.     SWAINS. 

381  (509)      SCOLECOPHAGUS  CAROLINUS.     (MiJLL.)     Rusty  Blackbird. 

Eastern  and  northern  North  America  west  to  the  plains ;  breeds  from 
northern  United  States  north  to  Labrador ;  winters  from  Virginia 
southward. 


LIST    OF   THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA.  369 

A.  o.  ir. 
NO. 

382  (510)      SCOLECOPHAGUS  CYANOCEPHALUS.     (\VAGL.)     Brewer's  Blackbird. 

A  western  species,  which  sometimes  occurs  in  Illinois  ;  stragglers  have 
been  killed  in  South  Carolina  and  Louisiana. 

GENUS  QUISCALUS.     VIEILL. 

383  (511)      QUISCALUS  QUISCULA.     (LINN.)    Purple  Qrackle. 

"Northern  Alabama,  eastern  Tennessee,  and  east  of  the  Alleghanies 
from  Georgia  to  Massachusetts  "  (A.  O.  U.) ;  in  winter  south  to  the 
Gulf. 

384  (51  la)    Quiscalus  quiscula  aglceus.     (BAIRD.)    Florida  Grackle. 

A  smaller  southern  race ;  ranging  from  Virginia  along  the  Atlantic 
coast  and  Gulf  States  to  Texas. 

385  (51  Ib)   Quiscalus  quiscula  ceneus.     (RiDGw.)    Bronzed  Grackle. 

Eastern  North  America ;  west  of  the  Alleghanies ;  New  England  to 
Labrador  and  Hudson  Bay ;  west  to  Rocky  Mountains,  and  south 
to  the  lower  Mississippi  Valley ;  this  Grackle  has  the  back  a  uni- 
form bronze  or  golden-olive,  but  not  the  various  tints  of  blue- 
purple  bronze,  etc.,  as  in  true  quiscula. 

386  (513)      QUISCALUS  MAJOR.     (VIEILL.)    Boat-tailed  Qrackle. 

44  Coast  region  of  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States  ;  from  Virginia  to  Texas." 
(A.  O.  U.) 

FAMILY   FRINGILLID/E.     Finches,  Sparrows,  etc. 

GENUS   COCCOTHRAUSTES.     BRISS. 

387  (514)      COCCOTHRAUSTES  VESPERTINA.     (Coop.)     Evening  Grosbeak. 

Western  species ;  casual  in  eastern  United  States ;  Illinois,  Michigan, 
New  England,  etc. 

GENUS    PINICOLA.     VIEILL. 

388  (515)     PINICOLA   ENUCLEATOR.     (LINN.)     Pine  Grosbeak. 

Northern  North  America ;  breeds  from  northern  New  England  north- 
ward. 

GENUS   CARPODACUS.     KAUP. 

389  (517)     CARPODACUS  PURPUREUS.    (GMEL.)    Purple  Finch. 

' '  Eastern  North  America ;  from  the  Atlantic  coast  to  the  plains ; 
breeds  from  the  Middle  States  northward."  (A.  O.  U.) 

GENUS   PASSER.     LINN. 

390  (  — )      PASSER  DOMESTICUS.     (LiNN.)    English  Sparrow. 

European  species  ;  introduced  into  United  States. 

391  (  —  )      PASSER  MONTANUS.    European  Tree  Sparrow. 

European  species  ;  introduced  into  United  States. 


370  LIST    OF    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 

A.  o.  u.  GENUS    LOXIA.     LINN. 

NO. 

392  (5-21)      LOXIA  CURVIROSTRA   MINOR.     (BREHM.)     American  Crossbill. 

Northern  North  America ;  mainly  north  of  United  States ;  occurs 
irregularly  in  eastern  United  States,  as  far  south  as  Maryland  ; 
accidental  to  South  Carolina. 

393  (522)      LOXIA   LEUCOPTERA.    GMEL.    White-winged  Crossbill. 

"Northern  parts  of  North  America;  south  into  the  United  States  in 
winter ;  breeds  from  northern  New  England  northward."  (A.  O.  U.) 

GENUS   ACANTHIS.     BECHST. 

394  (527)      ACANTHIS  HORNEMANNII.     (HOLE.)     Greenland  Redpoll. 

Northern  Greenland;  breeding  from  69°  to  73°  north  latitude,  and 
eastern  Arctic  America  ;  south  to  Labrador  in  winter."  (RIDGW.) 

395  (527«)  Acanthis  hornemannii  exilipes.     (COUES.)     Hoary  Redpoll. 

A  race  differing  in  smaller  size  ;  length,  less  than  5.35  ;  wing,  less  than 
5.30  ;  it  inhabits  the  far  north,  but  occurs  in  winter  in  the  northern 
United  States ;  casual  in  New  England  and  Illinois. 

396  (528)      ACANTHIS  L1NARIA.     (LiNN.)     Redpoll.     Redpoll  Linnet. 

Northern  species,  which  occurs  in  winter  as  far  south  as  Virginia  and 
Illinois  ;  casual  in  New  England. 

397  (528a)   Acanthis  linaria  holbodlii.      (BREHM.)     Holboell's  Redpoll. 

A  somewhat  larger  bird  than  A.  Unaria,  with  somewhat  longer  bill ; 
wing,  less  than  3.15;  northern  portion  of  both  continents;  casual 
in  eastern  North  America ;  south  in  winter  to  New  York  and 
Massachusetts. 

398  (5286     Acanthis  linaria  rostrata.     (COUES.)     Greater  Redpoll. 

Similar  to  Unaria,  but  slightly  larger,  and  the  bill  stouter ;  wing,  over 
3.15;  southern  Greenland  and  Labrador;  south  to  New  England 
and  Illinois  in  winter. 

399  CARDUEL1S  CARDUEL1S.    LINN.    European  Goldfinch. 
Introduced  in  Massachusetts  and  New  York. 

GENUS    ASTRAGALINUS.     CAB. 

400  (529)      ASTRAGALINUS  TRISTIS.    (LiNN.)    American  Goldfinch.    Yellow  Bird. 

North  America ;  south  of  about  latitude  54°  to  the  Gulf  States ; 
breeding  from  about  latitude  38°  northward. 

401  (532)      ASTRAGALINUS   NOTATUS.     (DuBus.)     Black-headed  Goldfinch. 

Mexican  species ;  recorded  by  Audubon  from  Kentucky. 

402  (533)      ASTRAGALINUS  PINUS.     (WILS.)     Pine  Siskin.     Pine  Finch. 

North  America ;  breeds  from  northern  border  of  United  States,  north- 
ward ;  winters  south  to  Gulf  of  Mexico. 


LIST    OF    THE    BIRDS    OF   EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA.  371 

A  o  u.  GENUS  PASSERINA.     VIEILL. 

NO. 

403  (534)      PASSERINA  NIVALIS.     (LINN.)    Snowflake.    Snow  Bunting. 

Northern  North  America ;  breeds  in  high  latitudes ;  south  in  winter  to 
New  England,  Illinois,  etc.  ;  accidental  as  far  south  as  Florida. 

GENUS  CALCARIUS.     BECHS. 

404  (53G)      CALCARIUS  LAPPONICUS.     (Lira.)     Lapland  Longspur. 

Northern  North  America  ;  breeding  in  the  far  north  ;  south  in  winter  to 
Middle  States ;  common  in  the  interior  to  Kansas  and  Colorado. 

405  (537)      CALCARIUS   PICTUS.     (SWAINS.)    Smith's  Longspur. 

"Interior  of  North  America;  from  the  Arctic  coast  to  Illinois  and 
Texas  ;  breeding  far  north."  (A.  O.  U.) 

406  (538)      CALCARIUS   ORNATUS.     (TOWNS.)     Chestnut-collared  Longspur. 

Western  species ;  accidental  in  Massachusetts  and  New  York. 

GENUS  RHYNCHOPHANES.     BAIRD. 

407  (539)      RHYNCHOPHANES  MCCOWNII.     (LAWK)     McCown's  Longspur. 

Western  species  ;  casual  in  Illinois. 

GENUS  POOC^ETES.     BAIRD. 

408  (540)      POOC/ETES    QRAMINEUS.      (GMEL.)     Vesper    Sparrow.     Bay-winged 

Bunting. 

Eastern  North  America ;  from  the  plains  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ;  breeds 
from  Virginia  to  Ontario. 

GENUS  AMMODRAMUS.     SWAINS. 

439      (541)      AMMODRAMUS  PRINCEPS.     (MAYN.)     Ipswich  Sparrow. 

"  Atlantic  coast  from  Nova  Scotia  ;  south  in  winter  to  Georgia  ;  breeds 
on  Sable  Island,  Nova  Scotia."  (A.  O.  U.) 

410  (542a)    AMMODRAMUS    SANDWICHENSIS    SAVANNA.      (WiLS.)      Savanna 

Sparrow. 

"  Eastern  North  America;  breeding  from  the  northern  United  States  to 
Labrador  and  Hudson  Bay  Territory."  (A.  O.  U.) 

SUBGENUS  COTURNICULUS.    BONAP. 

411  (546)      AMMODRAMUS    SAVANNARUM    PASSERINUS.     (WiLS.)     Grasshop- 

per Sparrow.    Yellow-winged  Sparrow. 

u  Pastern  United  States  and  southern  Canada;  west  to  the  plains; 
south  in  winter  to  Florida,  Cuba,  Porto  Rico,  and  Central  America." 
(A.  O.  U.) 

412  (547)     AMMODRAMUS  HENSLOWII.     (AuD.)     Henslow's  Sparrow. 

"Eastern  United  States;  west  to  the  plains ;  north  to  southern  New 
England  and  Ontario."  (A.  O.  U,) 


372  LIST    OF   THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 

A.  O.  U. 
NO. 

413  (548)      AMMODRAMUS  LECONTEII.     (AuD.)    Leconte's  Sparrow. 

Great  plains  and  more  western  prairies ;  breeding  from  Dakota,  Minne- 
sota, etc.,  to  Manitoba;  migrating  southward  and  eastward  in 
winter  through  Illinois,  Iowa,  Kansas,  etc.,  to  South  Carolina  and 
Gulf  States  to  Florida  and  Texas. 

414  (549)      AMMODRAMUS     CAUDACUTUS.       (GMEL  )       Sharp-tailed     Sparrow. 

Sharp-tailed  Finch. 

Breast,  pale  buff  with  distinct  dark  streaks ;  breeds  on  salt  marshes  of 
the  Atlantic  coast  from  New  England  to  Maryland  ;  south  in  winter 
to  the  Gulf  States. 

415  (549a)   AMMODRAMUS  NELSONI.    ALLEN.    Nelson's  Sparrow. 

"Fresh  water  marshes  of  the  interior;  from  northern  Illinois,  north- 
ward to  North  Dakota  and  Manitoba ;  south  in  winter  to  Texas ; 
in  migrations,  visits  Atlantic  coast  (New  England  and  Lower 
Hudson  Valley)  to  Charleston,  S.  C."  (A.  O.  U.) 

416  (5496)  Ammodramus    nelsoni   subvirgatus.     (DWIGHT.)     Acadian    Sharp-tailed 

Sparrow. 

Breast  and  sides,  pale  buff,  not  tawny  or  ochraceous  buff  as  in  nelsoni. 
"Coast   of    southern    New    Brunswick,    Prince    Edward    Island    (and 

probably   Nova    Scotia),  and    southward   in   migration   to    South 

Carolina."     (A.  O.  U.) 

417  (550)      AMMODRAMUS  MAR1TIMUS.   (WiLS.)  Seaside  Sparrow.  Seaside  Finch. 

"Salt  marshes  of  Atlantic  coast;  from  Connecticut  southward  to 
Georgia;  accidental  in  Massachusetts."  (A.  O.  U.) 

418  (550a)  Ammodramus  maritimus  peninsulce.     ALLEN.     Scott's  Seaside  Sparrow. 

A  dark  race  of  maritimus  which  occurs  from  South  Carolina  to  the 

northeast  and  northwest  coast  of  Florida. 
418a  Ammodramus  maritimus  fisheri.    CHAPMAN.    Louisiana  Seaside  Sparrow. 

Coast  of  Louisiana  to  Texas. 
4186  Ammodramus  maritimus  macgillivraii.     (Auo.)     Macgillivray's  Seaside 

Sparrow. 
Coast  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia. 

419  (551)      AMMODRAMUS  NIQRESCENS.    RIDGW.     Dusky  Seaside  Sparrow. 

Head  of  Indian  River  and  Salt  Lake  ;  eastern  Florida. 

GENUS   CHONDESTES.     SWAINS. 

420  (552)      CHONDESTES  QRAMMACUS.     (SAY.)     Lark  Sparrow.     Lark  Finch. 

From  Illinois  and  Michigan  westward  to  the  plains ;  not  common  on 
Atlantic  coast. 

GENUS   ZONOTRICHIA.      SWAINS. 

421  (553)     ZONOTRICHIA  QUERULA.     (NUTT.)    Harris's  Sparrow. 

Middle  United  States  ;  Illinois  to  Kansas,  and  casually  to  Oregon  ;  no. 
New  England  record, 


LIST   OF   THE    BIRDS    OF   EASTERN   NORTH   AMERICA.  373 

A.  O.  U. 
NO. 

422  (554)     ZONOTRICHIA  LEUCOPHRYS.     (FORST.)    White-crowned  Sparrow. 

"North  America  at  large;  breeding  chiefly  in  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  northeast  to  Labrador ;  south  in  winter  to 
the  Valley  of  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.) 

423  (558)     ZONOTRICHIA  ALBICOLLIS.     (G\iEL.)    White-throated  Sparrow. 

Eastern  North  America ;  from  the  plains  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean ;  north 
to  Labrador,  and  south  to  the  Carolinas,  and  casually  to  Florida ; 
breeds  from  northern  New  England  and  New  York  northward. 

GENUS   SPIZELLA.     BONAP. 

424  (559)     SPIZELLA  MONTICOLA.     (GMEL.)    Tree  Sparrow. 

Eastern  North  America ;  from  Arctic  Ocean  to  the  Carolinas ;  breeds 
north  of  United  States. 

425  (560)     SPIZELLA  SOCIALIS.     (WILS.)    Chipping  Sparrow. 

Eastern  North  America  ;  from  Rocky  Mountains  north  to  fur  countries, 
and  south  to  the  Gulf ;  breeds  nearly  throughout  its  range. 

426  (561)     SPIZELLA  PALLIDA.    ( SWAINS.)    Clay-colored  Sparrow. 

Middle  North  America ;  from  Illinois  to  Rocky  Mountains ;  breeds 
from  Iowa  northward ;  accidental  on  Atlantic  coast  (North 
Carolina) . 

427  (562)     SPIZELLA  BREWERI.    CASS.    Brewer's  Sparrow. 

Western  species  ;  once  taken  in  Massachusetts. 

428  (563)     SPIZELLA  PUSILLA.     (WILS.)     Field  Sparrow. 

Eastern  United  States ;  from  the  plains  to  the  Atlantic ;  breeds  from 
the  Carolinas  and  Illinois  north  to  Canada. 

429  (563a)  Spizella  pusilla  arenacea.     CHADB.     Western  Field  Sparrow. 

This  race  is  of  accidental  occurrence  in  southern  Louisiana. 

GENUS   JUNCO.     WAGL. 

430  (567)     JUNCO  HYEMALIS.     (LINN.)    Slate-colored  Junco.    Snowbird. 

New  England,  Florida,  and  Illinois. 

43 1  Junco  hyetnalis  slmfeldti.     COALE.     Shufeldt's  Junco. 

Western  race ;  accidental  in  Massachusetts,  Illinois,  and  Maryland ;  it 
is  browner  on  the  back,  and  the  sides  are  vinaceous  brown. 

432  (5671)  Junco  liyemalis  carolinensis.     BREWST.     Carolina  Junco. 

Rather  larger  than  Jiyemalis;  the  back  and  breast  slate  color;  not  tinged 
with  brown  ;  Alleghany  Mountains,  from  Virginia  to  the  Carolinas. 

433  ( — )     JUNCO  MONTANUS.    RIDGW.    Montana  Junco. 

Northwestern  species ;  ranging  as  far  east  as  Illinois,  and  stragglers 
reaching  the  Atlantic  coast. 

GENUS  PEUCyEA.     AUD. 

434  (575)     PEUC/EA  /CSTIVALIS.     (LIGHT.)    Pine-woods  Sparrow. 

Southern  Georgia  and  Florida, 


374  LIST   OF   THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


A.  O.  U. 

NO. 


435  (575a)   Peuccea  (estivalis  bachmanii.     (AuD.)     Bachman's  Sparrow. 

Coast  States  ;  from  the  Carolinas  to  Texas  ;  north  to  Illinois  in  summer  ; 
it  is  a  darker  bird  than  cestivalis,  the  back  being  dark  rufous  brown, 
not  light  chestnut. 

GENUS  MELOSPIZA.     BAIRD. 

436  (581)     MELOSPIZA  FASCIATA.     (GMEL.)    Song  Sparrow. 

"  Eastern  United  States  to  the  plains  ;  breeding  from  Virginia  and  the 
southern  portion  of  the  Lake  States  northward  to  the  fur  countries." 
(A.  O.  U.) 

437  (583)     MELOSPIZA  LINCOLNI.     (AuD.)     Lincoln's  Sparrow. 

Throughout  North  America ;  breeds  from  northern  border  of  United 
States  northward ;  south  in  winter  to  Central  America. 

438  (584)      MELOSPIZA  QEORGIANA.     (LATH.)     Swamp  Sparrow. 

Whole  of  eastern  North  America ;  from  Labrador  and  Newfoundland  to 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico;  breeds  from  the  northern  States  northward. 

GENUS  PASSERELLA.     SWAINS. 

439  (585)     PASSERELLA  ILIACA.     (\!ERR.)     Fox  Sparrow. 

Eastern  North  America ;  from  the  Arctic  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  west 
to  the  plains  ;  breeds  north  of  the  United  States. 

GENUS  PIPILO.     VIEILL. 

440  (587)      PIPILO  ERYTHROPHTHALMUS.     (LiNN.)     Towhee. 

Eastern  United  States  ;  from  Canada  to  Georgia ;  breeds  from  Georgia 
northward  ;  common  in  New  England. 

441  (587a)  Pipilo  erytliroplitlialmus  alleni.     COUES.     White-eyed  Towhee. 

Florida  race,  which  occurs  as  far  north  as  South  Carolina ;  it  differs  in 
having  the  iris  white  or  yellowish,  and  only  the  two  outer  tail  feath- 
ers are  marked  with  white. 

GENUS  CARDINALIS.     BONAP. 

442  (593)      CARDINALIS  CARDINALIS.     (LiNN.)     Cardinal.    Cardinal  Grosbeak. 

Eastern    United    States;    from    New   England  (casual)  to  the  Gulf  of 

Mexico. 

442a  (593d)   Cardinalis  cardinalis  floridarms.     RIDGW.     Florida  Cardinal. 
Local  race  ;  resident  in  Florida. 

GENUS  HABIA.     REICH. 

443  (595)      HABIA  LUDOVICIANA.     (LiNN.)     Rose-breasted  Grosbeak. 

Eastern  United  States ;  from  the  plains  and  from  Canada  to  Central 
America  ;  breeding  from  Carolinas  northward. 

444  (596)      HABIA  MELANOCEPHALA.     (SWAINS.)     Black-headed  Grosbeak. 

A  western  species,  which  has  been  taken  in  Michigan- 


LIST    OF    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA.  375 

*•£*•  GENUS  GUIRACA.     SWAINS. 

445  (5(J7)     GUIRACA  C/ERULEA.     (LiNN.)    Blue  Grosbeak. 

Eastern  United  States;  from  Illinois  and  New  England  (not  common) 
to  the  Gulf  and  Cuba. 

GENUS  CYANOSPIZA.     BAIRD. 

446  (598)     CYANOSPIZA  CYANEA.     (LiNN.)    Indigo  Bunting. 

Eastern  United  States ;  from  the  Canadian  border  to  the  Gulf  and 
Central  America. 

447  (600)     CYANOSPIZA  VERSICOLOR.     (BONAP.)     Varied  Bunting. 

Western  species,  which  has  been  taken  in  Michigan. 

448  (601)     CYANOSPIZA   CIRIS.     (LINN.)    Painted  Bunting. 

Eastern  United  States  ;  from  Illinois  and  North  Carolina  south  to  the 
Gulf,  and  in  winter  to  Central  America. 

GENUS  EUETHEIA.     REICH. 

449  (603)     EUETHEIA    BICOLOR.     (LiNN.)    Grassquit.    Black-faced  Finch. 

West  Indian  species  ;  recorded  from  Florida  Keys. 

450  (6031)    EUETHEIA  CANORA.     (GMEL.)     Melodious  Grassquit.    Cuban  Finch. 

Cuban  species  ;  recorded  from  Florida  Keys. 

GENUS   SPIZA.     BONAP. 

451  (604)     SPIZA  AMERICANA.     (GMEL.)     Dickcissel.     Black-throated  Bunting. 

Eastern  United  States  ;  from  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Alleghanies  ;  and 
casual,  or  accidental  to  New  England  ;  breeding  from  Texas  to  the 
Canadian  border ;  south  in  winter  to  Central  and  South  America. 

GENUS   CALAMOSPIZA.     BONAP. 

452  (605)     CALAMOSPIZA  MELANOCORYS.    STEJN.    Lark  Bunting. 

Western  species ;  recorded  from  Massachusetts  and  Long  Island. 

FAMILY  TANAQRID/E.    Tanagers. 

GENUS   PI  RANG  A.     VIEILL. 

453  (607)     PIRANGA  LUDOVICIANA.     (WiLS.)     Louisiana  Tanager. 

Western  species ;  recorded  from  Massachusetts  and  New  York. 

454  (608)     PIRANGA   ERYTHROMELAS.    VIEILL.    Scarlet  Tanager. 

Eastern  United  States ;  from  the  plains  to  the  Atlantic,  and  Ontario  to 
the  West  Indies,  and  South  America ;  breeds  from  Illinois  and 
Virginia  northward. 

455  (610)     PIRANGA  RUBRA.     (LiNN.)    Summer  Tanager. 

Eastern  United  States ;  but  more  southerly  in  its  range  than  the  Scar- 
let  Tanager;  rarely  reaching  southern  New  England,  although 
stragglers  occur  as  far  north  as  New  Brunswick  ;  breeds  in  Virginia 
(and  occasionally  still  further  north)  to  Florida. 


376  LIST    OF    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 

FAMILY   HIRUNDINID/E.    Swallows. 

A.  o.  u.  GENUS    PROQNE.     BOIE. 

NO. 

456  (611)     PROQNE  SUBIS.     (LiNN.)    Purple  Martin. 

Eastern  North  America ;  from  Ontario  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico ;  south  in 
winter  to  South  America. 

457  (6111)    PROQNE  CRYPTOLEUCA.    BAIKD.    Cuban  Martin. 

Cuban  species  ;  casual  in  southern  Florida. 

GENUS    PETROCHELIDON.     CABAN. 

458  (612)      PETROCHELIDON   LUNIFRONS.     (SAY.)    Cliff  Swallow. 

North  America ;  from  the  Arctic  Ocean  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  in 
winter  to  South  America. 

459  (  — )      PETROCHELIDON   FULVA.     (VIEILL.)    Cuban  Cliff  Swallow. 

West  Indian  species  ;  accidental  at  Dry  Tortugas,  Fla. 

GENUS  CALLICHELIDON.     BAIRD. 

460  (  — )     CALLICHELIDON  CYANEOVIR1D1S.     (BRYANT.)    Bahaman  Swallow. 

Bahaman  species ;  accidental  at  Dry  Tortugas,  Fla. 

GENUS   HIRUNDO.      (LINN.) 

461  (613)      HIRUNDO  ERYTHROGASTER.    BODD.    Barn  Swallow. 

North  America ;  breeding  from  the  fur  countries  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico ; 
south  in  winter  in  the  West  Indies  and  South  America. 

GENUS  TACHYCINETA.     CABAN. 

462  (614)     TACHYCINETA    BICOLOR.     (VIEILL.)    Tree  Swallow.     White-bellied 

Swallow. 

Throughout  North  America  ;  from  Labrador  to  the  Gulf ;  breeds  nearly 
throughout  its  range ;  winters  from  Middle  States  to  West  Indies 
and  Central  America. 

GENUS   CLIVICOLA.     FORSTER. 

463  (616)     CLIVICOLA  R1PARIA.    (LINN.)    Bank  Swallow. 

North  America  in  general ;  ranges  in  the  eastern  portion,  from  Labra- 
dor to  the  Gulf,  and  northern  South  America ;  breeds  from  Middle 
States  northward. 

GENUS   STELGIDOPTERYX.     BAIRD. 

464  (617)     STELGIDOPTERYX  SERR1PENNIS.     (AuD.)    Rough-winged  Swallow. 

United  States ;  from  British  Columbia  to  Mexico ;  breeds  in  United 
States  throughout  its  range. 


LIST   OF    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA.  377 

FAMILY  AMPELID^E.     Waxwings. 

A.  o.  u.  GENUS   AMPELIS.     LINN. 

NO. 

465  (618)     AMPELIS  GARRULUS.    LINN.    Bohemian  Waxwing. 

Northern  North  America ;  breeding  north  of  United  States  ;  casual  in 
winter  as  far  south  as  Illinois  ;  recorded  from  Pennsylvania. 

466  (619)     AMPELIS    CEDRORUM.      (VIEILL.)     Cedar     Waxwing.     Cedar    Bird. 

Cherry  Bird. 

Throughout  North  America ;  from  Hudson  Bay  to  the  Gulf  and  West 
Indias  in  winter ;  breeds  from  about  latitude  of  Alleghanies  north- 
ward ;  a  familiar  New  England  bird,  usually  seen  in  flocks. 

FAMILY   LANDII^E.    Shrikes. 

GENUS    LANIUS.     LINN. 

467  (621)      LANIUS  BOREALIS.    VIEILL.    Northern  Shrike.    Butcher  Bird. 

Northern  North  America ;  ranging  in  winter  south  to  Virginia,  Illinois, 
Kansas,  etc. ;  not  uncommon  in  New  England ;  breeds  north  of 
United  States ;  known  as  Butcher  Bird  on  account  of  habit  of 
impaling  small  birds  on  thorns. 

468  (622)      LANIUS  LUDOVICIANUS.    LINN.     Loggerhead  Shrike. 

Eastern  United  States ;  from  the  plains  to  the  Atlantic,  and  from 
Canada  through  the  interior,  including  western  New  England,  to 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico ;  rare  or  casual  north  of  Virginia  on  the  coast. 

FAMILY  VIREONID^E.    Vireos. 

GENUS   VIREO.     VIEILL. 
SUBGENUS  VIREOSYLVIA.    BONAP. 

469  (623)     VIREO  CALIDRIS  BARBATULUS.     (CAB.)    Black-whiskered  Vireo. 

West  Indian  species  ;  accidental  in  southern  Florida. 

470  (624)     VIREO  OLIVACEUS.    (LiNN.)    Red-eyed  Vireo. 

Eastern  North  America ;  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Atlantic ; 
north  to  the  Arctic  regions,  and  south  to  northern  South  America  ; 
breeds  nearly  throughout  its  North  American  range ;  common  in 
New  England. 

SUBGENUS  LANIVIREO,    BAIRD. 

471  (625)     VIREO  FLAVOVIRIDIS.     (CASS.)    Yellow-green  Vireo. 

Mexican  species  ;  once  recorded  from  Province  of  Quebec. 

472  (626)     VIREO  PHILADELPHICUS.    (CASS.)    Philadelphia  Vireo. 

Eastern  North  America ;  from  Hudson  Bay  to  the  Gulf ;  breeds  from 
northern  New  England  northward. 


378  LIST    OF    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 

A.  O.  U. 

NO. 

473  (627)     VIREO  GILVUS.     (VIEILL.)    Warbling  Vireo. 

Throughout  North  America  ;  breeding  nearly  throughout  its  range. 

474  (628)     VIREO  FLAVIFRONS.    VIEILL.    Yellow-throated  Vireo. 

Eastern  United  States  ;  from  the  British  Provinces  to  Florida ;  breeds 
throughout  its  range. 

475  (629)     VIREO  SOLITARIUS.     (WiLS.)    Blue-headed  Vireo. 

Eastern  United  States ;  from  Hudson  Bay  to  the  Gulf  and  Central 
America  in  winter ;  breeds  from  southern  New  England  and 
Illinois  northward. 

476  (6296)    Vireo  solitarius  plumbeus.     (COUES.)     Plumbeous  Vireo. 

Western  species ;  one  record  in  New  York  State ;  its  occurrence  is 
purely  accidental  east  of  the  Mississippi. 

477  (629c)    Vireo  solitarius  alticola.    BREWST.    Mountain  Solitary  Vireo. 

Differs  mainly  in  having  a  larger  bill  and  slate-blue  back ;  ranges 
from  the  Alleghanies  in  the  Carolinas  ;  south  in  winter  to  Florida. 

SUBGENUS  VIREO.    VIEILL. 

478  (631)     VIREO  NOVEBORACENSIS.    (GMEL.)    White-eyed  Vireo. 

Eastern  United  States ;  from  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  coast,  and  from 
southern  New  England  and  Michigan  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ;  breeds 
throughout  its  United  States  range. 

479  (631cf)   VIREO  NOVEBORACENSIS  MAYNARDI.    BREWST.    Key  West  Vireo. 

A  rather  small,  pale  race,  which  is  resident  in  southern  Florida. 

480  (633)     VIREO  BELLII.     (AuD.)    Bell's  Vireo. 

Western  species  which  occurs  in  the  northern  Mississippi  Valley,  Illinois, 
and  Indiana,  southwest  to  Mexico. 

FAMILY  COEREBID/E.    Honey  Creepers. 

GENUS  CCEREBA.     VIEILL. 

481  (635)     CCEREBA  BAHAMENSIS.     (REICH.)     Bahama  Honey  Creeper. 

Bahaman  species  ;  stragglers  have  been  taken  on  the  Florida  Keys. 

FAMILY  MNIOTILTID^E.    Wood  Warblers. 

GENUS  MNIOTILTA.     VIEILL. 

482  (636)      MNIOTILTA  VARIA.     (LiNN.)     Black  and  White  Warbler. 

Eastern  United  States;  south  to  West  Indies  and  northern  South 
America  ;  breeds  north  of  Virginia. 

GENUS  PROTONOTARIA.     BAIRD. 

483  (637)      PROTONOTARIA  CITREA.     (BODD.)    Prothonotary  Warbler. 

Eastern  United  States ;  from  Illinois,  Michigan,  and  New  England  to 
the  Gulf,  and  in  winter  to  South  America ;  breeds  throughout  its 
range. 


LIST    OF    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA.  379 

A.  o.  u.  GENUS  HELINAIA.     AUDUBON. 

NO. 

484  (638)      HELINAIA  SWAINSONII.    AUD.     Swainson's  Warbler. 

Southeastern  United  States ;  from  Virginia  to  Texas ;  accidental  in 
Illinois. 

GENUS  HELMITHERUS.     RAFINESQUE. 

485  (039)      HELMITHERUS  VERMIVORUS.     (GMEL.)    Worm-eating  Warbler. 

Eastern  United  States  ;  from  southern  New  England  to  the  Gulf  ;  south 
in  winter  to  South  America. 

GENUS  HELMINTHOPHILA.     RIDGW. 

486  (640)      HELMINTHOPHILA  BACHMANI.     (AuD.)     Bachman's  Warbler. 

Cuba  and  Florida,  north ;  casually  as  far  as  Virginia,  and  west  to 
Louisiana. 

487  (641)      HELMINTHOPHILA  PINUS.     (LiNN.)     Blue-winged  Warbler. 

Eastern  United  States  ;  from  southern  New  England  to  the  Gulf ;  south 
in  winter  to  Mexico. 

488  (642)      HELMINTHOPHILA  CHRYSOPTERA.    (LiNN.)   Golden-winged  Warbler. 

Eastern  United  States ;  Minnesota  and  southwestern  Ontario  to  South 
America ;  breeds  from  New  Jersey  and  Indiana,  northward,  and  in 
the  Alleghanies  to  South  Carolina. 

489  HELMINTHOPHILA   LAWRENCEI.     (HERRICK.)     Lawrence's  Warbler. 
New  Jersey,  Connecticut,  etc. ;  probably  a  hybrid  between  H.  pinus 

and  H.  cJirysoptera. 

490  HELMINTHOPHILA    LEUCOBRONCHIALIS.       (BREWST.)      Brewster's 

Warbler. 

Southern  New  England,  Michigan,  etc. ;  probably  a  hybrid  between  H. 
pinus  and  H.  chrysoptera. 

491  (645)      HELMINTHOPHILA   RUFICAP1LLA.     (WiLS.)     Nashville  Warbler. 

Eastern  United  States  ;  from  the  plains  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  from 
British  North  America  to  Mexico ;  breeds  from  northern  United 
States,  northward. 

492  (646)      HELMINTHOPHILA  CELATA.    (SAY.)    Orange-crowned  Warbler. 

Eastern  North  America ;  from  the  sub-arctic  regions  to  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico ;  rare  east  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  north  of  Virginia  ; 
breeds  north  of  the  United  States,  except  in  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

493  (647)      HELMINTHOPHILA  PEREQRINA.    (WILS.)    Tennessee  Warbler. 

Eastern  North  America  ;  from  Hudson  Bay  to  Central  America  ;  breeds 
from  northern  New  England  northward. 

494  (648)      COMPSOTHLYPIS  AMERICANA.     (LiNN.)    Parula  Warbler. 

"  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States,  east  of  Texas;  northward,  near  the 
Atlantic  coast  to  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  in  the  interior  to 
Mt.  Carmel,  111."  (BREWSTER.) 


380  LIST    OF    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 

A.  O.  U. 

NO. 

494a  (648a)  Compsothlypis  americana  usnece.  BREWST-  Northern  Parula  Warbler. 
"Averaging  slightly  larger,  but  with  a  shorter  bill;  adult  male,  with 
less  yellow  on  the  underparts  and  more  black  or  blackish  on  the 
lores  and  malar  region ;  the  dark  collar  across  the  jugulum,  black 
or  blackish,  broad  and  conspicuous ;  the  chest  mottled  or  spotted 
with  rich  brownish  chestnut ;  breeding  range,  New  England,  New 
York,  and  westward,  along  the  northern  tier  of  States,  northward, 
into  the  Maritime  Provinces  and  Canada."  (BREWSTER.) 

495  (650)      DENDROICA  TIQRINA.     (GMEL.)    Cape  May  Warbler. 

Eastern  North  America ;  from  Hudson  Bay  to  the  Gulf  States  and  the 
West  Indies  ;  breeds  from  northern  New  England  northward. 

496  (652)     DENDROICA  /ESTIVA.     (GMEL.)    Yellow  Warbler. 

Throughout  North  America,  except  southwestern  portion,  where  it  is 
replaced  by  an  allied  form ;  south  in  winter  to  northern  South 
America. 

497  (654)      DENDROICA  C/ERULESCENS.     (GMEL.)    Black-throated  Blue  Warbler. 

Eastern  North  America ;  from  Labrador  to  the  West  Indies  and  Central 

America ;  breeds  from  northern  New  England  northward. 
497a   (  —  )     Dendroica  ccerulescens  cairnsi.     COUES.     Cairn's  Warbler. 

A  local  race,  resident  in  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  but  occurring  in 
southeastern  Atlantic  States ;  differs  in  having  the  back  darker, 
sometimes  almost  wholly  black,  and  more  white  on  the  outer  tail 
feathers. 

498  (655)      DENDROICA    CORONATA.     (LiNN.)     Yellow-rumped  Warbler.    Myrtle 

Warbler. 

Eastern  North  America,  and  casual  to  the  Pacific ;  winters  from  south- 
ern New  England  to  Central  America ;  breeds  from  northern  United 
States  northward. 

499  (656)      DENDROICA  AUDUBONI.     (TOWNS.)    Audubon's  Warbler. 

A  western  species  ;  stragglers  have  been  taken  in  Massachusetts  and 
Pennsylvania. 

500  (657)      DENDROICA    MACULOSA.     (GMEL.)    Magnolia    Warbler.      Black    and 

Yellow  Warbler. 

Eastern  North  America ;  from  British  Columbia  to  the  West  Indies ; 
breeds  from  northern  New  England  northward. 

501  (658)      DENDROICA  RARA.    (WiLS.)    Cerulean  Warbler. 

Eastern  United  States ;  from  Ontario  to  the  Gulf ;  rare  east  of  the 
Alleghanies  ;  breeds  from  Virginia  and  Tennessee  to  Minnesota. 

502  (659)      DENDROICA  PENNSYLVANIA.     (LINN.)    Chestnut-sided  Warbler. 

Eastern  North  America ;  from  southern  Ontario  to  Central  America  and 
Bahamas ;  breeds  from  Illinois  and  New  York  northward. 

503  (660)      DENDROICA  CASTANEA.     (WiLS.)    Bay-breasted  Warbler. 

Eastern  North  America  ;  breeding  from  Hudson  Bay  to  New  England  ; 
south  in  winter  to  Central  America. 


LIST   OF   THE    BIRDS   OF   EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA.  381 

A.  o.  u. 

NO. 

504  (661)      DENDROICA  STRIATA.     (FoRST.)     Black-poll  Warbler. 

Eastern  North  America ;  breeding  from  Labrador  and  Greenland  to 
northern  New  England  ;  south  in  winter  to  northern  South  America. 

505  (662)      DENDROICA   BLACKBURN >E.     (GMEL.)    Blackburnian  Warbler. 

Eastern  North  America ;  breeding  from  Massachusetts  to  Labrador ; 
south  in  winter  to  South  America. 

506  (663)     DENDROICA   DOMINICA.     (LiNN.)    Yellow-throated  Warbler. 

Southeastern  United  States ;  from  Virginia  to  West  Indies. 

507  (663a)  Dendroica  dominica  albilora.     BAIRD.     Sycamore  Warbler. 

A  western  form  which  occurs  in  Mississippi  Valley  westward ;  acci- 
dental or  casual  to  North  Carolina ;  differs  in  having  the  stripe  in 
front  of  the  eye  white  instead  of  yellow. 

508  (667)     DENDROICA  VIRENS.     (GMEL.)    Black-throated  Green  Warbler. 

Eastern  North  America  ;  from  Hudson  Bay  to  the  West  Indies  ;  breeds 
southern  New  England  and  Illinois  northward. 

509  (668)     DENDROICA  TOWNSENDI.     (NUTT.)    Townsend's  Warbler. 

A  western  species ;  one  record  from  Pennsylvania. 

510  (670)      DENDROICA   KIRTLANDI.     BAIRD.    Kirtland's  Warbler. 

Eastern  United  Slates  and  Bahamas  ;  little  known  as  to  its  range  ;  speci- 
mens have  been  taken  in  Florida,  South  Carolina,  Virginia,  Illinois, 
Minnesota,  etc. ;  not  uncommon  in  the  Bahama  Islands  in  winter. 

511  (671)     DENDROICA  VIGORSII.     (Auu.)     Pine  Warbler. 

Eastern  United  States ;  from  Manitoba  and  Ontario  to  the  Gulf  and 
West  Indies  ;  breeds  locally  throughout  its  range. 

512  (672)     DENDROICA  PALMARUM.    (GMEL.)    Palm  Warbler.     Redpoll  Warbler. 

British  America  to  the  Gulf  States  and  West  Indies;  mostly  in  the 
interior,  but  casual  in  New  England  and  Atlantic  coast  States. 

513  (672a)  Dendroica  palmarum  hypoclirysea.     RIDGW.    Yellow  Palm  Warbler. 

Atlantic  States;  from  Hudson  Bay  to  Gulf;  common  in  Florida;  in 
winter  differs  from  palmarum,  in  having  the  underparts  yellow,  not 
white,  or  yellowish  white. 

514  (673)     DENDROICA   DISCOLOR.     (VIEILL.)    Prairie  Warbler. 

Eastern  United  States ;  from  Michigan  and  New  England  to  Florida 
and  West  Indies  ;  breeds  throughout  its  eastern  United  States  range. 

GENUS   SEIURUS.     SWAINS. 

515  (674)     SEIURUS  AUROCAPILLUS.    (LiNN.)    Oven-bird. 

Eastern  North  America ;  breeding  from  Virginia  to  Labrador ;  winters 
in  Florida,  West  Indies,  and  Central  America. 

516  (675)     SEIURUS  NOVEBORACENSIS.     (GMEL.)     Water-thrush. 

Great  part  of  eastern  North  America;  breeds  from  northern  New 
England  northward ;  winters  south  to  South  America. 


382  LIST   OF    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 

A.  O.  U. 
NO. 

517  (675a)    Seiurus  noveboracensis  notabilis.     (GRINN.)     Grinnell's  Water-thrush. 

Illinois,  westward ;  occasionally  east  to  Virginia  and  New  Jersey ; 
differs  in  being  larger  and  the  superciliary  stripe  whiter. 

518  (676)      SEIURUS   MOTACILLA.     (VIEILL.)     Louisiana  Water-thrush. 

Eastern  United  States ;  from  southern  New  England  to  West  Indies 
and  Central  America. 

GENUS   QEOTHLYPIS.     CABAN. 

519  (677)     QEOTHLYPIS  FORMOSA.     (WiLS.)     Kentucky  Warbler. 

Eastern  United  States ;  from  southern  New  England  to  the  Gulf  States 
and  West  Indies,  and  Central  America  in  winter ;  breeds  nearly 
throughout  its  United  States  range. 

520  (678)     QEOTHLYPIS  AQIL1S.     (WiLS.)    Connecticut  Warbler. 

Eastern  North  America;  south  in  winter  to  South  America;  breeds 
north  of  United  States. 

521  (679)     QEOTHLYPIS  PHILADELPHIA.     (WiLS.)    Mourning  Warbler. 

Eastern  North  America ;  breeding  from  New  England  and  Michigan, 
northward ;  South  and  Central  America  in  winter. 

522  (681)     QEOTHLYPIS  TRICHAS.     (LiNN.)    Maryland  Yellow -throat. 

Eastern  United  States ;  from  Labrador  to  the  Gulf  States,  West  Indies, 
and  Central  America  in  winter ;  breeds  from  Georgia  to  Massa- 
chusetts. 

523  (  —  )      Geoihlypis  trichas  ignota.     CHAPMAN.     Florida  Yellow-throat. 

Southern  race,  which  is  resident  in  southern  Georgia  and  Florida ;  it 
differs  in  being  deeper  yellow  below,  the  black  mask  of  the  male 
wider,  and  the  upper  parts  browner. 

GENUS  ICTERIA.     VIEILL. 

524  (683)     ICTERIA  VIRENS.     (LINN.)    Yellow-breasted  Chat. 

Eastern  United  States ;  from  Ontario  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  winter ; 
breeds  from  southern  New  England -northward. 

GENUS   WILSONIA.     BONAP. 

525  (684)     SYLVANIA  MITRATA.    (GMEL.)    Hooded  Warbler. 

Eastern  United  States ;  from  southern  Ontario  to  the  Gulf  States,  and 
west  to  plains ;  breeds  nearly  throughout  its  range ;  West  Indies 
and  Central  America  in  winter. 

526  (685)     WILSONIA  PUSILLA.     (WILS.)    Wilson's  Warbler. 

Eastern  North  America ;  from  Rocky  Mountains  to  Atlantic  Ocean  and 
Labrador,  and  Hudson  Bay  to  Mexico;  breeds  from  border  of 
United  States  northward. 


LIST   OF    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA.  383 

A.  O.  U. 
NO. 

527  (686)      WILSONIA  CANADENSIS.     (Lmx.)     Canadian  Warbler. 

Eastern  North  America ;  from  the  great  plains  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
and  Labrador  to  Central  America ;  breeds  from  the  mountains  of 
southern  New  England  and  the  Alleghanies  northward. 

GENUS   SETOPHAGA.     SWAINS. 

528  (687)     SETOPHAGA   RUTICILLA.     (LiNN.)     American  Redstart. 

North  America ;  breeds  from  about  latitude  of  North  Carolina  north- 
ward ;  south  in  winter  to  southern  South  America. 


FAMILY   MOTACILLID^E.     Wagtails. 

GENUS   MOTACILLA.     LINN. 

529  (694)     MOTACILLA  ALBA.    (LiNN.)    White  Wagtail. 

Old  world  species  ;  accidental  in  Greenland. 

GENUS   ANTHUS.     BECHS. 

530  (697)      ANTHUS  PENNSYLVANICUS.    (LATH.)    Titlark.    American  Pipit. 

Whole  of  North  America  ;  breeds  from  Labrador  northward  ;  south  in 
winter  to  Gulf  States  and  Central  America. 

531  (698)      ANTHUS  PRATENSIS.     (LiNN.)    Meadow  Pipit. 

European  species  ;  accidental  in  Greenland. 

532  (700)     ANTHUS  SPRAQUEII.     (AuD.)    Sprague's  Pipit. 

Western  species;  Charleston,  S.  C.,  one  record. 

FAMILY  TROGLODYTID/E.     Wrens,  Thrashers,  etc. 

Subfamily   MIMIN/E.     Thrashers 

GENUS   MIMUS.     BOIE. 

533  (703)     MIMUS  POLYGLOTTOS.    (LiNN.)    Mockingbird. 

"  United  States  ;  south  into  Mexico  ;  rare  and  of  irregular  distribution ; 
from  Maryland  northward  to  Massachusetts."  (A.  O.  U.) 

GENUS   GALEOSCOPTES.     CABAN. 

534  (704)     GALEOSCOPTES  CAROLINENSIS.     (LiNN.)    Catbird. 

Eastern  United  States  and  British  Provinces  ;  breeds  nearly  throughout 
its  North  American  range ;  winters  in  the  Gulf  States,  Cuba,  and 
Central  America. 

GENUS   HARPORHYNCHUS.     CABAN. 

535  (705)      HARPORHYNCHUS  RUFUS.   (LiNN.)   Brown  Thrasher.    Brown  Thrush. 

Eastern  United  States  and  Ontario  to  the  Gulf  States ;  breeds  nearly 
throughout  its  range. 


384  LIST    OF   THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 

Subfamily   TROGLODYTIN^E.     Wrens. 

A.JXU.  GENUS   THRYOTHORUS.     VIEILL. 


536  (718)      THRYOTHORUS   LUDOVICIANUS.     (LATH.^    Carolina  Wren. 

Eastern  United  States  ;  from  Illinois  and  Connecticut  to  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  ;  breeds  nearly  throughout  its  range. 

537  (718a)    Thryotlwrus  ludovidanus  miamensis.     (Rioow.)     Florida  Wren. 

A  Florida  race,  differing  in  being  larger  and  darker. 

GENUS   THRYOMANES.     SCLATER. 

538  (719)      THRYOMANES  BEWICKII.     fAuo.)     Bewick's  Wren. 

'  4  Eastern  United  States;  rare  and  local  east  of  the  Alleghanies,  and 
north  of  40°  ;  west  to  the  edge  of  great  plains  5  winters  in  more 
southern  districts."  (RIDGWAY.) 

GENUS  TROGLODYTES.     VIEILL. 

539  (721)     TROGLODYTES  AEDON.    VIEILL.    House  Wren. 

'  '  Eastern  United  States  and  southern  Ontario,  west  to  Indiana  and 
Louisiana  ;  resident  from  middle  districts,  southward."  (A.  O.  U.) 

540  (7216)    Troglodytes  aedon  aztecus.     (BAIRD.)     Western  House  Wren. 

Western  race,  which  occurs  as  far  east  as  Illinois  and  Minnesota  ;  it 
is  higher  colored  and  the  back  shows  more  or  less  bars. 

GENUS  ANORTHURA.     RENNIE. 

541  (722)      ANORTHURA  HIEMAL1S.    VIEILL.    Winter  Wren. 

Eastern  North  America  ;  breeding  in  the  Alleghany  Mountains  and  from 
the  northern  border  of  the  United  States,  northward  ;  south  in 
winter  to  Florida  and  the  Gulf  States. 

GENUS  CISTOTHORUS.     CABAN. 

542  (724)     CISTOTHORUS  STELLAR1S.    (LiCHT.)    Short-billed  Marsh  Wren. 

Eastern  North  America;  from  Ontario  to  the  Gulf  States. 

543  (725)     CISTOTHORUS  PALUSTRIS.     (WiLS.)    Long-billed  Marsh  Wren. 

Eastern  North  America  ;  south  from  Ontario  and  Massachusetts  to  the 
Gulf  ;  breeds  throughout  its  range. 

544  (7256)    Oistothorus  palustris  griseus.    BREWST.    Worthington's  Marsh  Wren. 

Local  race  which  occurs  on  coast  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia  ;  it 
differs  in  having  the  sides  grayish,  not  a  decided  brown,  and  the 
black  of  the  upper  parts  duller. 

545  (7251)    Cistothorus  palustris  mariance.     (SCOTT.)    Marian's  Marsh  Wren. 

Gulf  coast  of  Florida;  decidedly  darker  and  having  the  under  tail 
coverts  spotted  or  barred. 


LIST    OF   THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH   AMERICA.  385 

FAMILY  CERTHHD^E.    Creepers. 

A.  o.  u.  GENUS  CERTHIA.     LINN. 

NO. 

546  (726)     CERTHIA   FAMILIARIS   AMERICANA.     (BONAP.)     Brown  Creeper. 

Whole  of  North  America  to  the  limit  of  large  timber ;  breeds  from 
northern  border  of  United  States,  northward. 

FAMILY   PARID/E.     Nuthatches  and  Tits. 

Subfamily   SITTING.     Nuthatches. 

GENUS  SITTA.     LINN. 

547  (727)      SITTA  CAROLINENSIS.    LATH.    White-breasted  Nuthatch. 

Eastern  United  States ;  from  Georgia  north  to  the  southern  British 
Provinces,  and  west  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

548  (727a)   Sitta  carolinensis  afkinsi.    (Scon.)    Florida  White-breasted  Nuthatch. 

South  Carolina  to  Florida ;  differs  in  being  somewhat  smaller ;  the  wing 
coverts  usually  not  tipped  with  white. 

549  (728)     SITTA  CANADENSIS.    LINN.    Red-breasted  Nuthatch. 

"  Whole  of  North  America ;  breeding  chiefly  north  of  the  United  States, 
except  in  western  mountainous  districts ;  eastern  United  States 
chiefly  in  winter."  RIDGWAY. 

550  (729)      SITTA  PUSILLA.    LATH.    Brown-headed  Nuthatch. 

4 '  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States ;  north  to  southern  Maryland  and 
(casually)  Ohio,  Missouri,  etc."  (A.  O.  U.) 

Subfamily  PARING.     Titmice. 
GENUS  PARUS.     LINN. 

SUBGENUS  LOPHOPHANES.    KAUP. 

551  (731)      PASUS  BICOLOR.     (LINN.)    Tufted  Titmouse. 

Eastern  United  States ;  from  New  Jersey  and  southern  New  England  to 
the  Gulf. 

SUBGENUS  PARUS.    LINX. 

552  (735)     PARUS  ATRICAPILLUS,     (Lnw.)    Chickadee. 

"  Eastern  North  America,  north  of  the  Potomac  and  Ohio  Valley." 
(A.  O.  U.) 

553  (736)     PARUS  CAROLINENSIS.    ORD.    Carolina  Chickadee. 

"Southeastern  States;  north  to  New  Jersey  and  Illinois,  west  to 
Missouri."  (A.  O.  U.) 

554  (740)     PARUS  HUDSONICUS.    FOBST.    Hudsonian  Chickadee. 

Northern  North  America ;  from  Northern  New  England  and  Michigan, 
northward. 


386 


LIST    OF    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


A.  O.  U. 

NO. 


FAMILY    SYLVHD^E.     Warblers,   Kinglets,   Qnatcatchers. 

Subfamily   REGULIN/E.     Kinglets. 

GENUS   REQULUS.     CUVIER. 
REGULUS  SATRAPA.    LIGHT.    Golden-crowned  Kinglet. 

Eastern  North  America ;  breeding  from  higher  northern  boundary  of 
the  United  States  northward ;  winters  as  far  south  as  Guatemala. 

REGULUS  CALENDULA.     (LiNN.)     Ruby-crowned  Kinglet. 

North  America ;  from  the  fur  countries  to  Central  America ;  breeds 
north  of  the  United  States,  except  on  high  mountain  ranges. 

Subfamily   POLIOPTILINWE.     Qnatcatchers. 

GENUS   POLIOPTILA.     SCLATER. 
POLIOPTILA  OERULEA.     (LiNN.)     Blue=gray  Gnatcatcher. 

Southern  portion  of  the  United  States ;  casual  as  far  north  as  Massa- 
chusetts ;  winters  in  the  Gulf  States,  Cuba,  and  Central  America. 


555     (748) 


556     (749) 


557     (751) 


FAMILY    TURDID^E.      Thrushes,    Solitaires,    Stonechats, 

Bluebirds,  etc. 

Subfamily   MYADESTIN^E.     Solitaires. 

GENUS   MYADESTES.     SWAINS. 

558  (754)     MYADESTES  TOWNSENDII.    (AuD.)    Townsend's  Solitaire. 

Western  species  ;  accidental  in  Illinois  ;  one  record. 

Subfamily  TURDIN^E.     Thrushes. 
GENUS   TURDUS.     LINN. 

SUBGENUS  HYLOC1CHLA.    BAIRD. 

559  (755)     TURDUS  MUSTELINUS.    GMEL.    Wood  Thrush. 

Eastern  United  States ;  from  Massachusetts  south  to  the  Gulf  States 
and  Central  America  ;  breeds  from  Virginia  northward. 

560  (756)     TURDUS  FUSCESCENS.    STEPH.    Wilson's  Thrush. 

Eastern  North  America;  from  Anticosti  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico;  the 
greater  portion  winters  south  of  the  United  States. 

561  (756a)    Turdus  fuscescens  salicicola.     (RIDGW.)     Willow  Thrush. 

Western  race,  which  occurs  as  far  east  as  Illinois ;  it  differs  but  little 
from  fuscescens,  the  breast  spots  are  slightly  wider  and  the  back 
somewhat  darker. 

562  (757)     TURDUS  ALICIA.    BAIRD.    Gray-cheeked  Thrush. 

North  America ;  from  Labrador  and  Alaska  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and 
Central  America ;  breeds  from  Labrador  and  Hudson  Bay  north- 
ward. 


LIST    OF    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA.  387 

A.  O    U. 

NO 

563  (757a)    Turdus  ahem  bicknelli.      (KiDGW.)     Bicknell's  Thrush. 

41  Mountainous  part  of  the  northeastern  States  (Catskills,  White  Moun- 
tains, etc.)  and  Nova  Scotia  ;  migrating  south  in  winter."  (A.  O.  U.) 

564  (758«)   TURDUS  USTULATUS  SWAINSONH.     (CAB.)    Olive-backed  Thrush. 

Eastern  North  America ;  from  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Atlantic ;  win- 
ters in  Central  and  South  America  and  the  West  Indies  ,  breeds  in 
the  Alleghanies  and  mountains  of  southern  New  England,  and 
farther  north  in  western  United  States. 

565  (759&)    TURDUS   AONALASCHK/E   PALLASH.     (CAB.)     Hermit  Thrush. 

Eastern  North  America  ;  breeds  from  Massachusetts  northward  ;  winters 
from  Illinois  and  southern  New  York  to  the  Gulf. 

SUBGENUS  TURDUS.    LINN. 

566  (760)     TURDUS  ILIACUS.    LINN.    Red- winged  Thrush. 

European  species  ;  accidental  in  Greenland. 

GENUS  MERULA.     LEACH. 

567  (761)      MERULA   MIQRATORIA.     (LiNN.)    American  Robin. 

"Eastern  North  America  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  including  eastern 
Mexico  and  Alaska ;  breeds  from  Virginia  and  Kansas  northward 
to  the  Arctic  coast ;  winters  from  southern  Canada  and  northern 
United  States  southward "  (A.  O.  U  ) ;  occurs  in  great  flocks  at 
times  in  southern  States  during  migrations. 

GENUS  HESPEROCICHLA.     BAIRD. 

568  (763)      HESPEROCICHLA  N^EVIA.     (GMEL.)    Varied  Thrush. 

Pacific  coast  species  ;  stragglers  have  been  taken  in  Massachusetts, 
Long  Island,  and  New  Jersey. 

GENUS  SAXICOLA.     BECHS. 

569  (765)     SAXICOLA  (ENANTHE.     (LiNN.)    Wheatear. 

Old-world  species,  which  occurs  in  Greenland  and  Labrador ;  stragglers 
have  been  taken  in  Nova  Scotia,  Maine,  and  Long  Island. 

GENUS  SIALIA.     SWAINSON. 

570  (766)      SIALIA  SIALIS.     (LiNN.)     Bluebird 

Eastern  United  States ;  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Atlantic, 
north  to  the  British  Provinces,  and  south  to  Gulf  of  Mexico  and 
Cuba ;  breeds  from  the  Gulf  States,  northward ;  winters  from 
southern  Illinois  and  New  Jersey,  southward. 


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Mi\R  2  6 


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